AP Psych CH 3

Somatic nervous system

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

Professor Janeja is studying which brain regions are involved in learning to correctly navigate a maze task. She randomly assigns half of a group of mice to get a lesion in one area of the brain. The other half does not get a lesion. Based on the following graph, where in the brain is the most likely site of the lesion?

The hippocampus

The autonomic nervous system is most likely involved with

digesting food

Parasympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body conserving its energy.

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?

A decrease in heart rate

The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called

A dendrite

Myelin sheath

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables beastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage-like node to the next.

Neurons

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Reticular formation

A nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal.

hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward.

Dendrites

A neuron's busy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

All or None response

A neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing

reuptake

A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.

Refractory period

A period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.

Frontal lobes

A portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

CT Scan (Computed Tomography)

A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure. (Also called a CAT scan)

reflex

A simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee jerk response.

Which of the following is classified as an antagonist?

A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.

PET Scan (Positron emission tomography)

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

The depletion of which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Acetylcholine

Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following?

Aggression

Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with Ted's fear response?

Amygdala

EEG Scan (electroencephalogram)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

The area labeled X in the drawing above denotes which of the following structures?

Axon terminals

Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making?

Cerebral cortex

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites ont eh receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will general a neural impulse

Which of the following allows the examination of living brain tissue visually without performing surgery?

Computerized axial tomography

Broca's area

Controls language expression an area of the frontal lobe usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Wernicke's area

Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms?

Difficulty with speech production

Sympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

Which of the following brain structures has the strongest influence on hunger and satiety?

Hypothalamus

Which of the following is the best evidence that environment plays a role in intelligence?

Identical twins reared together are more similar than identical twins reared apart.

Which of the following is true about the pons?

It is the region of the brain that is most closely associated with sleep and arousal.

Limbic System

Neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres, associated with emotions and drives.

Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities?

Neuroplasticity

Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose?

PET Scan

Pons

Part above medulla in the brainstem that helps coordinate movements

The brain's ability to adapt after it is damaged is known as

Plasticity

Occipital lobes

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields

Parietal lobes

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

Temporal lobes

Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear.

The right occipital lobe receives visual information from the

Right half of both retinas

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are

SSRI's

Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear?

Sympathetic

Threshold

THE LEVEL OF STIMULATION REQUIRED TO TRIGGER A NEURAL IMPULSE

Medulla

The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

Endocrine system

The body's slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

thalamus

The brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

Neuroplasticity

The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is

The myelin sheath

Axons

The neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Autonomic nervous system

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)) Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division clams.

Terminal Branches

The parts of a neuron that sends messages to other neurons or muscles or glands.

The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as

The refractory period

Which of the following biological systems is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety?

The sympathetic nervous system

amygdala

Two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a

Visual deficit

Serotonin

a compound present in blood platelets and serum, which constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter.

Acetylcholine

a compound which occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter.

Dopamine

a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

A drug that has the effect of intensifying or mimicking a particular neurotransmitter can be characterized as

an agonist, because it intensifies the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty

comprehending a spoken request for information

For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

left cerebral hemisphere

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

medulla

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all

neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called

reuptake

Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as

the absolute refractory phase

Corpus Callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Left Hemisphere

the left half of the cerebrum, the part of the brain concerned with sensation and perception, motor control, and higher level cognitive processes

Right Hemisphere

the right half of the cerebrum, the part of the brain concerned with sensation and perception, motor control, and higher level cognitive processes.

Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's

vision