AP Psych: Chapters 5 and 6

The frequency theory of hearing is better than place theory at explaining our sensation of: a. the lowest pitches. b. pitches of intermediate range. c. the highest pitches. d. all of the above.

A

The place theory of pitch perception cannot account for how we hear: a. low-pitched sounds. b. middle-pitched sounds. c. high-pitched sounds. d. chords (three or more pitches simultaneously).

A

The process by which the lens changes its curvature is: a. accommodation. c. feature detection. b. sensory adaptation. d. transduction

A

The receptors for taste are located in the: a. taste buds. c. fovea. b. cochlea. d. cortex

A

Wavelength is to _____as_____ is to brightness. a. hue; intensity b. intensity; hue c. frequency; amplitude d. brightness; hue

A

As the football game continued into the night,LeVar noticed that he was having difficulty dis-tinguishing the colors of the players' uniforms.This is because the , which enable colorvision, have a absolute threshold for brightness than the available light intensity. a. rods; higher c. rods; lower b. cones; higher d. cones; lower

B

Assuming that the visual systems of humans and other mammals function similarly, you would expect that the retina of a nocturnal mammal (one active only at night) would contain: a. mostly cones. b. mostly rods. c. an equal number of rods and cones. d. more bipolar cells than an animal active only during the day.

B

Frequency is to pitch as______ is to______. a. wavelength; loudness b. amplitude; loudness c. wavelength; intensity d. amplitude; intensity

B

Kinesthesis involves: a. the bones of the middle ear. b. information from the muscles, tendons, and joints. c. membranes within the cochlea. d. the body's sense of balance.

B

Sensation is to______ as perception is to_____ a. recognizing a stimulus; interpreting astimulus b. detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus c. interpreting a stimulus; detecting a stimulus d. seeing; hearing

B

The brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as color, depth, movement, and form, and works on each aspect simultaneously. This iscalled: a. feature detection. b. parallel processing. c. accommodation. d. opponent processing

B

The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the: a. iris. c. lens. b. retina. d. optic nerve.

B

What enables you to feel yourself wiggling your toes even with your eyes closed? a. vestibular sense b. sense of kinesthesis c. the skin senses d. sensory interaction

B

Which of the following is true? a. The absolute threshold for any stimulus is aconstant. b. The absolute threshold for any stimulus variessomewhat. c. The absolute threshold is defined as the mini-mum amount of stimulation necessary for astimulus to be detected 75 percent of the time. d. The absolute threshold is defined as the mini-mum amount of stimulation necessary for astimulus to be detected 60 percent of the time

B

. According to the opponent-process theory: a. there are three types of color-sensitive cones. b. the process of color vision begins in the cortex. c. neurons involved in color vision are stimulat-ed by one color's wavelength and inhibited byanother's. d. all of the above are true

C

A decrease in sensory responsiveness accompa-nying an unchanging stimulus is called: a. sensory fatigue. b. accommodation. c. sensory adaptation. d. sensory interaction

C

After staring at a very intense red stimulus for afew minutes, Carrie shifted her gaze to a beigewall and "saw" the color . Carrie's experi-ence provides support for the theory. a. green; trichromatic b. blue; opponent-process c. green; opponent-process d. blue; trichromatic

C

. Which of the following is an example of sensoryinteraction? a. finding that despite its delicious aroma, aweird-looking meal tastes awful b. finding that food tastes bland when you havea bad cold c. finding it difficult to maintain your balancewhen you have an ear infection d. All of the above are examples

D

According to the gate-control theory, a way toalleviate chronic pain would be to stimulate thenerve fibers that thespinal gate. a. small; open c. large; open b. small; close d. large; close

D

Concerning the evidence for subliminal stimula-tion, which of the following is the best answer? a. The brain processes some information withoutour awareness. b. Stimuli too weak to cross our thresholds forawareness may trigger a response in our sensereceptors. c. Because the "absolute" threshold is a statisti-cal average, we are able to detect weaker stim-uli some of the time. d. All of the above are true

D

Dr. Frankenstein has forgotten to give his mon-ster an important part; as a result, the monstercannot transduce sound. Dr. Frankenstein omit-ted the: a. eardrum. c. semicircular canals. b. middle ear. d. basilar membrane

D

How does pain differ from other senses? a. It has no special receptors. b. It has no single stimulus. c. It is influenced by both physical and psycho-logical phenomena. d. All the above are true.

D

Hubel and Wiesel discovered feature detectors inthe visual: a. fovea. c. iris. b. optic nerve. d. cortex

D

I am a cell in the thalamus that is excited by redand inhibited by green. I am a(n): a. feature detector. c. bipolar cell. b. cone. d. opponent-process cell

D

In comparing the human eye to a camera, the filmwould be located in the eye's: a. pupil. c. cornea. b. lens. d. retina

D

In order to maximize your sensitivity to fine visual detail you should: a. stare off to one side of the object you are attempting to see. b. close one eye. c. decrease the intensity of the light falling upon the object. d. stare directly at the object.

D

In shopping for a new stereo, you discover that you cannot differentiate between the sounds of models X and Y. The difference between X and Y is below your: a. absolute threshold. c. receptor threshold. b. signal detection. d. difference threshold.

D

Nearsightedness is a condition in which the: a. lens has become inflexible. b. lens is too thin. c. image falls behind the retina. d. image falls in front of the retina

D

Nerve deafness is caused by: a. wax buildup in the outer ear. b. damage to the eardrum. c. blockage in the middle ear because ofinfection. d. damage to the cochlea

D

One reason that your ability to detect fine visualdetails is greatest when scenes are focused on thefovea of your retina is that: a. there are more feature detectors in the foveathan in the peripheral regions of the retina. b. cones in the fovea are nearer to the optic nervethan those in peripheral regions of the retina. c. many rods, which are clustered in the fovea,have individual bipolar cells to relay theirinformation to the cortex. d. many cones, which are clustered in the fovea,have individual bipolar cells to relay their in-formation to the cortex

D

Seventy-five-year-old Claude has difficulty hear-ing high-pitched sounds. Most likely his hearingproblem involves: a. his eardrum. b. his auditory canal. c. the bones of his middle ear. d. the hair cells of his inner ear

D

The principle that one sense may influence an-other is: a. transduction. c. Weber's law. b. sensory adaptation. d. sensory interaction.

D

The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is: a. sensory adaptation. c. signal detection. b. feature detection. d. transduction.

D

The receptor of the eye that functions best in dimlight is the: a. fovea. c. bipolar cell. b. cone d. rod

D

The size of the pupil is controlled by the: a. lens. c. cornea. b. retina. d. iris.

D

Weber's law states that: a. the absolute threshold for any stimulus is aconstant. b. the jnd for any stimulus is a constant. c. the absolute threshold for any stimulus is aconstant proportion. d. the jnd for any stimulus is a constant propor-tion

D

opens pain gate

small nerve fiber

eyeball is too short

farsighteness

transduction of sound

inner ear

controls pupil

iris

closes pain gate

large nerve fiber

accomodation

lens

amplifies sounds

middle ear

eyeball is too long

nearsightedness

admits light

pupil

vision in dim light

rods

vestibular sense

semicircular canals

kinisthesis

sensors in joints

sharpness of vision

sharpness of vision

Most color-deficient people will probably: a. lack functioning red- or green-sensitive cones. b. see the world in only black and white. c. also suffer from poor vision. d. have above-average vision to compensate forthe deficit

A

One light may appear reddish and another greenish if they differ in: a. wavelength. c. opponent processes. b. amplitude. d. brightness.

A

The Young-Helmholtz theory proposes that: a. there are three different types of color-sensitive cones. b. retinal cells are excited by one color and inhibited by its complementary color. c. there are four different types of cones. d. rod, not cone, vision accounts for our ability to detect fine visual detail.

A

In the opponent-process theory, the three pairs of processes are: a. red-green, blue-yellow, black-white. b. red-blue, green-yellow, black-white. c. red-yellow, blue-green, black-white. d. dependent upon the individual'sexperience

A

When admiring the texture of a piece of fabric,Calvin usually runs his fingertips over the cloth'ssurface. He does this because: a. if the cloth were held motionless, sensoryadaptation to its feel would quickly occur. b. the sense of touch does not adapt. c. a relatively small amount of brain tissue isdevoted to processing touch from the finger-tips. d. of all the above reasons

A

Which of the following correctly lists the order ofstructures through which sound travels after en-tering the ear? a. auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea b. eardrum, auditory canal, middle ear, cochlea c. eardrum, middle ear, cochlea, auditory canal d. cochlea, eardrum, middle ear, auditory canal

A

Which of the following is an example of sensoryadaptation? a. finding the cold water of a swimming poolwarmer after you have been in it for a while b. developing an increased sensitivity to salt themore you use it in foods c. becoming very irritated at the continuingsound of a dripping faucet d. All of the above are examples

A

While competing in the Olympic trials, marathon-er Kirsten O'Brien suffered a stress fracture in herleft leg. That she did not experience significantpain until the race was over is probably attribut-able to the fact that during the race: a. the pain gate in her spinal cord was closed byinformation coming from her brain. b. her body's production of endorphins de-creased. c. an increase in the activity of small pain fibersclosed the pain gate. d. a decrease in the activity of large pain fibersclosed the pain gate

A

Elderly Mrs. Martinez finds that she must spiceher food heavily or she cannot taste it. Unfor-tunately, her son often finds her cooking inedible because it is so spicy. What is the likely explana-tion for their taste differences? a. Women have higher taste thresholds thanmen. b. Men have higher taste thresholds than wo-men. c. Being elderly, Mrs. Martinez probably hasfewer taste buds than her son. d. All of the above are likely explanations

C

Given normal sensory ability, a person standingatop a mountain on a dark, clear night can see acandle flame atop a mountain 30 miles away. Thisis a description of vision's: a. difference threshold. c. absolute threshold. b. jnd. d. signal detection.

C

If you can just notice the difference between 10-and 11-pound weights, which of the followingweights could you differentiate from a 100-poundweight? a. 101-pound weight b. 105-pound weight c. 110-pound weight d. There is no basis for prediction.

C

Of the four distinct skin senses, the only one that has definable receptors is: a. warmth. c. pressure. b. cold. d. pain.

C

Our experience of pain when we are injureddepends on: a. our biological make-up and the type of injurywe have sustained. b. how well medical personnel deal with ourinjury. c. our physiology, experiences and attention,and our surrounding culture. b. what our cultural allows us to express interms of feelings of pain

C

Superman's eyes used , while his brain used . a. perception; sensation b. top-down processing; bottom-up processing c. bottom-up processing; top-down processing d. sensory adaptation; subliminal perception

C

Tamiko hates the bitter taste of her cough syrup.Which of the following would she find most help-ful in minimizing the syrup's bad taste? a. tasting something very sweet before takingthe cough syrup b. keeping the syrup in her mouth for severalseconds before swallowing it c. holding her nose while taking the coughsyrup d. gulping the cough syrup so that it misses hertongue

C

The hearing losses that occur with age are especially pronounced for: a. low-pitched sounds. b. middle-pitched sounds. c. high-pitched sounds. d. chords.

C

The inner ear contains receptors for: a. audition and kinesthesis. b. kinesthesis and the vestibular sense. c. audition and the vestibular sense. d. audition, kinesthesis, and the vestibular sense.

C

The phantom limb sensation indicates that: a. pain is a purely sensory phenomenon. b. the central nervous system plays only a minorrole in the experience of pain. c. pain involves the brain's interpretation ofneural activity. d. all of the above are true

C

Which of the following is the most accurate de-scription of how we process color? a. Throughout the visual system, color process-ing is divided into separate red, green, and blue systems. b. Red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white op-ponent processes operate throughout the visu-al system. c. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) athree-color system in the retina and (2) oppo-nent-process cells en route to the visual cortex. d. Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) anopponent-process system in the retina and (2)a three-color system en route to the visualcortex

C

Which of the following is the most accurateexplanation of how we discriminate pitch? a. For all audible frequencies, pitch is codedaccording to the place of maximum vibrationon the cochlea's basilar membrane. b. For all audible frequencies, the rate of neuralactivity in the auditory nerve matches the fre-quency of the sound wave. c. For very high frequencies, pitch is coded ac-cording to place of vibration on the basilarmembrane; for lower pitches, the rate of neur-al activity in the auditory nerve matches thesound's frequency. d. For very high frequencies, the rate of neuralactivity in the auditory nerve matches the fre-quency of the sound wave; for lower frequen-cies, pitch is coded according to the place ofvibration on the basilar membrane

C

Which of the following explains why a rose appears equally red in bright and dim light? a. the Young-Helmholtz theory b. the opponent-process theory c. feature detection d. color constancy

D

Which of the following is not one of the basictastes? a. sweet c. umami b. salty d. bland

D

Which of the following is the correct order of thestructures through which light passes after enter-ing the eye? a. lens, pupil, cornea, retina b. pupil, cornea, lens, retina c. pupil, lens, cornea, retina d. cornea, pupil, lens, retina

D

Which of the following is true of cones? a. Cones enable color vision. b. Cones are highly concentrated in the fovealregion of the retina. c. Cones have a higher absolute threshold for brightness than rods. d. All of the above are true

D

color vision

cones