AP Psych 7A

Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change?

I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them , unless priming occurs

Explain how insight differs from both algorithms and heuristics

Insight is sudden realization with no problem solving strategy

Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.

Intrinsic motivation

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort.

Describe the basic structural units of language. Give examples

Phonemes- smallest sound IE: b-a-t (3) Morphemes- smallest meaning IE: cats (2) cat-s

Compare algorithms and heuristics as solving strategies

algorithms- step by step procedures heuristics- mental shortcut

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:

amygdala

Long-term potentiation refers to

an increase in a neuron's firing potential

During the course of a day, people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events. This best illustrates

automatic processing

When her teacher failed to recognize that Judy had her hand raised for a question Judy began to think her teacher was unfriendly. Although she subsequently learned that the teacher's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, she continued thinking the teacher was unfriendly. Judy's reaction best illustrates ______________________________________.

belief perseverance

what are prototypes? Give an example

best example of a category (concept) ie: fruit--> apple, robin---> bird

What part of the brain does implicit memory use?

cerebellum

Combining individual letters into familiar words enables you to remember more of the letters in this sentence. This best illustrates the value of?

chunking

Contrast confirmation bias and fixation, and explain how they can interfere with effective problem solving.

confirmation bias- seek info to verify own beliefs fixation- stuck inability to see problem from new perspective interfere- we cant look at problems in new ways

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

context effects

Exposure to language during the ______________________ is instrumental in establishing a child's language learning capacity.

critical period

Automatic processing and effortful processing involve two types of

encoding

putting the info in is called

encoding

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of ____________________. When Austin applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of _______________.

encoding failure, retrieval failure

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is

essentially unlimited

Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the?

hippocampus

What part of the brain does explicit memory use?

hippocampus

recognition

identify info

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced best illustrates _____________________.

imagination inflation

We often think with _______________ memory- a mental picture, images, visual

implicit

A retention of skills and dispositions WITHOUT conscious recollection is known as ________________ memory. Conscious memory of factual information is called ________________ memory.

implicit explicit

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory.

implicit; explicit

The physical basis of memory with a focus on synapses and neurotransmitters is LTP, or ___________________________________. Give a brief description of this concept

long-term potential, increase in firing potential

What is a concept? Give an example

mental groupings of similar objects ie: unique structures of chairs, you know a chair when you see one. That is because you have a concept of what a chair is.

Whenever Valerie experience intense feelings of sadness, she remembers other sad memories. Valerie's experience best illustrates ___________________________ memory.

mood- congruent

recall

must retrieve info

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

priming

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates _____________________ interference.

proactive

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

Arnold had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport because it failed to resemble his _________________ of a sport.

prototype

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, a _________________ test of memory is being used. When an eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup, a ______________ test of memory is being used.

recall, recognition

A defense attorney emphasized to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoy leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trail, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly seeking to take advantage of the ___________________________ heuristic.

representative

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as

repression

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

retention; acquisition

getting the info back out is called

retrieval

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

retrieval cues

While taking the final exam in American history, Marie was surprised and frustrated by her momentary inability to remember the name of the current president of the United States. Her difficulty most clearly illustrates:

retrieval failure

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of

semantic encoding

At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she remembers only the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates the ___________________________.

serial position effect

Remembering items at the beginning and the end of a list more easily than items in the middle of the list is ____________________________.

serial position effect

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her _________________________ memory.

short term

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

short-term

Your friend told you that eating chocolate was shown to improve memory recall. You may later recall this "fact" but forget where you heard it. You assume that you heard it on the news, a credible source, so you begin eating chocolate. Your behavior best illustrates

source amnesia

Students who review previously learned course material at various times throughout a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of _________________________

spacing effect

holding onto the info is called

storage

What is cognition and what does a cognitive psychologist do?

studies thinking, knowing, remembering & communicating

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns as in "green car". This illustrates a language rule of ___________________ (the order of words)

syntax

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

visual stimulation; auditory stimulation

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories

was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex

Describe the concept of state-dependent memory

what we learn in 1 state maybe more easily recalled when we are in that state again (mood- congruent memories)

explicit memory

with conscious recall, facts, experience

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

working memory

whats the preferred name for short-term memory now?

working memory

Encoding occurs in two ways. One ________________________ processing happens while we aren't even thinking about it. For example, you can think back over your day and what you ate or who you ran into even though you weren't trying to remember those things at the time. The second type, or ___________________ processing happens when we ARE paying attention and trying to learn something. For example, someone has given you a telephone number, and you have to remember it until you get it into your phone.

-automatic -effortful

Atkinson-Shiffrin three stage processing model says that record information to be remembered through what 3, types of memory?

-sensory -short-term -long-term

What is the duration of short-term memory, and how much information can it hold?

20 seconds, 7 bits, +2 or - 2

Trace the course of language acquisition from the babbling stage through the two-word stage.

4 Months- babbling, receptive/comprehend to productive 10 Months- resembles household language 12 Months- 1 word stage 24 Months- 2 word/ telegraphic 24 Plus Months- sentences

The word "charts" contains __________ phoneme(s) and _______ morpheme (s).

5, 2

Describe how others can use framing to elicit from us the answers they want.

The way an issue is presented IE: 75% or 25%

What is belief perseverance? How can one rein in belief perseverance?

BP- clinging to beliefs even when discredited By considering opposing views

What psychologist is associated with the study of memory, nonsense syllables, and the forgetting curve?

Ebbinghaus

Who is the psychologist assoicated with research of "reconstructed" or false memories?

Elizabeth Loftus

What is representative heuristic? Give an example. What is the availability heuristic? Give an example.

Rep Heur- judging things in terms of how they match prototypes IE: reasoned, likes poetry, professor or truck driver Ava Heur-Judging based on how recent info is how quickly we think IE: fear of rare event reported in news

Discuss Skinner's and Chomsky's contributions to the nature-nurture debate over how children acquire language.

Skinner: nurture- imitation, association, reinforcement Chomsky: nature- language occurs naturally with nurturing

Define memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the benefits of

the serial position effect

Jamille performs better on vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect

relearning

time saved when learned material is learned a 2nd time

implict memory

unconscious memory, how to do something