AP psych Chapter 2
if you are typing on the computer keyboard, the motions of your fingers on the keys are probably being controlled by
motor pathway neurons
The fatty casing that helps speed up the neural transmissions of a neuron is called the
myelin sheath
The function of the ________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body.
nervous system
every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the __________ nervous system
somatic
Michael Gazzaniga is best known for
studying split-brain patients
if you burn your finger, which of the following central nervous system components will receive the message last
the brain
The aspect of attention individuals with ADHD do have problems with is ___
vigilance
the neurons of the motor pathway control
voluntary muslces
the hormone released by the pineal gland that reduces body temperature and prepares you for sleep is ____________
melatonin
damaged nerve fibers in the body can sometimes repair themselves because they are coated with ________, which forms a protective tunnel around the nerve fibers
neurilemma
a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a _________
neuron
A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a ________.
neurotransmitter
when the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminals, it causes the release of
neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit the next cell
when the neurons action potential occurs, __________ ions are rushing into the axon through openings on the membrane
sodium
Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus?
It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.
At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following?
They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels.
Antagonists function by
blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors
Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses, makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body?
brain
The medulla oblongata is a part of the
brain stem
the right hemisphere is most associated with
nonverbal and perception based tasks
arousal and mood
norepinephrine
If a body does not have enough potassium, how might that affect neuronal firing?
The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron.
what event causes the release of chemicals into the synaptic gap
an action potential reaching the axon terminal
Which of the following describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal?
The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of the strength of the input signal it receives.
A neuron sends a signal along its
axon
The psychodynamic theory of dreaming would postulate that
dreams fulfill unconscious wishes
What type of signals is used to relay a message from one end of a neuron to the other hand?
electrical
pain relief
endorphins
if you have problems storing long-term memories, the damage is most likely in the __________ area of the brain
hippocampus
linda is recovering from damage to her brain. Her main symptom is a speech problem; instead of saying, "I am going to physical therapy at nine" she says "I....Physical therapy..... non o'cot". Lindas problem is _______
Broca's Aphasia
Which hormone is released when a person is under stress?
Cortisol
A drug that is used to treat seizures functions by preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters from returning to the presynaptic neuron. This slows the rate of neurons firing by increasing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the synapse. The drug is most likely to be classified as a
GABA reuptake inhibitor (GRI)
Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters?
Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.
which of the following techniques for imaging the brain uses radioactive glucose to measure the brain activity
PET
which of the following techniques uses a radioactive sugar to look at the functioning of the brain
PET
The idea that there is a part of the mind that is not directly accessible to awareness but still drives a person's thinking and behavior is most directly attributable to
Sigmund Freud
What effect do agonists have?
They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire.
damage to what area of the brain would result in an inability to comprehend language?
Wernicke's area
which of the following statements about the activity of neurons is true
a strong message received by a neuron will cause the neuron to fire repeatedly, in a faster fashion
arousal, attention, memory, and controls muscle contractions
acetycholine
Sara has been experiencing a serious memory problem. An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believes that a neurotransmitter is involved. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem?
acetylchlorine
heather is having trouble controlling stress, her doctor determines that she is not producing enough cortisol. Which endocrine gland is not functioning properly
adrenal
which endocrine gland regulates your body's response to stress
adrenal gland
After a brain operation, a laboratory rat no longer displays any fear when placed into a cage with a snake. Which part of the rat's brain was most likely damaged during the operation?
amygdala
Small metal disks are pasted onto Miranda's scalp and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of ________.
an electroencephalograph
a neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap that reduce the frequent of action potentials in the neighboring cells. The neuron most likely released is _______
an inhibitory neurotransmitter
beta blockers serve as a(n) _________ by blocking the effects of neurotransmitters that stimulate the heart
antagonist
involuntary muscles are controlled by the ________ nervous system
autonomic
alex, who is 2 months old, is having his picture takes. The photographer tries to sit him up, but alex keeps sinking down. Alex cannot sit upright because his _______ is not yet fully developed
cerebellum
when a professional baseball player swings a bat and hits a home run, he or she is relying on his or her __________ to coordinate the practices movements of his or her body
cerebellum
which brain structure is most responsible for our balance, posture, and muscle tone
cerebellum
which part of the neuron receives messages from other cells
dendrite
in which sequence does a neural impulse travel through a neuron
dendrite, soma, axon
control of movement and sensations of pleasure
dopamine
sleep and inhibits movement
gaba
learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity
glutamate
Johnny often hits his brother even though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of
his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionarily adaptive
Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and temperature control are most strongly influenced by the ________.
hypothalamus
which of the following responses would occur if your sympathetic nervous system has been activated?
increased heart rate
when an antagonist drug affects an inhibitory neurotransmitter, it _______
increases the activity of the cell
which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic division
increasing digestive activity to supply fuel for the body
Carl Wernicke discovered the region of the brain that is responsible for
language comprehension
If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then language will be handled by his ________.
left hemisphere
which brain structure would most likely result in death if damaged
medulla
the brain's ability to modify its structure or function is known as
neuroplasticity
if you are split-brain patient, which of the following would be TRUE according to roger sperry's research
objects in your right visual field would be easily named
which of the following is a common misconception about the brain
older brains can't make new cells
andrew was always hungry. The doctor told his parents that Andrews ________ was producing too much insulin, causing low blood sugar
pancreas
which of the following would be active if you are sleeping
parasympathetic division
voluntary muscles are controlled by the ______ nervous sysetm
somatic
in which of the following lobes of the brain would you find the primary auditory cortex
temporal
if you were to develop a rare condition in which signals from your eyes were sent to the area of the brain the processes sound, and signals from the ears were sent to the brain that processes vision, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged
thalamus
the central nervous system is made of which two components
the brain and the spinal cord
what happens when a cell's action potential has ended
the cell returns to its resting potential
The phenomenon of declining physiological effects of taking a drug after sustained use is referred to as
tolerance
which method would a researcher select if he or she wanted to determine if his or her patient's right hemisphere was the same size as his or her left hemisphere?
trans cranial magnetic stimulation
when Dr. ramachandrans spatial neglect patient was asked to reach for the pen on her left side she______
tried to reach through the mirror
A person whose body is not producing enough testosterone is most likely to exhibit
fatigue
the higher mental functions, such as planning, personality, and complex decision making, are found in the _______ lobe
frontal
Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically
likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities
Darla was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage?
parietal lobes
If a person damages his or her occipital lobes, which would be the most likely problem he or she would report to his or her doctor?
problems with his or her vision
The parietal lobe is most involved in
processing sensory information
which of the following is responsible for the ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in one's surroundings and become alert to changes in information?
reticular formation
recognizing the face of someone you run into at the mall is a _______ hemisphere(s) being able to retrieve that person's name from memory is a function of the ________ hemisphere(s)
right; left
sleep, mood, anxiety, and appetite
serotonin
which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite
serotonin
in an old Twilight zone episode, a man wakes up one morning to find that poeple around him are using words that make no sense to him, and they also don't seem to understand him. His wife tells him that their son forgot his dinosaur lucnbox today and when he looks puzzled, she holds up their sons lunchbox and repeats "you know his dinosaur" and This mans predicament is most like which of the following disorders
wernickes aphasia