AP Psych (Multiple Choice)

Which of the following drugs produces effects similar to a near-death experience? A. Ecstacy B. Nicotine C. Barbiturate D. Methamphetamine E. LSD

E

Neurotransmitters cross the __________ to cary information to the next neuron A. Synaptic gap B. Axon C. Myelin sheath D. Dendrites E. Cell body

A

Of the following, which term best describes the condition in which a person with limited mental abilities excels at a specific skill such as computation? A. Savant syndrome B. g factor C. Creative intelligence D. Emotional intelligence E. Street smarts

A

An 18-month-old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self-awareness contributes to A. Self-assurance B. Self-concept C. Self-esteem D. Self-actualization E. Self-determination

B

An individual experiences brain damage that produces a coma. Which part of the brain was probably damaged? A. Corpus callosum B. Reticular formation C. Frontal lobe D. Cerebellum E. Limbic system

B

As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as A. Motor development B. Pruning C. Spacing D. Accommodation E. Maturation

B

Deep sleep occurs in which stage? A. Hypnagogic B. REM C. Alpha D. NREM-1 E. Delta

E

Emotions are a mix of consciously experienced thoughts, expressive behaviors, and physiological arousal. Which theory emphasized the importance of consciously experienced thoughts? A. Facial feedback theory B. James-Lange theory C. Arousal and performance theory D. Fight-or-flight theory E. Schacter-Singer two-factor theory

E

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase energy and are released by the A. Thyroid glands B. Pituitary gland C. Hypothalamus D. Thalamus E. Adrenal glands

E

Galileo's notion that the earth revolved around the sun was in opposition to the widespread beliefs of his day. What social psychological principle is this an example of? A. Social thinking B. Group polarization C. Conformity D. A stereotype E. Minority influence

E

"It belongs to human nature to hate those you have injured." This belief is best explained by A. Cognitive dissonance theory B. The two-factor theory of emotion C. Evolutionary psychology D. The availability heuristic E. Drive-reduction theory

A

A dog is trained to alleviate when it hears a tone associated with food. Then the tone is sounded repeatedly without an unconditioned stimulus until the dog stops salivating. Later, when the tone sounds again, the dog salivates again. This is a description of what part of the conditioning process? A. Spontaneous recovery B. Extinction C. Generalization D. Discrimination E. Acquisition

A

A person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions? A. Tumor in the hypothalamus B. Too much insulin C. Stomach ulcer D. Stomach bypass surgery E. Too much of the hormone PYY

A

A psychotherapist who uses a blend of therapies is practicing what kind of approach? A. Eclectic B. Psychodynamic C. Cognitive D. Cognitive-behavioral E. Humanistic

A

A split from reality that shows itself in disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotions is associated with which psychological disorder? A. Schizophrenia B. Phobias C. Depression D. Bipolar disorder E. Anxiety

A

A split-brain patient has a picture of a dog flashed to his right hemisphere and a cat to his left hemisphere. He will be able to identify the A. Cat using his right hand B. Dog using his right hand C. Dog using either hand D. Cat using either hand E. Cat using his left hand

A

A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifter the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered perception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but chose to wear the goggled for a half hour. After 30 minutes, the student was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of A. Perceptual adaptation B. Visual interpretation C. Sensory restriction D. Perceptual constancy E. Binocular cues

A

A test-developer defines uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. Which of the following best describes this process? A. Reliability testing B. Validation C. Content validation D. Standardization E. Predictive validity

A

About ___________ percent of the population experience sexual fantasies A. 95 B. 68 C. 50 D. 35 E. 20

A

According to Carol Dweck, students are often hampered by a "fixed mindset." This means they believe A. Intelligence is biologically set and unchangeable B. It is never good to change your mind once it is made up C. Intelligence can be "repaired" by doing specific mental exercises D. They have already done everything they can to improve E. Problems can only be solved a particular way

A

According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms underlies all of the others? A. Repression B. Reaction formation C. Displacement D. Projection E. Regression

A

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what stage of moral development is exhibited when actions are judged "right" because they flow from basic ethical principles? A. Postconventional B. Preconventional C. Conventional D. Preoperational E. Formal operational

A

According to Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment, what would a child need most to become "securely attached?" A. Consistent, responsive caregivers B. The right temperament C. A terry cloth-weapped "surrogate" mother D. An imprinting experience shortly after birth E. Enriched motor development experiences

A

According to research, which type of aggression is more common among males than females A. Harmful physical aggression B. Indirect nonphysical aggression C. Verbal aggression D. Ostracism E. Spreading rumors

A

Adela regularly interprets ordinary physical symptoms like stomach cramps and headaches are serious medical problems. Her doctor is unable to convince her that her problems are not serious. Adela suffers from A. Illness anxiety disorder B. Conversion disorder C. Fatigue state D. Dissociative identity disorder E. Anorexia nervosa

A

Alcohol is a teratogen that can slip through the __________ and damage the fetus or embryo. A. Placenta B. Nervous system C. Womb D. Brainstem E. Zygote

A

An individual is having trouble with cognitive tasks related to learning and memory. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be involved with the problem? A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. Serotonin D. The endorphins E. GABA

A

Based on brain scans, which of the following is true of brain function and mood? A. The brain is more active during manic episodes and less active during depressive episodes B. The brain is less active during manic episodes and more active during depressive episodes C. There is no consistent relationships between brain activity and mood D. The brain is more active than normal during both manic and depressive episodes E. The brain is less active than normal during both manic and depressive episodes

A

Believing that your school is better than all other schools in town in an example of what psychological concept? A. Ingroup bias B. Conformity C. Scapegoat theory D. Discrimination E. Groupthink

A

Boez is a 2-year-old boy who is in the process of potty training. When Boez urinates in the potty, he has a sense of pride. If Boez urinates in his pants, he runs and hides. According to Erikson, in which psychosocial stage is Boez? A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt B. Initiative versus guilt C. Competence versus inferiority D. Identity versus role confusion E. Intimacy versus isolation

A

Bringing order and form to stimuli, which illustrates how the whole differs from the sum of its parts, is called A. Grouping B. Monocular cue C. Binocular cue D. Disparity E. Motion

A

Charles Spearman's g refers to A. General intelligence B. Grouped intelligence factors C. Genetic intelligence D. Generalized creativity E. It is reliable but not valid

A

Community psychologists intervene at the primary level when they A. Design prevention programs for potential problems before the problems actually occur B. Deinstitutionalize individuals though the use of halfway houses C. Treat currently existing problems before they reach epidemic proportions D. Treat currently existing problems only after they have reached epidemic proportions E. Treat a disease in an attempt to slow the spread of it

A

Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation? A. Their brain cortex is less developed B. Through neurological similar, they fear other rats. C. Their brains have more connections D. They have a thicker brain cortex E. The differences between the two groups are not statistically significant

A

Cultural norms related to when to leave home, get a job, or marry are referred to as what? A. Social clock B. Midlife crisis C. Critical period D. Life span E. Theory of mind

A

Dr. Welle tries to help her clients by teaching them to modify the things they do when under stress or experiencing symptoms. This means that Dr. Welle engages in ___________ therapy. A. Behavior B. Cognitive C. Group D. Rational-emotive behavior E. Client-centered

A

Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expressed (verbally or nonverbally) in a therapy session is called A. Active listening B. Virtual reality exposure therapy C. Systematic desensitization D. Family therapy E. Classical conditioning

A

Evolutionary psychologists seek to understand how traits and behavioral tendencies have been shaped by what? A. Natural selection B. Genes C. Prenatal nutrition D. DNA E. Chromosomes

A

Free association is A. A method of exploring the unconscious B. Another name for hypnosis C. The major function of the superego D. An ego defense mechanism E. A method of dream analysis

A

Frequency theory relates to which element of the hearing process? A. Rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates B. Number of fibers in the auditory nerve C. Point at which the basilar membrane exhibits the most vibration D. Decibel level of a sound E. Number of hair cells in each cochlea

A

Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following? A. Aggression B. Short-term memory C. Auditory discrimination D. Visual acuity E. Pattern matching

A

Generally speaking, heritability is the extent to which A. Differences among people are accounted for by genes B. An individual's specific traits are due to genes or the environment C. Differences among people are due to the environment D. Differences among people are due to their cultural heritage E. A person's height is related to the height of his or her parents

A

How does fluid intelligence change as we age? A. Decreases slowly with age B. Has not been measured over time C. Increases slowly with age D. Does not change until about age 75 E. Remains unchanged if we exercise

A

If you are trying to maintain a healthy balance between connecting with others online and a real-world perspective, which of the following suggestions should you follow? A. Monitor your feelings B. Dismiss the notion of logging online time C. Interact often with your more distracting online friends D. Decrease physical activity E. Try a social networking marathon

A

In Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister's research, how did people with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized? A. They became exceptionally aggressive B. Many were more receptive to the criticism C. Some became easily depressed D. Most worked harder to do better the next time E. They quit the task without completing it

A

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus A. Naturally triggers a response B. Is a naturally occurring response C. Is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response D. Objectively studies psychology E. Is Pavlovian

A

In studying the behavior of five year olds in free-play situations, a cognitive psychologist would be most interested in the children's A. Problem-solving strategies B. Toy preferences C. Degree of cooperative behavior D. Prosocial play activities E. Choice of playmates

A

In treating a patient for depression, Dr. Pratt focuses on changing the ways in which the patient interprets events. Which type of therapy is Dr. Pratt using? A. Cognitive B. Self-efficacy C. Biomedical D. Learning E. Psychodynamic

A

Joe is taking a new job on the night shift next week. His supervisors have informed him that initially he may have some problems with his level of alertness and his memory as he adjusts to his new schedule. Joe's supervisors are sharing with Joe their knowledge of A. Circadian rhythms B. REM sleep C. Sleep spindles D. The social clock E. NREM sleep

A

John B. Watson is best known as the founder of A. Behaviorism B. Functionalism C. Rationalism D. Structuralism E. Mechanism

A

Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit on a warm summer day. Kimberly's brother known to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit because of A. Context B. ESP C. Precognition D. Bottom-up processing E. Clairvoyance

A

Lithium carbonate has been useful in some instances in the treatment of A. Bipolar disorder B. Dissociative identity disorder C. Autistic disorder D. Hypochondriasis E. Anorexia nervosa

A

Mary checks her phone every 30 minutes for incoming text messages. Her behavior is being maintained by what kind of reinforcement schedule? A. Fixed-interval B. Variable-interval C. Variable-ratio D. Fixed-ratio E. Continuous

A

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called A. Heuristics B. Algorithms C. Syllogisms D. Propositions E. Concepts

A

Natural networks grow more complex by A. Branching outward to form multiple connections B. Keeping the nervous system immature C. Controlling one another with a restricted response system D. Limiting connections E. Associating behaviors that would not normally be associated together

A

One night Samar became frightened when she was startled by a noise while walking down the street alone. Which theory of emotion would say that her fear resulted from the startle response alone? A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard C. Two-factor D. Lazarus E. Schacter-Singer

A

Recent research most consistently supports the effectiveness of hypnosis in which of the following areas? A. Pain relief B. Recovery of lost memories C. Reduction of sleep deprivation D. Forcing people to act against their will E. Cessation of smoking

A

Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning states that A. Conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another B. Contiguity of stimuli is sufficient for conditioning to occur C. Reinforcement contingencies predict extinction D. Any stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus E. The only difference between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response is the stimulus used to elicit them

A

Sensing the position and movement of individual body parts is an example of which sense? A. Kinesthetic B. Vestibular C. Auditory D. Umami E. Olfactory

A

Students who do well on college entrance exams generally do well in their first year of college. This helps establish that these exams have A. Predictive validity B. Split-half reliability C. Content validity D. Test-retest reliability E. Standard validity

A

The Big Five model suggests that people can be rated along the dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion. This theory is best associated with which of the following? A. Trait theory B. Psychodynamic theory C. The cognitive approach D. The humanistic approach E. The biological approach

A

The aging brain may help nurture positive feelings that are reported by many old adults. Brain scans of older adults show that the ___________, a neural processing center for emotions, responds less actively to negative events (but not to positive events), and it interacts less with the hippocampus, a brain memory-processing center A. Amygdala B. Hypothalamus C. Pineal gland D. Thyroid gland E. Thalamus

A

The basketball players could remember the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words. This is because they encoded the information A. Semantically B. Iconically C. Implicitly D. Shallowly E. Automatically

A

The brain scans of people with amnesia are most likely to show damage to the A. Hippocampus B. Hypothalamus C. Medulla D. Reticular formation E. Cerebellum

A

The correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test yields information about the test's A. Reliability B. Validity C. Frequency distribution of scores D. Central tendency of scores E. Standard error of measurement

A

The enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose. What is this tendency called? A. Group polarization B. Deindividuation C. The just-world phenomenon D. Discrimination E. Categorization

A

The factors chiefly responsible for interpersonal attraction include A. Proximity and similarity B. Contrasting values C. Similar tendencies to dominate or submit D. Similar attitudes toward authority E. Shared attributional biases

A

The maturation of the brain's ___________ lags behind the development of the limbic system, which may explain the impulsivity of teenagers compared with adults A. Frontal lobes B. Temporal lobes C. Occipital lobes D. Parietal lobes E. Corpus callosum

A

The most widely used modern intelligence test was developed by A. Alfred Binet B. Louis Terman C. Robert Sternberg D. David Wechsler E. Howard Gardner

A

The purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test was to A. Predict how children would do in school B. Identify differences among ethnic and racial groups C. Help French graduates find the occupation in which they were most likely to succeed D. Establish the scientific definition of intelligence E. Facilitate "genetic breeding" experiments

A

The view from Narmeen's left eye is slightly different from the view from her right eye. This is due to which depth cue? A. Retinal disparity B. Relative size C. Linear perspective D. Relative motion E. Convergence

A

Thorndyke's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known what? A. Law of effect B. Operant conditioning C. Shaping D. Respondent behavior E. Discrimination

A

To score high on a test of creativity, a person's answers should be A. Original and valuable B. Normative and divergent C. Normative and convergent D. Unconscious and illogical E. Simple and contextual

A

Vic has unpreditable and repeated attacks of overwhelming anxiety that frequently leave him dizzy, nauseous, short of breath, and in tears. A psychologist is likely to view Vic's behavior as indicative of A. A panic disorder B. A psychotic breakdown C. A dissociative reaction D. A phobia E. An obsession

A

Wha do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus? A. Respondent behavior B. Operant behavior C. Extinguished behavior D. Biofeedback conditioning E. Skinnerian conditioning

A

What are the three major categories of drugs? A. Hallucinogens, depressants, and stimulants B. Stimulants, barbiturates, and hallucinogens C. Amphetamines, barbiturates, and opiates D. MDMA, LSD, and THC E. Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine

A

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? A. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults B. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior C. Children are more likely to copy what adults say then what adults do D. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development E. Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children

A

What did Sigmund Freud call his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques? A. Psychoanalysis B. Humanism C. The self-concept D. Psychosexual stages E. Free association

A

What do psychodynamic therapists call the blocking of anxiety-laden material from the conscious? A. Resistance B. Interpretation C. Transference D. Face-to-face therapy E. Interpersonal psychotherapy

A

What do we call the conversion of stimulus energies, like sights and sounds, into neural impulses? A. Transduction B. Perception C. Priming D. Signal detection theory E. Threshold

A

What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession? A. Phi phenomenon B. Perceptual constancy C. Binocular cues D. Retinal disparity C. Depth perception

A

What do we call the improve performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others? A. Social facilitation B. Group behavior C. Social loading D. Deindividualization E. Group polarization

A

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer? A. Operant conditioning B. Respondent behavior C. Classical conditioning D. Shaping E. Punishment

A

What is the brief electrical charge that travels down an axon called? A. Action potential B. Resting potential C. All-or-none impulse D. Refractory period E. Myelination response

A

What is the most common reason people seek mental heath services? A. Depression B. Bipolar disorder C. Posttraumatic stress disorder D. Dissociative identity disorder E. Illness anxiety disorder

A

What is the prenatal development sequence? A. Zygote, embryo, fetus B. Fetus, zygote, embryo C. Embryo, zygote, fetus D. Zygote, fetus, embryo E. Fetus, embryo, zygote

A

What is the study of specific genes and teams of genes that influence behavior called? A. Molecular genetics B. Evolutionary psychology C. Behavior genetics D. Heritability E. Natural selection

A

When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as A. Rooting B. Suckling C. The patellar reflex D. The Moro reflex E. The Babinski reflex

A

When is prosocial modeling most effective? A. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson B. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses C. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct D. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the mode E. When the model is well-known

A

When someone provides his phone number to another person, he usually pauses after the area code and again after the next three numbers. This pattern underscores the importance of which memory principle? A. Chunking B. The serial position effect C. Semantic encoding D. Auditory encoding E. Recognition

A

Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success? A. Self-control B. Locus of control C. Problem-focused coping D. Learned helplessness E. Emotion-focused coping

A

Which is one of the major criticisms of the evolutionary perspective in psychology? A. It analyzes after the fact using hindsight B. It attempts to extend a biological theory into a psychological realm C. There is very little evidence to support it D. It has not been around long enough to "stand the test of time." E. It seems to apply in certain cultures but not in others

A

Which is the most influential of the endocrine glands? A. Pituitary gland B. Adrenal glands C. Dendrites D. Threshold glands E. Parasympathetic

A

Which is true of social relations during the teen years? A. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important B. High school girls who have the poorest relationships with their mothers have the most intense friendships with peers C. Parental influence peaks during mid to late adolescence D. Most adolescents have serious disagreements with parents, leading to great social stress E. Teens are generally more concerned with family relationships than peer relationships

A

Which kind of drug is most clearly associated with increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin? A. Antidepressant B. Antipsychotic C. Antianxiety D. Mood-stabilizing E. Muscle relaxant

A

Which of the following abilities is an example of implicit memory? A. Riding a bicycle while talking to your friend about something that happened in class B. Retrieving from memory the details of an assignment that is due tomorrow C. Vividly recalling significant events like the 9/11 attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. D. Remembering the details of your last birthday party E. Recognizing names and pictures of your classmates many years after they have graduated

A

Which of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? A. Unexplainable and continual tension B. Sudden episodes of intense dread C. Irrational and intense fear of a specific object or situation D. Repetitive thoughts or actions E. Nightmares for weeks after a severe, uncontrollable event

A

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? A. Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer B. An innately reinforcing stimulus C. Something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior D. An event that decreases the behavior it follows E. An amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

A

Which of the following best describes genetic mutation? A. Random errors in gene replication B. The study of the mind's evolution C. The study of behavioral evolution D. Passing on successful, inherited traits E. Survival of the genetically successful

A

Which of the following best explains why we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent? A. Cognitive dissonance theory B. Power of the situation C. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon D. Role theory E. Fundamental attribution error

A

Which of the following characterizes the "low road" neural pathway to emotions? A. Information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala B. The emotion results more slowly than it would via the "high road" C. It is an example of top-down processing D. It is more likely to be utilized for complex feelings E. It passes through the brain's cortex

A

Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristic? A. Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd B. Fearing air travel because of memories of plane crashes C. Checking in every drawer to find some matches because matches are usually in drawers D. Having the solution to a world problem pop into your head because you have successfully solved a similar problem E. Applying for jobs in several local grocery stores because your best friend just got a job in a grocery store

A

Which of the following dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories? A. Information-processing B. Wish-fulfillment C. Physiological function D. Neural activation E. Neural disconnection

A

Which of the following identifies the parenting style most likely to ground a teen who had missed a curfew - and to explain the rationale for doing so, after considering the teen's reasons? A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Secure attachment E. Insecure attachment

A

Which of the following illustrates generalization? A. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a similar tone is sounded B. A dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer C. A light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on D. A pigeon whose disk-pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again E. A child is startled when the doorbell rings

A

Which of the following is NOT recommended by therapists as a way to help prevent or get over depression? A. Recovered-memory therapies B. Aerobic exercise C. Light exposure D. Increased social connections E. Anti rumination strategies

A

Which of the following is a measure of variation? A. Range B. Mean C. Mode D. Frequency E. Median

A

Which of the following is an application of shaping? A. A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball B. A pigeon pecks a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement C. A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on D. A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement E. A gambler continues to play a slot machine, eve though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays, and he has lost a significant amount of money

A

Which of the following is an aroused motivational state created by a physiological need? A. Drive B. Instinct C. Incentive D. Reflex E. Motive

A

Which of the following is an aspect of physical attractiveness that appears to be true across cultures? A. Indications of reproductive health B. Height C. Weight D. Size of the ears E. Shape of the chin

A

Which of the following is an assurance conclusion based on Hermann Ebbinhaus' forgetting curve research? A. Most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off B . We forget more rapidly as time passes C. Forgetting is relatively constant over time D. Forgetting is related to many factors, but time is not one of them E. We are more likely to forget items in the middle of a list than at the beginning or the end

A

Which of the following is an example of a social-cultural influence on aggressive behavior? A. Exposure to violent media B. Frustration C. Testosterone D. Believing you've drunk alcohol E. Genetics

A

Which of the following is an example of stress? A. Ray is tense and anxious as he has to decide which college to attend? B. Sunga is assigned an extra shift at work C. Joe's parents are allowing him to stay home alone while they go away for a weekend D. Linda remembers to repay a friend the $10 she owes her E. Enrico learns of a traffic accident on the Interstate

A

Which of the following is an example of unconditional positive regard? A. Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism B. Seven-year-old Michaela gets her allowance each week whether she does her chores or not C. Ms. Lopez, a second grade teacher, puts a smiley face sticker on her students' papers when they have done a good job D. John got a promotion and a raise at work after filling in for a sick manager one day and doing a better job than the manager had done previously E. Chen's parents usually praise him when he does well and ignore him when he engages in minor misbehavior

A

Which of the following is most closely associated with hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals? A. Body position B. Smell C. Hearing D. Pain E. Touch

A

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words? A. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life B. Practicing the words for a single extended period C. Breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions D. Noticing where in a sentence the words appear E. Focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words

A

Which of the following is the best phrase for a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client who are working to overcome the client's problem? A. Therapeutic alliance B. EMDR C. Evidence-based practice D. Meta-analysis E. Outcome research

A

Which of the following is the best synonym for social learning? A. Observational learning B. Modeling C. Mirror neuron imitation D. Prosocial model E. Imitation

A

Which of the following is the best term for mental activists associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing? A. Cognition B. Concepts C. Prototypes D. Convergent thinking E. Divergent thinking

A

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the neural chain of events set in motion by an environmental stimulus? A. Receptors, afferent neurons, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors B. Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons, afferent neurons, effectors C. Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons D. Effectors, interneurons, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons E. Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons

A

Which of the following is the primary distinction between prejudice and discrimination? A. Prejudice is cognitive and discrimination is behavioral B. Prejudice is based on anger and discrimination is based on fear C. Prejudice is a legal term and discrimination is psychological term D. Discrimination typically develops in infancy and prejudice typically develops in adolescence E. Discrimination is primarily caused by nature and prejudice is primarily caused by nurture

A

Which of the following is the primary purpose of the DSM? A. Diagnosis of mental disorders B. Selection of appropriate psychological therapies for mental disorders C. Placement of mental disorders in appropriate cultural context D. Selection of appropriate medicines to treat mental disorders E. Understanding the causes of mental disorders

A

Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconceptions while ignoring contradictory evidence? A. Confirmation bias B. Intuition C. Mental set D. Availability heuristic E. Overconfidence

A

Which of the following is true about daydreaming? A. It occurs spontaneously B. It is physiologically induced C. It is psychologically induced D. It is considered the same as waking awareness E. It is more like meditation than it is like dreaming

A

Which of the following is true regarding the initiation of sexual activity? A. Men are more likely to initiate sexual activity than women B. Women are more likely to initiate sexual activity than men C. The initiation of sexual activity for both men and women correlated with how many television sitcoms they viewed as children D. Men and women are equally likely to initiate sexual activity E. Who initiates sexual activity is largely determined by culture

A

Which of the following provides the best evidence that race is more of a social construct than a biological category? A. People of varying ancestry may categorize themselves in the same race B. The races arose in different continents C. Behavior traits (like running speed) are associated with race D. Skin cancer rates vary by race E. The incidence of high blood pressure varies by race

A

Which of the following refers to an effect of life experiences that leaves a molecular mark that affects gene expression? A. Epigenetics B. Adaptation C. Evolution D. Natural selection E. Universal moral grammar

A

Which of the following statements about the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is FALSE? A. People who agree to a small action are less likely to agree to a larger one later B. The Chinese army took advantage of this phenomenon in the thought control program they used on prisoners during the Korean War C. To get people to agree to something big, start small and build D. Succumb to a temptation and you will find the next temptation harder to resist E. This phenomenon has been used to boost charitable contributions, blood donations, and product sales

A

Which one of the following statements about stress is TRUE? A. Surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed humans B. Stress has no effect on those exposed to cold viruses C. There is no correlation between stress and longevity D. Stress makes us more resistant to infection and heart disease E. Anxiety, irritation, and guilt all prompt very different physiological responses

A

Which personalty disorder is associated with a lack of regret over violating others' rights? A. Antisocial personality disorder B. Avoidant personality disorder C. Schizoid personality disorder D. Histrionic personality disorder E. Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Which perspective would be most useful when explaining how people from different countries express anger? A. Social-cultural B. Psychodynamic C. Behavioral D. Functionalist E. Biological

A

Which term is defines as all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question "Who am I?" A. Self-concept B. Ideal self C. Self-esteem D. Empathy E. Self-acceptance

A

Who conducted a famous study of high IQ children? A. Lewis Terman B. David Wechsler C. Robert Sternberg D. Howard Gardner E. Alfred Binet

A

Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach? A. Gorden Allport B. Carl Jung C. Karen Horney D. Carl Rogers E. Albert Bandura

A

Working memory is most active during which portion of the information-processing model? A. Short-term memory B. Sensory memory C. Retrieval D. Encoding E. Long-term memory

A

"Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of weekend football games. The tendency t believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle? A. Overconfidence B. Hindsight bias C. Intuition D. Illusory correlation E. Random sampling

B

A member of one racial group viciously beats someone from a different racial group. The incident is widely publicized to the local media. Which of the following terms best describes this incident? A. Scapegoat theory B. Vivid case C. Just-world phenomenon D. Other-race effect E. Ingroup bias

B

A research design involves two randomly assigned groups of participants. One group receives a one-time treatment, and the other does not. Later, the two groups are compared to see whether the treatment has an effect. Psychologists call this kind of research A. A correlational study B. An experiment C. A case study D. A survey E. A cross-sequential study

B

A student studies diligently to avoid th bad feelings associated with a previously low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of reinforcement? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Delayed reinforcement D. Primary reinforcement E. Conditioned reinforcement

B

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? A. Cognitive mapping B. Insight C. Operant conditioning D. Classical conditioning E. Unconscious associative learning

B

According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. What did he call this accepting attitude? A. A peak experience B. Unconditional positive regard C. Self-transcendence D. Humanistic psychology E. Our self-concept

B

According to Charles Spearman and others, which of the following underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test? A. Savant syndrome B. General intelligence (g) C. Factor analysis D. Intelligence E. Emotional intelligence

B

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, the crisis that needs resolution for adolescents involves the search for what? A. Trust B. Identity C. Autonomy D. Initiative E. Worth

B

According to Erikson, which of the following is a dominant goal of adulthood? A. Competence B. Generativity C. Performance D. Identity E. Connectedness

B

According to Erikson, you develop your __________, a part of who you are, from your group memberships A. Self-interest B. Social identity C. Social self D. Self-esteem E. Self-conciousness

B

According to most experts, intelligence tests are not biased because A. The average scores for various racial and ethnic groups do not differ by much B. The tests do a pretty good job of predicting what they are supposed to predict C. Cultural background has little influence on test scores D. Scores on the test are not very stable even when you don't consider race E. Scores are increasing for almost all groups because of the Flynn affect

B

According to research, which of the following has been identified as an early warning sign of schizophrenia? A. Emotional predictability B. Poor peer relations and solo play C. Long attention span D. Good muscle coordination E. High birth weight

B

After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Hans Selye would most likely guess that you are in which general adaptation syndrome phase? A. Exhaustion B. Resistance C. Immobilization D. Collapse E. Shock

B

After discussing a topic, a group makes a decision that is more extreme than the average position of all the group members prior to discussion. The group's action is an example of A. Group consensus B. Group polarization C. Group consistency D. The mere-exosure effect E. Diffusion of responsibility

B

Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their losses to bad breaks, loudly officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept? A. A low self-esteem B. The self-serving bias C. Pessimism D. The spotlight effect E. Incompetence

B

Attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of A. Attachment disorder B. Ostracism C. Exploitation D. Wanting to belong E. Conforming

B

Becoming less self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation is referred to as A. Social loading B. Deindividuation C. Social facilitation D. Obedience E. Cognitive dissonance

B

Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determination hypotesis relates to what aspect of the power of language? A. How thinking influences language B. How language influences thinking C. The role of the language acquisition device D. The importance of critical periods in language development E. The development of language in nonhuman animals

B

Carol Gilligan's research emphasizes prominent female characteristics, especially A. Spatial abilities B. Making social connections C. Playing in large groups D. Talking a great deal E. Playing in competitive groups

B

Children are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficult adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below A. 60 B. 70 C. 80 D. 90 E. 100

B

Damage to the hippocampus would result in what? A. Difficulties with balance and coordination B. Memory problems C. The false sensation of burning in parts of the body D. Emotional outbursts E. Death

B

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that A. Patterns are recognized exclusively by template matching B. Many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information C. Pattern recognition occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus D. The retinal image must be upside down to be recognized E. Pattern recognition is better in normal-sighted individuals than in nearsighted or farsighted individuals

B

Diego likes to play sports and video games whereas Sara likes to sing, dance, and play "house." This example best depicts which of the following? A. Gender identity B. Gender typing C. Gender schema D. Social learning theory E. Gender expression

B

Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Postformal D. Concrete operations E. Formal operations

B

Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for A. Soft music B. Face-like images C. Low pitched sounds D. Soft colors E. Loud music

B

Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates which of the following A. Schema B. Functional fixedness C. Availability D. Insight E. Confirmation bias

B

Howard Gardner found evidence of multiple intelligences in individuals who scored low on intelligence but has an area of exception ability - for example, to make complex calculations. These people have A. The Flynn effect B. Savant syndrome C. Advanced mental age D. Wechsler syndrome E. Intelligence heritability

B

Humanistic psychologists often prefer to assess personality by A. Having a person write out answers to questions B. Sitting down and talking to a person C. Getting a person to describe what he or she sees in ambiguous inkblots D. Having a person describe their dreams E. Putting a person in a stressful situation to see how he or she behaves under pressure

B

In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each world, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in A. Priming B. Levels of processing C. Proactive interference D. Procedural memory E. Episodic memory

B

In a research study, informed consent is a concern of A. Replicability B. Ethics C. Statistical significance D. Practical applicability E. Cross-cultural representativeness

B

In an effort to help a child overcome a fear of dogs, a therapist pairs a trigger stimulus (something associated with dogs) with a new stimulus that causes a response that is incompatible with fear (for example, an appealing snack or toy). Which clinical orientation is this therapist using? A. Psychodynamic B. Behavioral C. Biomedical D. Client-centered E. Humanistic

B

In the attachment studies conducted with infant monkeys, what did the Harlows find? A. Nutrition was the most important factor in attachment B. Contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment C. The surrogate mother's appearance was the most important attachment factor D. Monkeys were equally likely to become attached to either surrogate mother E. The moneys didn't form attachments to the surrogate mothers

B

In which kind of therapy would the therapist be most likely to note the following during a session: "Blocks in the flow of free associations indicate resistance." A. Cognitive therapy B. Psychoanalysis C. Client-centered therapy D. Behavioral therapy E. Person-centered therapy

B

In which stage of sleep are you likely to experience hypnagogic sensations of falling? A. Alpha sleep B. NREM-1 C. NREM-2 D. NREM-3 E. REM

B

Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk of A. Alzheimer's disease B. Cardiovascular disease C. Schizophrenia D. Substance abuse E. Anorexia nervosa

B

Juan returns to his grandparent's house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following? A. Recall B. Priming C. Explicit memory D. The serial position effect E. Flashbulb memory

B

Light's __________ is the distance from one wave peak to the next. This dimension determines the __________ we experience. A. Hue; wavelength B. Wavelength; hue C. Hue; intensity D. Wavelength; intensity E. Intensity; wavelength

B

Lunn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? A. Habituation B. Discrimination C. Spontaneous recovery D. Extinction E. Acquisition

B

On which of the following are token economics based? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Group therapy D. Cognitive therapy E. Cognitive-behavioral therapy

B

One reason that identical twins might show slight differences at birth is A. They did not develop from a single fertilized egg B. One twin's placenta may have provided slightly better nourishment C. They develop from different sperm D. One twin gestated much longer in the uterus than the other E. Their relative positions in the uterus

B

Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as what? A. Antagonists, because they block neurotransmitter receptors for pain B. Agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminishing effects C. Excitatory neurotransmitters, because they activate pain-control mechanisms D. Sympathetic nervous system agents, because they prepare the body for a challenge E. Parasympathetic nervous system agents, because they calm the body

B

People frequently credit or blame either internal dispositions or external situations for other's behavior. What is this tendency called? A. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon B. The fundamental attribution error C. Attribution D. Social psychology E. Social thinking

B

Rafael has a sleepd isorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated? A. Sleep apnea B. Narcolepsy C. Insomnia D. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder E. Somnambulism

B

Recent research about brain size and function suggests that A. The occipital love is more active when people are thinking about questions on intelligence tests B. People who are smarter use less energy when solving problems C. There is no correlation between processing speed and IQ scores D. People with larger brains are always smarter than those with smaller brains E. Subjects with larger parietal lobes tended to process information more slowly

B

Scott Lillienfield, James Wood, and Howard Garb (2001) wrote, "When a substantial body of research demonstrates that old intuitions are wrong, it is time to adopt new ways of thinking." What were they talking about? A. MRI test B. Rorschach inkblot test C. Freud's work on the id and ego D. Psychodynamic theories E. Modern views of the unconscious

B

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following? A. Increased productivity B. Depression C. Decreased mistakes on homework D. Increased feeling of well-being E. Sleep apnea

B

Someone from a collectivist culture is more likely to do what? A. Develop a strong sense of self B. Give priority to group goals C. Form casual, often temporary relationships D. Achieve personal goals E. Focus on how they are different from the group

B

Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from A. Biomedical changes in the pituitary B. Cognitive labels of physiological changes C. Instinctual behavior D. Level of arousal E. Need for affiliation

B

Superstitious behavior can be produced by A. Careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment B. The accidental timing of rewards C. Possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items D. Cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others E. The change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval

B

Surveys conducted with people who have had high spinal cord injuries suggest to researchers that emotions are A. Entirely cognitive, requiring no physical response to be intense B. Largely dependent upon our bodily responses and behaviors C. Mostly a social response to surrounding factors D. Mostly a cultural reaction to context E. Mostly psychological

B

Temperament refers to what aspect of an infant's development? A. Susceptibility to infection and disease B. Emotional reactivity C. General intelligence D. Level of optimism E. Ability to learn from situations

B

The basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organism A. Associates events B. Associates behavior and resulting events C. Voluntarily operates on the environment D. Associates response with a consequence E. Quits responding when reward stops

B

The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations? A. An infant recognizes her father's voice B. A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing C. A kitten avoids a couch after being reprimanded for sitting on it D. A rat learns to press a bar for food when a red light is flashed E. A motorist drives at the speed limit when there is a police officer in sight on the highway

B

The dual-processing model refers to which of the following ideas? A. The right and left hemisphere of the brain both process incoming messages B. Incoming information is processed by both conscious and unconscious tracks C. Each lobe of the brain processes incoming information D. The brain first processes emotional information and then processes analytical information E. The thalamus and hypothalamus work together to analyze incoming sensory information

B

The original formulas for a child's intelligence quotient compared a child's A. Aptitude to his or her school performance B. Mental age to his or her chronological age C. Intelligence to his or her siblings' intelligence D. Intelligence to his or her parents' intelligence E. Math intelligence to his or her verbal intelligence

B

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of A. Phonemes B. Morphemes C. Babbling D. Grammar E. Intuition

B

What do we call a desire to preform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment? A. Latent learning B. Extrinsic motivation C. Intrinsic motivation D. Insight learning E. Emotion-focused coping

B

What do we call a mental predisposition that influences our interpretation of a stimulus? A. A context effect B. Perceptual set C. Extrasensory perception D. Emotion E. Motivation

B

What do we call an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent traditional fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation? A. Obsessive compulsive disorder B. Phobia C. Panic disorder D. Generalized anxiety disorder E. Posttraumatic stress disorder

B

What do we call an optimal window of opportunity for proper development? A. Attachment B. The critical period C. The social period D. Imprinting E. Mere exposure

B

What do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response A. Acquisition B. Spontaneous recovery C. Discrimination D. Operant conditioning E. Classical conditioning

B

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage? A. The rate of forgetting increases as time goes on B. The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on C. The rate of forgetting does not change as time goes on D. The rate of forgetting varies according to the motivation of the learner E. The rate of forgetting varies according to the emotional state of the learner

B

What is North America's leading cause of death? A. Psychosomatic disorders B. Coronary heart disease C. Cancer D. Depression E. Stroke

B

What is another term for a methodical, logical rule that garnets solving a particular problem? A. Heuristic B. Algorithm C. Insight D. Mental set E. Confirmation bias

B

What is the PRIMARY means by which parents influence the behavior of their children? A. Parenting style B. Genetic contributions C. Prenatal environment D. Teaching cooperation E. Rewarding achievement

B

What is the pineal gland's role in sleep? A. Activating the suprchiasmatic nucleus B. The production of melatonin C. The location of hypnagogic images D. Remembering dreams upon waking E. Emitting alpha waves

B

What term describes the brain's adaptation to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect? A. Withdrawal B. Tolerance C. Addiction D. Substance use disorder E. Disinhibiting

B

When it is permissible for a psychologist to share a client's test scores with another person? A. When an employer inquires about the mental health status of the client B. When the client provides written permission to share results C. When a school official requests the test scores to aid in a college admission decision D. When the test scores are within the normal range E. Never

B

Which neurotransmitter is affect by antipsychotic medications? A. Epinephrine B. Dopamine C. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine E. Serotonin

B

Which of the following best represents crystallized intelligence? A. Jake can sole math word problems quickly B. Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles C. Aliyah has a knack for training dogs D. Anna writes creative computer programs E. Heng bakes excellent chocolate chip cookies

B

Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold? A. Set-point theory B. Homeostasis C. Self-serving bias D. Refractory period E. Assimilation

B

Which of the following disorders do Americans report most frequently? A. Schizophrenia B. Mood disorders C. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) D. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

B

Which of the following has been shown to be the most effective intervention to reduce teen pregnancies? A. Abstinence only sex education in schools B. Participation in service learning programs C. Increasing guilt related to seal activity D. Taking a pledge to remain abstinent E. Increased exposure to sexual content in the media

B

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic? A. Calculating the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width B. Using news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much business fraud occurs in American business C. Looking in each room of your home to find your sleeping cat D. Following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friend E. Trying every key on your mom's key ring until you find the one that unlocks the seldom-used storeroom in the basement

B

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depressive disorder? A. Weight gain or loss B. Auditory hallucinations C. Sleep disturbance D. Inappropriate guilt E. Problems concentrating

B

Which of the following is a "Big Five" personality factor? A. Seriousness B. Neuroticism C. Dutifulness D. Dominance E. Abstractedness

B

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories? A. Infants simply have less information about the world than older children and adults B. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed C. Infants learn more by verbal explanations than Piaget believed D. Accommodation is a process that doesn't occur in young children E. Schemas don't form until later than Piaget believed

B

Which of the following is a feature of client-centered therapy? A. Free association B. Active listening C. Resistance D. Freudian interpretation E. Medical/biological treatment

B

Which of the following is an example of conformity? A. Malik has had a series of dogs over the years. Each has learned to curl up at his feet when he was watching television B. Renee begins to buy the same brand of sweatshirt that most of the kids in her school are wearing C. Jonah makes sure to arrive home before his curfew because he knows he will be grounded if he doesn't D. Yuri makes sure to arrive home before her curfew because she does not want her parents to be disappointed in her E. Terry cranks it up a notch during volleyball practice because the team captain has been on her case for not showing enough effort

B

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference? A. You can't recall your locker combination from sixth grade because your current locker combination interferes B. You can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes C. You can't recall what you studied in first period because what you studied in fourth period interferes D. You can't recall what you studied on Monday because what you studied on Tuesday interferes E. You can't recall who won the state swim meet last year because the winner of this year's meet interferes

B

Which of the following is best described along a continuum ranging from ruthless and suspicious to helpful and trusting? A. Conscientiousness B. Agreeableness C. Openness D. Extraversion E. Perfectionism

B

Which of the following is likely to result from the release of oxytocin? A. A fight-or-flight response B. A tend-and-befriend response C. Social isolation D. Elevated hunger E. Exhaustion

B

Which of the following is most closely associated with the idea of epigenetics? A. Eye color B. Gene display based on environmental factors C. IQ as a function of educational experiences D. Height at birth E. Shoe size

B

Which of the following is most likely to be a function of the left hemisphere? A. Speech B. Evaluating perceptual tasks C. Making inferences D. Identifying emotion in other people's faces E. Identifying one's sense of self

B

Which of the following is most likely to influence our memory of a painful event? A. The overall length of the event B. The intensity of pain at the end of the event C. The reason for the pain D. The amount of rest you've had in the 24 hours preceding the event E. The specific part of the body that experiences the pain

B

Which of the following is most likely to occur when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic approval of alternatives? A. Group polarization B. Groupthink C. Social loafing D. Norming E. Prejudice

B

Which of the following is one of the stages of the sexual response cycle descries by Masters and Johnson? A. Expulsion B. Plateau C. Attraction D. Compensation E. Depolarizaton

B

Which of the following is the best biological explanation for why the human body stores fat? A. Fat signals affluence and social status B. Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce C. Fat is a display of abundant food sources D. Fat keeps the body warm in winter climates E. Fat combats the global epidemic of diabetes

B

Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction? A. Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird-looking meal tastes awful B. Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold C. Finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection D. Finding that the cold pool water doesn't feel so cold after a while E. All of these are examples

B

Which of the following is the defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder? A. Violence B. Lack of conscience C. Mood swings D. Unexplained physical symptoms E. Committing serial murders

B

Which of the following is the lowest priority motive in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A. Belongingness and love needs B. Physiological needs C. Esteem needs D. Self-actualization needs E. Self-transcendence needs

B

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? A. Actual physical injury B. The risk of misremembering our own actions C. Interference with associative learning D. The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli E. A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

B

Which of the following most accurately describes a dependent variable? A. Some characteristic of research participants that is constant, such as gender B. Some aspect of a participant's response that is measured in an experiment C. A factor that is manipulated by the experimenter in order to observe its effects on some other factor D. A factor that can be used to predict how people in an experiment will respond E. A factor that is equated for the experimental and the control group

B

Which of the following phrases accurately describes top-down processing? A. The entry-level data captured by our various sensory systems B. The effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception C. Our tendency to scan a visual field from top to bottom D. Our inclination to follow a predetermined set of steps to process sound E. The fact that information is processed by the higher regions of the brain before it reaches the lower brain

B

Which of the following reflects the notion that pitch is related to the number of impulses traveling up in the auditory nerve in a unit of time? A. Place theory B. Frequency theory C. Volley principle D. Sound localization E. Stereophonic hearing

B

Which of the following statements about mobile networks and social media is accurate? A. There are more home toilets in India than there are cell phones B. Cell phones have been history's most rapidly adopted technology C. Fewer than 75 percent of American youth are cell-phone users d. Phone calling has displaced texting E. Texting has declined in Canada and elsewhere because of e-mail

B

Which of the following statements has been supported by the research of evolutionary psychologists? A. Women are attracted to men who appear virile B. Men are attracted to women who appear fertile and capable of bearing children C. The connection between sex and pleasure is mostly determined by culture D. The same factors determine sexual attraction in both males and females E. Most adults are attracted to patterns that in some way remind them of their parents

B

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression B. Someone suffering from depression will get better only with therapy or medication C. Compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression D. Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression E. With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

B

Which of the following states of consciousness occurs when one person suggests to another that certain thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur? A. Dreaming B. Hypnosis C. Daydreaming D. Hallucination E. Waking awareness

B

Which of the following systems produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body? A. The circulatory system B. Endocrine system C. Limbic system D. Sympathetic nervous system E. Parasympathetic nervous system

B

Which of the following terms describes our geographic nearness to another person? A. Mere exposure effect B. Proximity C. Similarity D. Inroup bias E. Symmetry

B

Which of the following types of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance? A. Content B. Predictive C. Face D. Concurrent E. Test-retest

B

Which of these drugs, which acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, can also cause dangerous dehydration A. LSD B. Ecstacy C. Alcohol D. Cocaine E. Caffeine

B

Which part of the nervous system is most immediately activated by sudden fear? A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic C. Neurostriatum D. Somatic E. Cortical

B

Which subfield of psychology provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine? A. Cognitive B. Health C. Clinical D. Educational E. Community

B

Which theory explains that physiological needs create an aroused state that motivates an organism to reduce the need? A. Instinct theory B. Drive-reduction theory C. Achievement motivation D. Arousal theory E. Hierarchy of needs

B

You are more likely to remember psychology information in your psychology classroom than in other environments because of what memory principle? A. Mood congruence B. Context effects C. State-dependency D. Proactive inference E. Retroactive inference

B

Your best friend decides to paint her room an extremely bright electric blue. Which of the following best fits the physical properties of the color's light waves? A. No wavelength; large amplitude B. Short wavelength; large amplitude C. Short wavelength; small amplitude D. Long wavelength; large amplitude E. No wavelength; small amplitude

B

Eleanor Maccoby's research found which of the following factors to be the LEAST positively correlated with problem behavior in preschool children? A. Parent income B. Parent education level C. Time spent in day care D. Child's temperament E. Parent sensetivity

C

"Chair," "freedom," and "ball" are all examples of what? A. Phonemes B. Heuristics C. Concepts D. Telegraphic utterances E. Prototypes

C

A friend fails to meet an achievement goal. As a result, he gets angry and behaves aggressively. Which of the following terms best identifies the chain of events? A. Aggression B. Fundamental attribution error C. Frusteration-aggression principle D. Social scripts E. Biopsychosocial hypothesis

C

A police officer who asks a witness to recall details about someone suspected of a crime would be asking the witness to A. Listen to recordings of several voices to determine if the suspect's voice is detected B. Select the suspect from a visual lineup of several similar people C. Describe the suspect's physical qualities to a police sketch artist D. Determine if the suspect's motive for the shooting seems believable E. Imagine a scenario in which the suspect could have acted in self-defense

C

A psychotherapist who believes that deviant behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies or to problems in the physical structure of the brain most likely subscribes to which of the following views of abnormality? A. Cognitive B. Behavioral C. Biomedical D. Sociological E. Psychoanalytic

C

A researcher interested in determining the size of a particular area of the brain would be most likely to use what kind of test? A. Lesion B. EEG C. MRI D. fMRI E. PET scan

C

A researcher who is trying to determine how social-cultural changes might be correlated with the incidence of bipolar disorder would be most interested in which of the following? A. The brain changes in a person with bipolar disorder as measured by a PET scan B. Scientific measures of the heritability of the disorder C. The correlation between rates of poverty and cases of the disorder D. Neurotransmitter levels in patents diagnosed with the disorder E. The number of close biological relatives who also suffer from mood disorders

C

A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? A. Identification B. Denial C. Projection D. Reaction formation E. Sublimation

C

A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new employee does. If the new employee consequently preforms poorly, which of the following will most likely have occurred? A. Latent learning B. Pluralistic ignorance C. A self-fulfilling prophecy D. The halo effect E. The Hawthorne effect

C

According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the A. Ego B. Ego-ideal C. Id D. Libido E. Superego

C

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events in the unconscious? A. Regression B. Displacement C. Repression D. Projection E. Rationalization

C

Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as A. Verbal performance is to spatial performance B. Elementary school skills are to secondary school skills C. Measurement is to prediction D. Reliability is to validity E. General intelligence is to multiple intelligence

C

Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at A. Testing the worth of various theoretical questions B. Operationally defining one theory of intelligence C. Predicting children's success in school D. Selecting workers for successful job performance E. Establishing the learning potential of French military recruits

C

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a A. Rat's food reward in a Skinner box B. Cold drink on a hot day C. High score on an exam for which a student studied diligently D. Hug from a loved one E. Large meal following an extended time without food

C

Allowing people to discover, in a social context, that others have problems similar to their own is a unique benefit of what kind of therapy? A. Psychodynamic B. Psychopharmacological C. Group D. Cognitive E. Humanistic

C

An individual diagnosed as having a somatoform disorder would be most likely to show A. An irrational fear of social situations B. An inability to recall important life events C. A biologically unfounded loss of bodily functioning D. A complete disregard for social mores E. A tendency to engage in ritualistic behavior to avoid illness

C

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called A. Concentration B. Teratogens C. Habituation D. Stability E. Transference

C

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of A. Motion parallax B. Retinal disparity C. Size constancy D. Continuity E. Common fate

C

Brain scans and EEG recordings indicate that positive emotions are associated with high levels of activity in which brain section? A. Right temporal lobe B. Cerebellum C. Left frontal lobe D. Left temporal lobe E. Right parietal lobe

C

Brain-scanning techniques reveal what kinds of brain activity differences in people with chronic schizophrenia? A. Abnormally high brain activity in the frontal loves B. An increase in the brain waves that reflect synchronized neural firing C. Abnormal activity in multiple brain areas D. Decreased activity in the amygdala E. A lack of dopamine receptors

C

Children's TV viewing habits (post behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of? A. Personal control B. Learned helplessness C. Reciprocal determinism D. The Big Five traits E. Implicit learning

C

Classical and operant conditioning are based on the principles of which psychological perspective? A. Cognitive B. Biological C. Behaviorist D. Evolutionary E. Humanist

C

Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years? A. Social rejection B. Impulsive behavior C. Social competence D. Divergent thinking E. Shyness

C

Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity? A. Latent learning B. Insight C. Cognitive maps D. Intrinsic motivation E. Extrinsic motivation

C

Evidence of words' subtle influence on thinking best supports the notion of A. Wernicke's area B. Broca's area C. Linguistic determination D. Babbling E. Aphasia

C

Heritability of intelligence refers to A. The extent to which a person's intelligence is caused by genetics B. The effect of adoption on the intelligence of adopted children C. The amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics D. The extent to which the quality of schools and other environmental factors determine intelligence E. The correlation between intelligence test scores of identical twins

C

If you showed a 2-year-old that you'd hidden a toy behind the bed in a model of her bedroom, she would not be able to find the toy in her real between because she lacks A. Analytical thinking B. Random thinking C. Symbolic thinking D. Schematic thinking E. Egocentric thinking

C

In many Western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as A. Adulthood B. Early adulthood C. Emerging adulthood D. Late adolescence E. Role confusion

C

In the context of psychoanalytic theory, experiencing strong positive or negative feelings for your analyst is a sign of what? A. Counterconditioning B. Meta-analysis C. Transference D. Tardive dyskinesia E. Aversive conditioning

C

Intellectual disability is defined by both IQ and which of the following? A. Chronological age B. Mental age C. Adaptive ability D. Physical condition E. Heritability

C

Latent learning is evidence for which of these conclusions? A. Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior B. Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible C. Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning D. Conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers E. Shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning

C

Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subjects because she feels she cannot master math. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in? A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt B. Initiative versus guilt C. Competence versus inferiority D. Identity versus role confusion E. Intimacy versus isolation

C

Natalia is washing her hands and adjusts the faucet handle under the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. Natalia's adjustment until she feels a difference is an example of A. A subliminal stimulus B. An absolute threshold C. A difference threshold D. Signal detection E. Weber's law

C

Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron? A. The nodes of Ranvier B. The myelin sheath C. The terminal buttons D. The soma E. The axon

C

On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, an IQ of 100 indicates that the test taker A. Corey answered all of the items on the test B. Obtained the highest scores in the standardization sample C. Scored at the average level for test takers of the same age D. Scored above the level of the average American adult E. Took as long as the average test taker to answer the test items

C

Our tendency to see faces in clouds and other ambiguous stimuli is partly based on what perception principle? A. Selective attention B. ESP C. Perceptual set D. Shape constancy E. Bottom-up processing

C

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy is called A. The mere exposure effect B. Hindsight bias C. Aggression D. The just-world phenomenon E. The other-race effect

C

Recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep are characteristic of which sleep disorder? A. Sleep apnea B. Narcolepsy C. Insomnia D. Sleep talking E. Sleepwalking

C

Researchers have found that people tend to become more hostile situations when they are exposed to aversive stimuli, such as hear or personal insults. What is the term for this tendency? A. The proximity effect B. GRIT C. The frustration-aggression principle D. Social scripting E. Deindividuation

C

Signal detection theory is most closely associated with which perception process? A. Vision B. Sensory adaptation C. Absolute thresholds D. Smell E. Context effects

C

Staff members at a mental health hospital do not respond to patents who use threats, but praise patents who are courteous. Which of the following psychotheraputic approaches is being used? A. Assertiveness training B. Cognitive therapy C. Behavioral therapy D. Humanistic therapy E. Psychoanalytic theory

C

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? A. Acquisition B. Habituation C. Generalization D. Functional fixedness E. Stimulus

C

The key difference between obsessions and compulsions is that compulsions involve repetitive A. Thoughts B. Experiences C. Behaviors D. Memories E. Concerns

C

The perception that we control our own fate is also called what? A. Self-control B. Learned helplessness C. Internal locus of control D. External locus of control E. Emotion-focused coping

C

The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they A. Can be efficiently administered in groups and scored by computer B. Can be given by almost anyone, since they are simple to administer and score C. Reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambitious stimuli D. Provide clues to the subjects' personalities based on behavioral theory E. Reveal patterns of the subjects' personality traits by requiring responses to a large number of objective questions

C

The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder dramatically increases if you A. Have suffered a debilitating injury B. Have an adoptive parent that has the disorder C. Have a parent or sibling with the disorder D. Have a life-trheatning illness E. Have above average intelligence

C

The tendency to believe that another person's behavior is caused by dispositional factors rather than by environmental factors is called A. Situational attribution B. Impression management C. The fundamental attribution error D. An implicit personality trait E. Identification

C

The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward a produce that has been advertised repeatedly in the media is referred to as A. Impression management B. The Purkinje shift C. The mere-exposure effect D. Reaction formation E. Subliminal suggestion

C

The way we explain negative and positive events is called A. Personal control B. Reciprocal determinism C. Positive psychology D. Attributional style E. Situational assessment

C

To walk across a street, a person would rely most directly on which division of the nervous system? A. Central nervous system B. Sympathetic nervous system C. Peripheral nervous system D. Autonomic nervous system E. Parasympathetic nervous system

C

Training in the construction of an anxiety hierarchy and in relaxation techniques is likely to be part of the treatment for which of the following? A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Specific phobia D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder E. Dissociative identity disorder

C

Warren has a bacterial infection that has affected the ability of the rods in hisses to function correctly. This should have the greatest impact on which of the following? A. Visual clairty B. Peripheral vision C. Color vision D. Hearing high-frequency sounds E. Hearing low-frequency sounds

C

What aspect of development did Jean Piaget's development theory focus on? A. Social B. Moral C. Cognitive D. Physical E. Ego

C

What development in adolescence allows for greater impulse control? A. The hormonal surge of early adolescence B. Hindbrain changes associated with the onset of puberty C. Frontal love maturation in late adolescence D. Limbic system development in mid-adolescence A. A decrease in myelin production throughout adolescence

C

What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential? A. Love needs B. Self-esteem C. Self-actualization D. Self-transcendence E. Hierarchy of needs

C

What did Carl Jung call the shared, inherited rescuer of memory traces from our species history? A. Neurosis B. Archetypes C. Collective unconscious D. Inferiority complex E. Terror management

C

What did a famous Harvard University public health study identify as a factor that doubles the risk of heart disease? A. Optimism B. Apathy C. Pessimism D. Competitiveness E. AIDS

C

What do we call a station in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pushing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior? A. Social trap B. Conflict C. Bystander intervention D. Diffusion of responsibility E. Social-responsbility norm

C

What do we call the sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing and awaken in order to take a breath? A. Narcolepsy B. Insomnia C. Sleep apnea D. Nightmares E. Night terrors

C

What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye? A. Pupil B. Iris C. Cornea D. Lens E. Fovea

C

What does the "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refer to? A. The ideal number of times to rehearse information in the first encoding session B. The number of seconds information stays in short-term memory without rehearsal C. The capacity of short-term memory D. The number of seconds information sighs in echoic storage E. The number of years most long-term memories last

C

What is another word for the way an issue is presented to you? A. Intuition B. Insight C. Framing D. Overconfidence E. Perseverance

C

What is one of the principal functions of mirror neurons? A. To allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response B. To help produce intrinsic motivation in some children C. To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning D. To produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning E. To explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior

C

What is the purpose of the iris? A. To focus light on the retina B. To process color C. To allow light into the eye D. The enable night vision E. To detect specific shapes

C

What term refers to the ability of the body's physiological processes to maintain a balanced or content internal state? A. Hierarchy of needs B. Basal metabolic rate C. Homeostasis D. Instinct E. Motivation

C

What type of hearing loss is due to damage to the mechanism that transmits sound waves to the cochlea? A. Sensorineural B. Window-related C. Conduction D. Cochlear E. Basilar

C

What was one of the major findings of Thomas Bouchard's study of twins? A. It demonstrated that peer influence is more important than parental influence in the development of personality traits B. It proved that the influence of parental environment becomes more and more important as children grow into adults C. He discovered almost unbelievable similarities between adult identical twins who had been separated near birth D. Fraternal twins showed almost as much similarity as identical twins when they reached adulthood E. It provided evidence that heritability is less important than researchers previously suspected.

C

When Kluver and Bucy surgically lesioned the amygdala of a rhesus monkey's brain, what was the impact on the monkey's behavior? A. Lost its ability to coordinate movement B. Died because its heartbeat became irregular C. Became less aggressive D. Lost its memory of where food was stored E. Sank into an irreversible coma

C

When a person preforms a heroic act solely for public praise, she is on which developmental level according to Lawrence Kohlberg? A. Preconventional B. Postconventional C. Conventional D. Concrete operational E. Formal operational

C

When hearing emotions conveyed in another language, what emotion can people most readily detect? A. Sadness B. Happiness C. Anger D. Fear E. Surprise

C

When we go to the movies, we see smooth continuous motion rather than a series of still images because of which process? A. The phi phenomenon B. Perceptual set C. Stroboscopic movement D. Relative motion E. Illusory effect

C

Which level of moral reasoning includes a focus on upholding laws in order to gain social approval? A. Collectivist B. Pre conventional C. Conventional D. Post-conventional E. Formal operational

C

Which of the following accurately describes the just-world phenomenon? A. It's the reduction in prejudice that has resulted from improvements in our laws and judicial system B. It's the reduction in discrimination that has resulted from improvements in our laws and judicial system C. It's the belief that most people get what they deserve and deserve what they get D. It's the tendency of people to deny that prejudice is still a problem E. It's our mind's desire to categorize daily events as either "fair" or "unfair"

C

Which of the following behaviors is most closely associated with the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? A. Beth continues to participate in class because she is positively reinforced B. Adam is sleeping while the rest of his classmates are working on their group project C. Sutan asks his father for $5, and when he agrees, Sutan asks him for $15 more D. James feels pressure to go to the movies with his friends even though he prefers to go bowling E. Diana feels guilty because she did not help her family clear the table after dinner

C

Which of the following best describes the extent to which a test yields consistent results upon retesting? A. Content validity B. Validity C. Reliability D. Predictive Validity E. Normal curve

C

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate? A. Individuals typically experience a rise in blood pressure when they are afraid or angry. B. Most individuals can distinguish between expressions of different basic emotions during the sensorimotor period. C. Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures. D. Most individuals can identify their own emotional states from their physiological symptoms and the context of their present situation. E. Infants and young animals cry when they are hungry.

C

Which of the following cognitive abilities is possible only at the formal operational stage? A. Reversing arithmetic operations B. Using a theory of mind to precut the behavior of others C. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral reasoning D. Using symbolic thinking for pretend play E. Understanding basic physics to recognize impossible situations

C

Which of the following describes a perception process that the Gestalt psychologists would have been interested in? A. Depth perception and how it allows us to survive in the world B. Why we see an object near us as closer rather than larger C. How an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces D. What the smallest units of perception are E. The similarities between shape constancy and size constancy

C

Which of the following describes long-term potentiation (LTP)? A. When attempting to retrieve information, it is easier to recognize than to recall B. Constructed memories have the potential to be either accurate or inaccurate? C. Changes in synopsis allow for more efficient transfer of information D. Implicit memories are processed by the cerebellum instead of by the hippocampus E. Information is transferred from working memory to long-term memory

C

Which of the following drugs is classified as an opiate? A. Nicotine B. Marijuana C. Heroin D. Methamphetamine E. Cocaine

C

Which of the following explains revered-color afterimages? A. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory B. The blind spot C. Hering's opponent-process theory D. Feature detectors E. Parallel processing

C

Which of the following identifies children's difficulty seeing another's perspective? A. Abstract thinker B. Role player C. Egocentric thinker D. A child who understands conservation E. A child who demonstrates high mental operations

C

Which of the following is a PRIMARY sex characteristic that changes at puberty? A. A growth spurt in height, especially for boys B. Development of breasts for girls C. Full development of external genitalia in both sexes D. Facial hair and deepened voice for boys E. Appearance of pubic and underarm hair in both sexes

C

Which of the following is a partial reinforcement schedule that is most resistant to extinction? A. Non contingent B. Shaping C. Variable ratio D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval

C

Which of the following is an example of a prelinguistic event? A. Telegraphic speech B. Motherese C. Babbling D. Holophrasing E. Paraphrasing

C

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia? A. Halle has no memories of the first 10 years of life B. William has lost his memory of the 2 weeks before he had surgery to remove a benign brain tumor C. Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago D. Maddie can't remember the details of when she was mugged downtown 6 months ago E. Kalund struggles in school because he consistently misremembers what his teachers said in class

C

Which of the following is an example of cognitive appraisal? A. Randal is happy all day because he is savoring the wonderful events of yesterday B. Charles is frightened in a dark alley because he remembers stories of others being attacked in dark alleys C. Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking young man D. Dora is angry because she cannot figure out how to convince her husband to take her to Hawaii E. Ann is frustrated because traffic has made her late for an important meeting

C

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory? A. Barry remembers n especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water B. Robert remembers that correlation does not prove a case-effect relationship because his teacher emphasized this fact over and over again C. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her D. Kris has stronger memories of her second grade teacher than she does of her third grade teacher because her second grade teacher has the same name as her neighbor E. Anton remembers a moment from his last homecoming dance because a strobe light seemed to freeze the scene in his imagination

C

Which of the following is an example of gene-enviornment interaction? A. Yeh Lin experiences flushing sundrome, which mostly occurs in those of Asian heritage B. Alfonso gets food poisoning from undercooked meat C. Ted gets diabetes, which runs in his family, because he eats too much sugary food D. Samantha has a food allergy to shellfish E. Jordan has an autoimmune disorder that causes him to lose hair

C

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? A. Acquisition B. Stimulus C. Learning D. Habituation E. Response

C

Which of the following is generally true of males? A. They have a longer life span B. They are more likely to have a democratic leadership style C. They are more likely to commit suicide D. They are more likely to be diagnosed with depression E. They are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety

C

Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person from an individualist culture? A. His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes B. He would cope by accommodating to reality C. He would view his life task as fitting in and maintaining connections D. He would strive to develop a few close and enduring relationships E. He would focus on his duty to his family

C

Which of the following is one of Robert Sternberg's types of intelligence? A. Naturalistic intelligence B. General intelligence C. Practical intelligence D. Savant intelligence E. Kinesthetic intelligence

C

Which of the following is seen as an effective treatment for severe depression that does not respond to drug therapy? A. Lobotomy B. Token economy C. ECT D. Crisis debriefing E. EMDR therapy

C

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a false belief, often of persecution, that may accompany psychotic disorders? A. Psychosis B. Schizophrenia C. Delusion D. Split mind E. Dissociative identity disorder

C

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for the body's resting rate of energy expenditure? A. Hunger B. Set point C. Basal metabolic rate D. Body chemistry E. Settling point

C

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for the unselfish concern for the welfare of others? A. Assuming responsibility B. Bystander intervention C. Altruism D. Bystander effect E. Diffusion of responsibly

C

Which of the following is true concerning the effect of sex hormones A. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in males but not in females B. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in both males and females C. Sex hormones have a more direct effect on nonhuman animals than on animals D. The levels of sex hormones are more constant in females than in males E. While studies have shown that ovulation is associated with changes in women's fantasies, they have not established an association between ovulation and women's sexual behavior

C

Which of the following is true? A. Those burn during winter and spring are less likely to develop schizophrenia later in life B. People born in densely populated areas are less likely to develop schizophrenia later in life C. Fetuses exposed to flu virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia later in life D. Maternal influenza during pregnancy does not affect brain development in monkeys E. The retrovirus HERV is found more often in people who do not develop schizophrenia

C

Which of the following might result from a disruption of your vestibular sense? A. Inability to detect the position of your arm without looking at it B. Loss of the ability to detect bitter tastes C. Dizziness and a loss of balance D. An inability to detect pain E. Loss of color vision

C

Which of the following most accurately describes an impact of punishment? A. Punishment is a good way to increase a behavior, as long as it is not used too frequently B. Punishment may create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term side effects C. Punishment can be effective at stopping specific behaviors quickly D. Punishment typically results in an increase of a behavior that caused the removal of an aversive stimulus E. Punishment should never be used (in the opinion of most psychologists), because the damage it causes can never be repaired

C

Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? A. Biofeedback B. Discrimination C. Modeling D. Insight E. Creativity

C

Which of the following represents a circadian rhythm? A. A burst of growth occurs during puberty B. A full Moon occurs about once a month C. Body temperature rises each day as morning approaches D. When it is summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in the southern hemisphere E. Pulse rate increases when we exercise

C

Which of the following represents perceptual constancy? A. We recognize the taste of McDonald's food each time we eat it B. In photos of people, the people almost always are perceived as figure and everything else as ground C. We know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moved from sunlight into shadow D. From the time they are very young, most people can recognize the smell of a dentist's office E. The cold water in a lake doesn't seem so cold after you have been swimming in it for a few minutes

C

Which of the following statements about nonverbal expression is TRUE? A. People blind from birth do not usually exhibit common facial expressions B. The meaning of gestures is the same across cultures C. Facial signs of emotion are generally understood across world cultures D. People from different cultures have difficulty understanding nonverbal expressions E. Nonverbal expression is not reliably interpreted within a culture

C

Which of the following statements about the impact of aging is TRUE? A. During old age, many of the brain's neurons die B. If we live to be 90 or older, most of us will eventually become senile C. Older people become less susceptible to short-term illnesses D. Recognition memory - the ability to identify things previously experienced - declines with age E. Life satisfaction peaks in the 50s and then gradually declines after age 65

C

Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory? A. Roger has not eaten all day; therefore, he daydreams about pizza B. Pam was extremely thirsty and drank two bottles of water after running two miles C. Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home D. Despite low grades, Fred continues to study because he is interested in the material E. Kevin says that he is constantly hungry and eats at least five meals a day to reduce his hunger

C

Which of the following theories offers a special focus on the potential for healthy personal growth? A. Neo-Freudian B. Psychodynamic C. Humanistic D. Behavioral E. Functionalist

C

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is scientifically supported? A. Recovered-memory therapies B. Rebirthing therapies C. Cognitive therapy D. Energy therapies E. Crisis debriefing

C

Which of the following would indicate that a child understood conservation? A. She would continue to seek a toy hidden under a blanket B. She would "hide" in a game of hide-and-seek by covering her eyes with her hands C. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it D. She would recognize that 7 + 3 involves the same mathematical relationship as 10 - 7 E. She would be able to comprehend the logic of if-then statements

C

Which social psychology principle influences people to perform a task better in the presence of others? A. Compliance B. Group polarization C. Social facilitation D. Conformity E. Social loafing

C

Why do researchers find the study of fraternal twins important? A. They share similar environments and the same genetic code B. Data collected concerning their similarities is necessary for calculating heritability C. They are the same age and are usually raised in similar environments, but they do not have the same genetic code D. Results allow us to determine exactly how disorders ranging from heart disease to schizophrenia are inherited

C

Why do researchers study the brains of nonhuman animals? A. It is not ethical to study human brains B. Human brains are too complex to study meaningfully C. The same principles govern neural functioning in all species D. It is too expensive to study human brains E. The technology is still being developed for the study of human brains

C

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory? A. What you had for breakfast yesterday B. The need to spend some time reviewing tomorrow for an upcoming psychology quiz C. Which way to turn the car key to start the engine D. That George Washington was the first President E. How exciting it was to get the best birthday present ever

C

____________ believed that a child's moral judgements build on cognitive development. ___________ agreed and sought to describe the development of moral reasoning A. Kohlberg; Erikson B. Erikson; Kohlberg C. Piaget; Kohlberg D. Piaget; Erikson E. Haidt; Hall

C

What do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior? A. Incentive B. Refractory period C. Emotion D. Motivation E. Instinct

D

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating A. Rote learning B. Imitation training C. Discrimination training D. Stimulus generalization E. Classical conditioning

D

A person troubled by repetetive thoghts or actions is most likely experiencing which of the following? A. Generalized anxiety disorder B. Posttraumatic stress disorder C. Panic disorder D. Obsessive compulsive disorder E. Fear conditioning

D

A psychotherapist states, "Getting people to cache what they say to themselves is an effective way to change their thinking." This statement best exemplifies which kind of therapeutic approach? A. Behavioral B. Psychodynamic C. Biomedical D. Cognitie E. Active listening

D

A stereotype is defined as which of the following? A. An adjustment of one's behavior in response to peer pressure B. An action performed in response to authority C. A belief that one's own culture is superior to all others D. A generalization about a social group E. A negative action taken against someone who is a member of a social group

D

A student's test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. This means that this student has A. Received the 42nd highest score B. Answered 86 percent of the test items correctly C. Scored the same as 42 of her fellow students D. Scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students E. Scored the same as or higher than 58 percent of her fellow students

D

A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called A. Object permanence B. Equilibrium C. Functional fixedness D. Conservation E. Circular reactions

D

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of A. Physiological needs B. Safety needs C. Belongingness needs D. Esteem needs E. Self-actualization needs

D

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task for adolescents? A. Trust versus mistrust B. Initiative versus guilt C. Competence versus inferiority D. Identity versus role confusion E. Intimacy versus isolation

D

According to Plomin and Daniels, "Two children in the same family are [apart from their shared genes] as different from ___________ as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population." A. Their parents B. Their grandparents C. Their friends D. On another E. Their cousins

D

According to research on the bystander effect, which of the following people is most likely to stop and help a stranger? A. Jacob is on his way to a doctor's appointment with his young son B. Xavier lives in a crowded city C. Malika is in a terrible mood, having just learned that she failed her midterm exam D. Ciera just saw a young girl offering her arm to help an older women cross the street E. Mohmood is lost in thought as he walks to work, thinking about his upcoming presentation

D

Adolescent mood swings might be misdiagnosed as which psychological disorder? A. Schizophrenia B. Temper tantrums C. Oppositional defiant disorder D. Bipolar disorder E. ADHD

D

Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following? A. Reciprocal determinism B. Self-determination C. Psychic determinism D. Self-efficacy E. Phenomenology

D

All of the following are reasons for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests, EXCEPT to A. Allow comparisons among scores of various test takers B. Reduce the possible effects of extraneous variables on scores C. Increase the reliability and validity of the test scores D. Decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test E. Increase the objectivity of the scoring procedures used

D

Although some psychological disorders are culture-bound, others are universal. Which of the following disorders is found in every known culture? A. Bulimia nervosa B. Anorexia nervosa C. Susto D. Schizophrenia E. Taijin-kyofusho

D

Amy was sure everyone notices how nervous she was when she spoke in front of the entire school, but later no one that she talked to mentioned it. What is the term for the belief that others are always noticing and evaluating us more than they really are? A. Self-monitoring B. Self-schemas C. Possible selves D. The spotlight effect E. The social-cognitive perspective

D

An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing A. Withdrawal symptoms B. Alcohol-induced psychosis C. State-dependent learning D. Alcohol tolerance E. Delirium tremens

D

Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following? A. The basal ganglia B. Wernicke's area C. The substantia nigra D. Broca's area E. The inferior colliculi

D

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question? A. Storage B. Recognition C. Relearning D. Recall E. Encoding

D

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and A. Forgets about them B. Lays them out in sequence C. Shuts down D. Anticipates events E. Receives a reward

D

Compared with the late nineteenth century, what is true about the transition from childhood to adulthood in Western culture? A. It starts earlier and is completed earlier B. It starts later and is completed later C. It starts later and is completed earlier D. It starts earlier and is completed later E. It has not changed

D

Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following? A. Empathy B. Love C. Negativity D. Evil E. Laziness

D

During which task might the right hemisphere of the brain be most active? A. Solving a mathematical equation B. Reading C. Making a brief oral presentation to a class D. Imagining what a dress would look like on a friend E. Solving a logic problem

D

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? A. The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli B. The CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS C. The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength D. The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength E. When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR

D

Gender __________ are the social expectations that guide men and women's behavior. Gender __________ is a person's sense of being male or female. A. Concepts; role B. Preferences; role C. Roles; preference D. Roles; identity E. Roles; preference

D

Groundbreaking research on obedience was conducted by A. Albert Bandura B. Solomon Asch C. Philip Zimbardo D. Stanley Milgram E. John Bargh

D

Hallucinations are characteristic of A. Fugue B. Clinical depression C. Panic attacks D. Psychotic disorders E. Personality disorders

D

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys suggest which of the following as most important for infants when establishing an attachment to their mothers? A. The amount of time spent with the mother B. The mother's ability to protect the infant from physical harm C. The mother's ability to protect the infant from physical harm D. The tactile characteristics of the mother E. The particular vocalizations of the mother

D

Heritability relates to the A. Percentage of a person's intelligence that is due to environmental influences B. Percentage of a person's intelligence that is due to genetics C. Correlation of intelligence test scores among family members D. Extent to which variability among individuals' intelligence scores can be attributed to genetic variation E. Genetic stability of intelligence over time

D

Human genome (DNA) researchers have discovered that A. Chimpanzees are completely different than humans, sharing a small DNA sequence percentage B. The occasional variations found at particular gene sites in human DNA are of no interest to science C. Many genes do not influence most of our traits D. Nearly every other human is your genetically identical twin E. Genetic predispositions do not help explain our shared human nature and our human diversity

D

Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is A. Primarily associated with peak experiences B. Associated with extroversion C. Typical of older individuals D. Innate E. A developmental task of adolescence

D

In an effort to reveal genetic influences on personality, researchers used adoption studies mainly for what purpose? A. To compare adopted children with non adopted children B. To study the effect of prior neglect on adopted children C. To study the effect of a child's age at adoption D. To evaluate whether adopted children more closely resemble their adoptive parents or their biological parents E. To consider the effects of adoption on a child's manners and values

D

In general, males score higher than females on tests of A. Spelling B. Verbal fluency C. Emotion detection D. Spatial ability E. Sensitivity to touch, taste, and odor

D

In order to yield information that is generalizable to the population from which it was drawn, a sample must be A. Made up of at least 30 members of the population B. As large as possible C. Normally distributed D. Representative of the population E. Made up of at least 50 percent of the members of the population

D

Jarod's muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. Which sleep state is Jarod probably experiencing? A. Sleep apnea B. Hypnagogic C. Paradoxical D. Delta E. Sleep deprivation

D

Many clinical psychologists incorporate a variety of approached into their therapy. They are said to take a(n) ___________ approach. A. Transference B. Biomedical C. Psychoanalytic D. Eclectic E. Psychodynamic

D

Mary Cover Jones helped a little boy named Peter overcome his fear of rabbits by gradually moving a rabbit closer to him each day while he was eating his snack. This was one of the first applications of A. Group therapy B. Virtual reality exposure therapy C. Aversive therapy D. Exposure therapy E. Cognitive therapy

D

Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as A. Declarative B. Semantic C. Sensory D. Procedural E. Repressed

D

Most adolescents can ponder and debate human nature, good and evil, truth and justice According to Piaget, this thinking ability is due to the emergence of which stage? A. Concrete operational B. Sensorimotor C. Proportional D. Formal operational E. Accommodation

D

Most antipsychotic drugs mimic a certain neurotransmitter by blocking its activity at the receptor sites. These drugs affect which one of the following neurotransmitters? A. Adrenaline B. Epinephrine C. Serotonin D. Dopamine E. Acetylcholine

D

Neurons that fire in response to specific edges, lines, angles, and movements are called what? A. Rods B. Cones C. Ganglion cells D. Feature detectors E. Bipolar cells

D

Obedience to authority when the authority figure is asking someone to shock another person is highest when A. The person receiving orders has witnessed others defy the authority figure B. The person receiving orders wonders whether the person giving orders has legitimate authority C. The victim receiving the shocks is physically near the person receiving orders D. The authority figure is from a prestigious institution E. The person receiving the orders is female

D

Over time, which of the following is typically true of the relationship between passionate love and compassionate love? A. Passionate and compassionate love both decrease B. Passionate love increases and compassionate love decreases C. Passionate and compassionate love both increase D. Passionate love decreases and compassionate love increases E. There is no consistent relationship between the levels of passionate love and compassionate love

D

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are when told it has a 90 percent survival rate. Which psychological concept explains this difference in concern? A. Belief perseverance B. Insight C. Intuition D. Framing E. Confirmation bias

D

Pitch depends on which of the following? A. Amplitude of a sound wave B. Number of hair cells stimulated C. Strength of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve D. Number of sound waves that reach the ear in a given time E. Decibels of a song wave

D

Psychologists who study the brain's activity during sleep are most likely to use which of these technologies A. MRI B. CT scan C. PET scan D. EEG E. EKG

D

Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of which drug? A. Nicotine B. Methamphetamine C. Caffeine D. Alcohol E. Ecstacy

D

Social development researchers suggest that infancy's major social achievement is attachment. Childhood's major social achievement is developing which of the following? A. Basic trust B. Into a sexually mature person C. Intimacy D. A positive sense of self E. Object permanence

D

Some patients whose depression resists drugs have benefitted from which experimental treatment? A. Transference B. Meta-analysis C. Antipsychotic drugs D. Deep-brain stimulation E. Resistance

D

Surgical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex might result in the false sensation of what? A. Music B. Flashes of colored light C. Someone whispering your name D. Someone tickling you E. A bad odor

D

Taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions? A. Taste is the most fundamental of the senses B. There are genetic predispositions involved in taste learning C. Animals must evaluate a situation cognitively before taste aversion develops D. Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism E. An unconditioned stimulus must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur

D

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is called A. Interpersonal intelligence B. General intelligence C. Practical intelligence D. Emotional intelligence E. Adaptive intelligence

D

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus B. Cerebellum C. Limbic system D. Medulla E. Hippocampus

D

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as A. Spontaneous neural activity B. The biofeedback monitor C. A fixed-interval schedule D. A circadian rhythm E. Active consciousness

D

The bus driver was surprised when her first passenger asked her to turn the music down, because she thought the volume was fine. When the passenger said something, though, the driver realized the sound was too loud. The bus driver's initial indifference to the volume can be best understood because A. The volume was below her absolute threshold B. The driver had decreased ability to determine the music's pitch C. The just noticeable difference of the music was too great D. The driver had adapted to the volume of the music E. The driver was using the bottom-up processing instead of top-down processing

D

The correlation between the IQ scores of fraternal twins raised together is lower than the IQ scores of identical twins raised together. What conclusion can be drawn from this data? A. Nothing, because the type of twin has not been held constant B. Nothing, because there is no comparison between twins and adopted children C. Nothing, because cultural differences have not been considered D. There is a genetic effect on intelligence E. There is an environmental effect on intelligence

D

The correlation between two measures obtained on a group of individuals is graphically represented as a A. Bar graph B. Normal distribution C. Histogram D. Scatterplot E. Frequency polygon

D

The effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which neurotransmitter? A. Barbiturates B. Endorphins C. Tranquilizers D. Nembutal E. Acetylcholine

D

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) begins with A. Resistance B. Appraisal C. Exhaustion D. Alarm E. Challenge

D

The growth of __________ around axons speeds neurotransmission, enabling better communication between the frontal love and other brain regions A. Neurons B. The cell body C. Dendrites D. Myelin E. Synapses

D

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is called what? A. Confirmation bias B. Insight C. Representativeness D. Fixation E. Availability

D

The process by which rods and cones change electromagnetic energy into neural messages is called what? A. Adaptation B. Accommodation C. Parallel processing D. Transduction E. Perceptual setting

D

The sequence of shifts in the electrical charge of a neuron is called A. Neural integration B. Refraction C. Synaptic transmission D. The action potential E. Differential conduction

D

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Hippocampus C. Brain stem D. Adrenal glands E. Hypothalamus

D

The three smalls bones of the ear are located in the A. Cochlea B. Outer ear C. Inner ear D. Middle ear E. Auditory nerve

D

The work of Ivan Pavlov and James Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? A. Humanism B. Gestalt psychology C. Trait theory D. Behaviorism E. Neuropsychology

D

Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called A. Mental representation B. Deep structure C. A schema D. Object permanence E. Assimilation

D

Vance is a popular honors student who, unlike his reference group, writes his best papers sitting on his motorcycle in the basement of his college dormitory. His behavior can be considered abnormal only if abnormality is defined as A. The need to rebel against authority B. Disinterest in the opinion of others C. The perception of one's self as different D. Deviation from cultural norms E. The inability to work in a group

D

Visual activity is best in the A. Lens B. Iris C. Pupil D. Fovea E. Cornea

D

Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the A. Theory of mind B. Zone of abstract logic C. Zone of abstract reasoning D. Zone of proximal development E. Zone of developmental readiness

D

What are the bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep? A. Hallucinations B. Circadian rhythms C. Alpha waves D. Sleep spindles E. Delta waves

D

What do we call a belief that leads to its own fulfillment A. Superordinate goal B. Mirror image perception C. Enemy perception D. Social trap E. Self-fulfilling prophecy

D

What do we call culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations? A. Aggressive behavior B. Cultures of honor C. Reinforcement modeling D. Social scripts E. Social-cultural influences

D

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone? A. Generalization B. Discrimination C. Spontaneous recovery D. Extinction E. Acquisition

D

What do we call the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next? A. Deindividuation B. Norms C. Social facilitation D. Culture E. Social control

D

What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language? A. Structure B . Morphemes C. Grammar D. Phonemes E. Thoughts

D

What do we call the specialized neurons in the occipital love's visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements? A. Rods B. Cones C. Foveas D. Feature detectors E. Ganglion cells

D

What do we call the tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition? A. Peripheral route persuasion B. Social psychology C. Attribution theory D. Fundamental attribution error E. Central route persuasion

D

What do we call the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness? A. Culture-specific expression B. Moebius syndrome C. Botox D. Facial feedback effect E. Culturally universal expression

D

What does Edward Thorndyke's law of effect state? A. The difference between positive and negative reinforcement B. That behavior maintained by partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than behavior maintained by a continuous reinforcement C. How shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning D. That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again E. The limited effectiveness of punishment

D

What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development? A. Conservation stage B. Pre operational stage C. Attachment period D. Critical period E. Assimilation step

D

What term refers to thoughts about who or what we blame for our successes and failures A. Stability B. Emotional memory C. The social-cognitive perspective D. Explanatory style E. Dissociative reasoning

D

Which of Jean Piaget's stages describes typical adolescent thinking A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational E. Accomodation

D

Which of the following LEAST describes prejudice? A. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group? B. Schemas that influence how we notice and interpret events C. Preconceived ideas that bias our impressions of others' behavior D. A physical behavior intended to hurt or destroy E. Automatic and unconscious thoughts and behaviors

D

Which of the following best describes the relationship between gender and orgasm? A. You can use fMRIs to identify when orgasm occurs in men, but this method is unreliable with women B. Men describe orgasm in physical terms and women describe orgasm in emotional terms C. Orgasm activates subcortical regions in men and critical regions in women D. Men and women describe orgasm similarly E. Orgasm serves evolutionary purposes in women but not in men

D

Which of the following best identifies any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches? A. Bacterial infection B. Psychoneuroimmunology C. Allergic reaction D. Psychophysiological illness E. Viral infection

D

Which of the following best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs? A. Two-word stage B. Babbling stage C. One-word stage D. Telegraphic speech E. Grammar

D

Which of the following best represents an absolute threshold? A. A guitar player knows that his D string has just gone out of tune B. A photographer can tell that the natural light available for a photograph has just faded slightly C. Your friend amazes you by correctly identifying unlabeled glasses of Coke and Pepsi D. A cook can just barely taste the salt she has added to her soup E. Your mom throws out the milk because she says the taste is "off"

D

Which of the following changes does NOT occur with age? A. Visual sharpness diminishes B. Distance perception is less acute C. Adaptation in light-level changes is less rapid D. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent E. Senses of smell and hearing diminish

D

Which of the following correctly describes one of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning? A. Preconventional stage, where one follows moral principles B. Conventional stage, where individualism is foremost C. Conventional stage, where it is imperative to uphold the law and follow rules D. Preconventional stage, where moral judgement depends on rewards and punishments E. Postconventional stage, where it is imperative to uphold the law and follow the rules

D

Which of the following does the text's author call psychology's most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking? A. ESP or "psychic powers" B. Regression toward the mean C. Client perception D. Control group E. Placebo effect

D

Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness? A. Exposure to stress associated with final examination week B. Having a serious argument with a close friend C. Experiencing the death of a loved one D. Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu E. Suffering sleep deprivation due to staying up for several nights writing a research paper

D

Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social cognitive psychologist? A. A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom B. A person applying for a managerial position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator C. A defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist D. In a pre-marriage counseling session, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots E. A depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind

D

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia? A. Iva can't remember the details of a horrifying event because she has repressed them B. Mary has entirely forgotten about an incident in grade school until her friend reminds her of the event C. Michael can't remember this year's locker combination because he confuses it with last year's combination D. Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened E. Anna, who is trying to lose weight, is unable to remember several of the between-meal snacks she had yesterday

D

Which of the following is an example of the primary effect? A. Remembering the most important assignment you have to complete for school tomorrow B. Remembering the skills you learn early in life, such as walking C. Remembering the last thing your English teacher talked about in class yesterday, but nothing from earlier in the class period D. Remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job E. Remembering that your clocks must be moved ahead one hour when daylight savings time begins in the spring

D

Which of the following is an unearned, complex behavior exhibited by all members of a species? A. Reflex B. Drive C. Incentive D. Instinct E. Motive

D

Which of the following is most effectively treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? A. Psychosis B. Schizophrenia C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder D. Depression E. Generalized anxiety disorder

D

Which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's components of creativity? A. A venturesome personality B. Imaginative thinking skills C. A creative environment D. A position of ignorance E. Intrinsic motivation

D

Which of the following is produced by perceptual set? A. Not noticing that the songs change in a restaurant B. Noticing a difference in the weight of a friend from one week to the next C. Moving an arm quickly so that a mosquito flies away D. Surprise at hearing an Oklahoma cowboy speak with a British accent E. Not noticing a watch on your wrist as the day goes on

D

Which of the following is the best example of shaping? A. A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room? B. An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months C. A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times D. A teacher rewards students for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday E. A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage

D

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution? A. Allowing for incubation B. Divergent thinking C. Developing expertise D. Convergent thinking E. Experiencing other cultures

D

Which of the following is the most complete definition of conformity? A. Sharing a mood with others B. Unconsciously mimicking the behaviors and reactions of others C. Changing thoughts about a situation in order to please an authority figure D. Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard E. Bringing our attitudes in line with our actions

D

Which of the following is the term most closely associated with the split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others? A. Consciousness B. Hypnosis C. Hallucination D. Dissociation E. Meditation

D

Which of the following is true based on "Big Five" personality traits research? A. Highly conscientious people are likely to be evening people or "owls" B. Highly conscientious people get poor grades C. Married partners scoring the same on agreeableness are more likely to experience marital dissatisfaction D. Shy introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through e-mail instead of in person E. Neuroticism predicts the use of positive-emotion words in text messages

D

Which of the following is true of menopause? A. Both men and women experience menopause around the age of 50 B. Men experience menopause around 50 years of age, but women experience menopause around 65 years of age C. Women experience menopause around 50 years of age, but men experience menopause around 65 year of age D. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause E. Men experience menopause around the age of 65, but women don't experience menopause

D

Which of the following is true of suicide? A. Marijuana use is related to suicide, but alcohol use is not B. Women are more likely to end their lives than men C. Suicide is a bigger problem among the poor than the rich D. In the United States, suicide is more common among Whites than Blacks E. Married individuals are more likely to commit suicide than single people

D

Which of the following is true regarding the role of the amygdala in memory? A. The amygdala help process implicit memories B. The amygdala support Freud's ideas about memory because they allow us to repress memories of trauma C. The amygdala produce long term potentiation in the brain D. The amygdala help make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses E. The amygdala are active when the retrieval of a long-term memory is primed

D

Which of the following kinds of information is NOT likely to be automatically processed? A. Space information B. Time information C. Frequency information D. New information E. Rehearsed information

D

Which of the following maintains that our social behavior is an exchange process that minimizes costs? A. Social-responsbility norm B. Bystander apathy C. Reciprocity norm D. Social exchange theory E. Biopsychosocial hypothesis

D

Which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response? A. Repeatedly present an unconditioned response B. Administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus C. Make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus D. Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times E. Present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response

D

Which of the following represents Freud's Oedipus Complex? A. Yuato has begun to suffer from the same recurrent nightmares he had as a child B. Madeline manifests repressed anxiety because of guilt she experienced when she disappointed her parents during toilet training C. Five-year-old Anagha is taking on many of her mother's values through a process of identification D. Four-year-old Carlos is experiencing unconscious sexual desire for his mother and unconscious hatred for his father E. Elle has begun to overeat and smoke cigarettes as a college student, inculcating a degree of oral fixation

D

Which of the following represents drug tolerance? A. Hans has grown to accept the fact that his wife likes to have a beer with her dinner, even though he personally does not approve of the use of alcohol B. Jose often wakes up with a headache that lasts until he has his morning cup of coffee C. Pierre enjoys the effect of marijuana and is now using the drug several times a week D. Jacob had to increase the dosage of his pain medication when the old dosage no longer effectively controlled the pain from his chronic back condition E. Chau lost his job and is now homeless as a result of his drug use

D

Which of the following sleep theories emphasizes sleep's role in restoring and repairing brain tissue? A. Memory B. Protection C. Growth D. Recuperation E. Creativity

D

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? A. Alcohol is a stimulant because it produces insomnia B. Alcohol is a depressant because it produced bipolar disorder C. Alcohol is a stimulant because people do foolish things while under its influence D. Alcohol is a depressant because it calms neural activity and slows body function E. Alcohol is a stimulant because it increases instances of casual sex

D

Which of the following statements is true? A. We eat less dessert when there are three different desserts available B. Serving sizes in France are generally larger than in the United States. C. Offered a supersized portion, most of us consume fewer calories D. We eat more when we're around others E. Food variety generally decreases appetite

D

Which of the following terms or phrases best describes the behavior of rowdy fns yelling obscenities at a football or soccer referee after a controversial penalty has been called? A. Culture B. Social facilitation C. Groupthink D. Deindividualization E. Group polarization

D

Which of the following words or phrases best identifies our gauge of how valued and accepted we feel? A. Hope B. Autonomy C. Competence D. Self-esteem E. Ostracism

D

Which of the following would an industrial-organiational psychologist be LEAST likely to study? A. Managerial skills B. Employee motivation C. Job satisfaction D. Corporate profitability E. Pay incentive programs

D

Which of the following would be considered a sign of secure attachment in a 1-year-old A. Showing no sign of stranger anxiety, whether the parent is present or not B. Paying no attention to a parent who returns after a brief separation C. Showing anger at the parent after a brief separation D. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return E. Not reacting a parent leaving or returning after a brief seperation

D

Which of the following would be considered an example of Erikson's concept of generatively? A. A 25-year-old meets and marries the love od his life B. A 35-year-old earns a lot of money, though she doesn't particularly enjoy her job C. An 85-year-old looks back at a life well-lived and feels satisfied D. A 40-year-old takes pride in her work and how she has raised her children E. A 20-year-old decides to become a physician

D

Which perception process are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup involved in? A. Processing intense colors B. Processing information related to our sense of balance C. Supporting a structural frame to hold the eardrum D. Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea E. Holding hair cells that enable hearing

D

Which phrase best describes the concept of phonemes? A. Units of meaning in a language B. A form of syntax C. The basis of grammar D. Units of sound in a language E. A form of telegraphic speech

D

Which psychological concept would predict that smiling warmly on the outside would cause you to feel better on the inside? A. Relative deprivation B. Mimicry C. Empathy D. Facial feedback E. Catharsis

D

Which question expresses the developmental issue of stability and change? A. Are individuals more similar or different from each other? B. How much of development occurs in distinct stages? C. How much of development is determined by genetics? D. To what extent do certain traits persist through the life span? E. Which traits are most affected by life changes and experience?

D

Which theory explains why, even when our biological needs are satisfied, we may still feel driven to experience stimulation? A. Incentive B. Homeostasis C. Instinct D. Arousal theory E. Physiology

D

Who identified secure and insecure attachment A. Sigmund Freud B. Konard Lorenz C. Jean Piaget D. Mary Ainsworth E. Jerome Kagan

D

Why does further right loss come slowly following a rapid loss during the initial three weeks of a rigorous diet? A. The number of fat cells makes further weight loss impossible B. When a person's hunger increases, metabolism increases C. When an obese person's set point has been reached, weight loss increases dramatically D. The body reacts as if its being starved and metabolic rates drop E. An obese person cannot maintain a rigorous weight loss diet

D

Zeina cocked her head to the side immediately when she heard the fire truck's siren. Turning her head enabled each ear to detect a slightly different intensity of sound, thus enabling her to determine the siren's A. Timbre B. Pitch C. Frequency D. Location E. Tone

D

A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? A. Encoding failure B. Social facilitation C. Retrograde amnesia D. Repression E. The serial position effect

E

A person with obsessive-compulsive disorder is best described as an individual who experiences A. Memory loss B. Intense mood swings C. Extreme fear of open spaces D. Physical symptoms with no known cause E. Persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts

E

A question on the Minnesota Multiphastic Personality Inventory (MMPI) such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test-taker? A. Whether the person has a personality disorder B. If the person needs immediate help for anger management C. If the person is more extraverted than introverted D. Whether the person has a stronger id or superego E. If the person is answering the questions truthfully

E

A study can be regarded as scientific only if A. It utilizes an effective placebo B. Its findings are accepted by experts in the field C. Its findings are consistent with established theories D. Its conclusions are based on strong correlational data E. Its conclusions can be verified or refuted by subsequent studies

E

A technique that enables a person to control physiological responses that are normally involuntary, such as level of blood pressure, is known as A. General adaptation B. Positive reinforcement C. Reward training D. Modeling E. Biofeedback

E

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego? A. It focuses on how we ought to behave B. Itg is the source of guilt C. It is the part of the personality present at birth D. It strives to satisfy basic drives E. It operated under the reality principle

E

According to Robert Steinberg, what kind of intelligence is assessed by traditional intelligence tests? A. Linguistic B. Practical C. Creative D. Spatial E. Analytical

E

According to research, which of the following are we most likely to experience after sleep deprivation? A. Night terrors B. Sleep apnea C. Manifest content dreams D. Narcolepsy E. REM rebound

E

According to the text, many research psychologists think of ___________ as an information processor that works without our awareness A. The TAT B. The id C. Repression D. Defense mechanisms E. The unconscious

E

Albert Bandura proposed the social-cogniitive perspective, which A. Explains the nature-nurture debate B. Predicts human behavior C. Focuses on how our environment controls us D. Explains human motivation E. Emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations

E

All human languages have several basic sounds in common called A. Pheromones B. Semantic units C. Syntactic units D. Morphemes E. Phonemes

E

An advantage of group therapy over individual therapy is that group therapy A. Requires less commitment from the client B. Achieves results more quickly C. Produces a significantly higher recovery rate D. Produces a higher rate of spontaneous remission E. Enables clients to realize that their problems are not unique

E

An instructor conducted an experiment to determine the effects of two different methods of study on the amount students learned in introductory physics. The results showed that the average amount learned by the group using one method was greater than the average amount learned by the group using the other. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion to be drawn? A. The group of students attaining the higher mean score had studied more than the other group B. The better study method will have different effects for students of varying levels of ability C. Neither group learned a significant amount D. There is a positive correlation between the results of the two methods E. There is a possibility that the different between the two groups occurred by chance

E

As telomeres shorten, again cells may die without being replaced with perfect genetic replicas. This process is slowed by A. Smoking B. Obesity C. Stress D. Aging E. Exercise

E

Balance is influenced by the A. Cochlea B. Basilar membrane C. Eardrum D. Auditory nerve E. Semicircular canals

E

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? A. Latent learning B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Cognitive maps E. Observational learning

E

Brain plasticity refers to which of the following? A. Healthy human brain tissue B. The ability of the brain to transfer information from one hemisphere to the other C. How a brain gets larger as a child grows D. A wide variety of functions performed by the human brain E. The ability of brain tissue to take on new functions

E

Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of A. The visual cliff B. The phi phenomenon C. Color constancy D. Sensory restriction E. Figure-ground relationships

E

Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development focuses primarily on A. The order in which stages of moral development occur B. The key events that mark the transitions between stages of moral development C. The number of stages in moral development D. How the course of moral development might be altered within certain cultures E. Difference between males and females in the course of moral development

E

Classic studies of obedience indicate that about __________ of the participants were willing to administer what they believed to be 450-volt shocks to other humans A. One-tenth B. One-half C. One-third D. One-fourth E. Two-thirds

E

Heritability refers to the percentage of what? A. Group variation in a trait that can be explained by environment B. Traits shared by identical twins C. Traits shared by fraternal twins D. Traits shared by adopted children and their birth parents E. Group variation in a trait that can be explained by genetics

E

If Juan believes Ngoc is annoyed with him, he may snub her, causing her to act in ways that justify his perception. What concept is this an example of? A. Superordinate goals B. Tension-reduction C. A social trap D. A mirror-image perception E. Self-fulfilling prophecy

E

Increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as what? A. Circadian sleep B. Sleep shifting C. Narcolepsy D. Sleep apnea E. REM rebound

E

Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting A. Self-actualization attributes B. The fight-or-flight response C. Attributional deficits D. Cognitive dissonance E. Learned helplessness

E

Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates A. Self-actualization B. Psychological reactance C. A preoperational schema D. The basis for psychological determinism E. An internal locus of control

E

Mnemonic devices are LEAST likely to be dependent upon which of the following? A. Imagery B. Acronyms C. Rhymes D. Chunking E. Massed rehersal

E

Modern psychologists contend that all behavior, whether it is called normal or disordered, arises from the interaction of A. Genetics and physiology B. Children and parents C. Experience and wisdom D. Inborn tendencies and drives E. Nature and nurture

E

Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but fairly replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate? A. Storage decay B. Retrograde amnesia C. Proactive interference D. Retroactive interference E. Encoding failure

E

Neurologically, what is the function of pruning? A. Pruning creates new connections between synapses through repeated experiences B. Pruning reduces the negative effects of teratogens by eliminating neural waste C. Pruning increases the weight of the brain through enriching experiences D. Pruning creates areas in the brain used in learning mathematics E. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways

E

Once a sperm penetrates the cell wall of an egg, and fertilizes it, this structure is known as what? A. An embryo B. A fetus C. Placenta D. A teratogen E. A zygote

E

People diagnosed with OCD suffer from compulsions. Which of the following is a compulsion? A. Renee persistently thinks about the possible death of her loved ones B. Eric frequrntly worried that there may be germs on his hands C. Brianna has an ongoing worry that she might have left the oven on at home D. Stefan often feels great anxiety if things are not in exact order in his room E. Tyrik flips the light switch on and off seven times each time he walks in the front door

E

Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? A. Trigeminal and vestibular B. Ganglion and vestibular C. Bipolar and vestibular D. Bipolar and Schwann E. Bipolar and ganglion

E

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following? A. Prototyping B. Cognition C. Intrinsic motivation D. Venturesome personality E. Creativity

E

Rational-emotive behavior therapy assumes that abnormal functioning results from which of the following? A. Repression of unpleasant emotions B. Malfunctions of the body C. Unconscious conflict D. Inadequate reinforcement E. Unreasonable beliefs or assumption

E

Research on semistravation found that men who were given just enough food to stabilize their weight at 35 percent blow their starting weight A. Became obsessed with physical exercise B. Were more interpersonally outgoing C. Showed increases in mental cognition D. Were in a state of homeostasis E. Lost interest in social activities

E

Seeking out information that supports our previously held beliefs, while discounting information that questions those beliefs, is an obstacle to problem solving known as A. Functional fixedness B. A logical fallacy C. Overconfidence D. Mental set E. Confirmation bias

E

Sensory experiences without sensory stimulation are called A. Word salads B. Delusions C. Paranoid thoughts D. Ruminations E. Hallucinations

E

Some people think development occurs much in the way a tree grows, slowly and steadily adding one ring each year. Other think that there are rather abrupt developmental jumps, like the transformation of a tadpole into a frog. Which of the following issues would this difference of opinion relate to? A. Nature and nurture B. Maturation and learning C. Prenatal and neonatal D. Stability and chance E. Continuity and stages

E

Which of the following does a PET scan best allow researchers to examine? A. The presence of tumors in the brain B. Electrical activity on the surface of the brain C. The size of the internal structure of the brain D. The location of strokes E. The functions of various brain regions

E

Sophia was not sure she would like the new driver of her school bus, but during the year she realized she was looking forward to greeting him in the morning and hearing one his corny jokes. Which concept best explains her change in perception? A. Similarity B. Ingroup bias C. Companionate attraction D. Social trap E. Mere exposure effect

E

Sudden sleep attacks at inopportune times are symptomatic of which sleep disorder? A. Sleep apnea B. Insomnia C. Night terrors D. Sleepwalking E. Narcolepsy

E

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that A. Emotional response occurs before cognition B. Physiological response occurs before emotional response C. Emotional response occurs before physiological response D. Cognition occurs before emotional response E. Physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously

E

The Flynn effect refers to the A. Superiority of certain racial and ethnic groups on intelligence tests B. Extreme scores (very high and very low scores) that are more common for males than females on math tests C. Stereotype threat that might cause some Black students to underperform on standardizes tests D. Predictive ability of intelligence tests E. Gradual improvement in intelligence test scores over the last several decades

E

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following? A. Achievement B. Communication skills C. Intelligence D. Body image E. Clinical disorders

E

The ___________ is a culturally determined timetable for certain events, such as having children and retirement A. Critical period B. Menopause C. Intimacy phase D. Attachment stage E. Social clock

E

The hypothalamus is a(n) __________ center for the brain A. Positioning B. Aggression C. Balance D. Memory E. Reward

E

The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggests which of the following? A. People of different cultures use similar words for common objects B. Languages with many words to describe certain phenomena lack deep structure C. The number of phonemes used in spoken language is universal across cultures D. People of cultures with few words to describe certain phenomena are more precise in their descriptions E. Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages

E

The more often the stimulus is presented, the weaker the response becomes. What do developmental researchers call this decrease in response intensity due to repeated stimulation? A. Stagnation B. Attachment C. Autonomy D. Imprinting E. Habituation

E

The nearly 1-in-100 odds of any person being diagnosed with schizophrenia become about 1 in 10 among those A. Who also suffer anxiety disorder B. Whose sibling or parent has the disorder C. Who have been diagnosed with depression D. Who live with someone diagnosed with depression E. Whose identical twin has schizophrenia

E

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its A. Loudness B. Timbre C. Amplitude D. Complexity E. Frequency

E

The peripheral nervous system A. Connects the brain to the spinal cord B. Calms the body after an emergency C. Is limited to the control of voluntary movement D. Controls only the arms and the legs E. Is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord.

E

The text discusses therapist-guided "recovered" memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue? A. Therapists who use hypnosis are like to help their parents retrieve repressed memories B. Statistics indicate that childhood sexual abuse rarely occurs, therefore, recovered memories of such abuse must be false C. Memories are only rarely recovered; once you are unable to retrieve a memory you will probably never be able to retrieve it D. One indicator of whether a recovered memory is true is the patient's emotional response; only true recovered memories are emotionally upsetting E. Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable.

E

Two monocular depth cues are most responsible for out ability to know that a jet flying overhead is at an elevation of several miles. One cue is relative size. What is the other? A. Relative motion B. Retinal disparity C. Interposition D. Light and shadow E. Linear perspective

E

Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get in the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "It was cold when I first got in, but now my body is used to it. Come on in!" Tyshane's body became accustomed to the water due to A. Perceptual set B. Absolute threshold C. Difference threshold D. Selective attention E. Sensory adaptation

E

What did Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner's experiments establish? A. That the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the US B. That different species respond differently to classical conditioning situations C. The current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning D. That mirror neurons from the biological basis of classical conditioning E. The importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

E

What do mental health professionals call a clinically signifiant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior? A. An interaction of nature and nurture B. A physiological state C. A genetic predisposition D. A psychological factor E. A psychological disorder

E

What do we call awareness of our environment and ourselves? A. Selective attention B. Hypnotism C. Posthypnotic suggestion D. Dissociation E. Conciousness

E

What do we call the process of fulfilling our potential? A. Free association B. Self transcendence C. Unconditional positive regard D. Self-concept E. Self-actualization

E

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? A. Make the transfer of information across a synapse more efficient B. Increase the amount of neurotransmitter available in the neuron C. Reduce the antagonistic effect of certain drugs D. Establish a resting potential in the axon E. Speed the transmission of information within a neuron

E

What is the role of the suprachasmic nucleus (SCN) in sleep? A. It induces REM sleep approximately every 90 minutes during sleep B. It causes the pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin C. It causes the pituitary gland to increase the release of human growth hormone D. It causes the pituitary gland to decrease the release of human growth hormone E. It causes the pineal gland to decreases the production of melatonin

E

What occurs when experiences influence our interpretation of data? A. Selective attention B. Transduction C. Bottom-up processing D. Top-down processing E. Signal detection theory

E

What principle states that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a minimum percentage rather than a constant amount? A. Absolute threshold B. Different threshold C. Signal detection theory D. Priming E. Weber's law

E

What tension occurs when we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide? A. Role playing B. The fundamental attribution error C. Social pressure D. Social influence E. Cognitive dissonance

E

What term did Ernest Hilgard use to describe a split between different levels of consciousness? A. Hypnagogic memory B. REM sleep C. Delta waves D. Spindles E. Dissociations

E

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory? A. Frontal lobes and basal ganglia B. Amygdala and hippocampus C. Amygdala and cerebellum D. Cerebellum and basal ganglia E. Fronta lobes and hippocampus

E

What would be true of a thermometer that always reads three degrees off? A. It is valid but not reliable B. It is both reliable and valid C. It is neither reliable nor valid D. It is not valid, but you cannot determine if it is reliable from the information given E. It is reliable but not valid

E

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon? A. Intuition insight B. Confirmation bias C. Belief perseverance D. Mental set E. Availability heuristic

E

Which concept best explains why people often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project? A. Belief perseverance B. Framing C. Intuition D. The availability heuristic E. Overconfidence

E

Which kind of therapy below is most closely associated with the goal of altering thoughts and actions? A. Aversive conditioning B. Psychodynamic C. Client-centered D. Family E. Cognitive-behavioral

E

Which of the following actions is a violation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A. A person who moves to a new city and gets an apartment before starting to make friends B. A very hungry reality show content searches for food before trying to win a competition C. A professor spends time socially with her colleagues before she works on her own research D. An artist works to win a local award before spending time on his own persona projects E. An athlete follows a "no pain, no gain" motto rather than stopping for rest and nourishment

E

Which of the following best describes a feeling, often influenced by a belief, that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to people and events? A. Central route persuasion B. Anger C. Emotion D. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon E. Attitude

E

Which of the following best describes meta-analysis? A. Evidence-based practice B. A treatment versus no treatment group C. A tendency for smaller scores to move toward the average D. Regressing for unusual to usual E. A way to combine the results of lots of studies

E

Which of the following best describes the response of members of the American Psychological Association to ethical issues in research? A. To have just begun to address such issues B. They disclaim ethical concerns regarding research C. They have developed codes of ethics for research with human participants only D. They have developed codes of ethics for research with animal subjects only E. They have developed codes of ethics for research with both human participants and animal subjects

E

Which of the following can be characterized as a compulsion? A. Worry about exposure to germs or toxins B. Fear that something terrible is about to happen C. Concern with making sure things are in symmetrical order D. Anxiety when objects are not lined up in an exact pattern E. Checking repeatedly to see if doors are locked

E

Which of the following can be used to demonstrate that only about 2 percent of the population scores are at least two standard deviations above the mean on an intelligence test? A. Reliability test B. Aptitude test C. Predictive validity test D. Test-retest procedure E. Normal curve

E

Which of the following conclusions is true of the mental similarities between adoptive children and their adoptive parents as they age? A. Adoptive children become much more similar to their adoptive families over time B. Adoptive children become slimly more similar to their adoptive families over time C. There is hardly any similarity, either when the adoptive children are young or when they are older D. Adoptive children become slightly less similar to their adoptive families over time E. Adoptive children become much less similar to their adoptive families over time

E

Which of the following depend least on the maturation process? A. Riding a bike B. Writing C. Talking D. Bladder control E. Telling time

E

Which of the following describes the idea that psychological disorders can be diagnosed and treated? A. Taijin-kyfusho B. The DSM C. The biophysical approach D. Amok E. The medical model

E

Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect? A. The only name Kensie remembers from the people she met at the party is Spencer because she thought he was particularly good looking B. Kimia has trouble remembering information from the book's first unit when she reviews for semester finals C. It's easy for Brittney to remember that carbon's atomic number is 6 because her birthday is on December 6 D. Kyle was not able to remember the names of all of his new co-workers after one week on the job, but he could remember them after two weeks E. Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list

E

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson law? A. Performance on easy tasks is best when arousal is low B. Performance is best when arousal is extremely high C. Performance is best when arousal is extremely low D. Performance on difficult tasks is best when arousal is high E. Performance is best when arousal is moderate

E

Which of the following is a similarity between humanistic and psychoanalytic therapies? A. Both approached focus on the present more than the past B. Both approaches are more concerned with conscious than unconscious feelings C. Both approaches focus on taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings D. Both approaches focus on growth instead of curing illness E. Both approaches are generally considered insight therapies

E

Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic? A. Nonreproductive traits such as breasts and hips in girls B. Facial hair in boys C. Deepened voice in boys D. Pubic and underarm hair in both sexes E. Reproductive organs in both sexes

E

Which of the following is an example of in-group bias? A. Hinata talked only to her five best friends when she was in ninth grade B. Sabrina has been a New York Yankee fan since she was in froth grade C. Kimia believes she is the best student in her AP Psychology class, but her grades are not as good as several students D. Francisco believes he is the best student in his AP Psychology class, and in fact he has the highest test average E. Derek believes his t-ball team is the best in the league

E

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? A. Manuela believes others are always watching her B. Abraham believes he is a good person C. Rasheed believed he is a competent skater D. Saundra believes it rained because she's been wishing for rain for days E. Igor maintains his optimism despite doing poorly in his math class

E

Which of the following is an example of the mere exposure effect? A. Adrianna has started arriving tardy to her second period class to avoid a group of kids in the hall who constantly tease her B. Abe has biked the same route to school so many times that he no longer has to think about where to turn C. Daiyu has seen the same toothpaste ad on television a hundred times. Each time she sees it she hates it more D. Abdul has always loved dogs, so he adopted one from the local shelter E. Guiren didn't like sushi the first couple times he tried it, but his friend encouraged him to keep eating it and now it's one of his favorite foods

E

Which of the following is considered a benefit of group therapy? A. It is the most effective therapy for children B. It is particularly effective in the treatment of antisocial personality disorder C. It is particularly effective in the treatment of schizophrenia D. It is the only setting proven effective for virtual reality exposure therapy E. It saves time and money when compared with other forms of therapy

E

Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence? A. Understanding emotions B. Perceiving emotions C. Using emotions D. Managing emotions E. Inventing emotions

E

Which of the following is one of the ways humanistic therapies differ from psychoanalytic therapies? A. Humanist therapies believe the past is more important than the present and future B. Humanist therapies boost self-fulfillment by decreasing self-acceptance C. Humanist therapies believe the path to growth is found by uncovering hidden determinants D. Humanist therapies believe that unconscious thoughts are more important than conscious thoughts E. Humanist therapies focus on promoting growth, not curing illness

E

Which of the following is the best example of kinesthesia? A. Awareness of the smell of freshly brewed coffee B. Ability to feel pressure on your arm C. Ability to hear a softly ticking clock D. Ability to calculate where a kicked soccer ball will land from the moment it leaves your foot E. Awareness of the position of your arms when swimming the backstroke

E

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act? A. Myers-Briggs Indicator B. Factor analysis C. Introversion D. Extroversion E. Trait

E

Which of the following is the diagnosis given to people with multiple personalities? A. Schizophrenia B. Antisocial personality disorder C. Fugue state D. Conversion disorder E. Dissociative identity disorder

E

Which of the following is the longest prenatal stage? A. Teratogen B. Conception C. Zygote D. Embryo E. Fetus

E

Which of the following is the major source of energy in your body? A. PYY B. Arcuate nucleus C. Hypothalamus D. Ghrelin E. Glucose

E

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory? A. Lasts for about 2 days in most circumstances B. Lasts for less than half a minute unless you rehearse the information C. Is thought to be unlimited - there is always room for more information D. Can handle about a half dozen items for each of the tasks you are working on at any time E. Can handle about a half dozen items total

E

Which of the following is true of boys compared with girls? A. Boys have a higher average intelligence score B. Boys are better spellers than girls C. Boys are better at detecting emotions D. Boys are more verbally fluent E. Boys are more likely to have extremely low intelligence scores

E

Which of the following is true of depression? A. Depression usually develops during middle age B. Depression usually happens without major cognitive or behavioral changes C. A major depressive episode usually gets worse and worse unless it's treated D. True depression is usually not related to stress in one's work or relationships E. Compared with men, nearly twice as many women have been diagnosed with depression

E

Which of the following is true of preducive in recent years? A. Both overt and subtly prejudice have shown steady and equal increases B. Subtle prejudice has been decreasing more than over prejudice C. Both overt and subtle prejudice have been increasing, but overt prejudice is increasing at a later rate D. Both overt and subtle prejudice have been increasing, but subtle prejudice is increasing at a faster rate E. Overt prejudice has ben decreasing more than subtle prejudice

E

Which of the following is true of the early formation of brain cells? A. They form at a constant rate throughout the prenatal period B. They begin forming slowy, and then the rate increases throughout prenatal development C. They form slowly during the prenatal period, and then the rate increases after birth D. They form at a constantly increasing rate prenatally and in early childhood E. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and the rate decreases and stabilizes

E

Which of the following most likely represents a prototype for the concept indicted in parentheses? A. A whale (mammal) B. An ostrich (bird) C. A beanbag chair (chair) D. An igloo (house) E. A golden retriever (dog)

E

Which of the following provides information regarding brain function by monitoring the brain at work through metabolism of glucose? A. Computed tomography (CT) B. Electrooculography (EOG) C. Electroencephalography (EEG) D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) E. Positron emission tomography (PET)

E

Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to investigate biological, psychological, cognitive, and social changes over time? A. Educational B. Experimental C. Social D. Cognitive E. Developmental

E

Which of the following results of correlational studies implies that environment contributes to the determination of IQ? A. Correlations are higher for identical twins than for fraternal twins B. Correlations are higher for children and their biological parents than for children and their adoptive parents C. Correlations are higher for parents and their children than for husbands and wives D. Correlations for two children in the same family are lower when one of the children is adopted than when both are the biological offspring of the parents E. Correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive

E

Which of the following statements concerning memory is true? A. Hypnosis, when used as a component of therapy, usually impress the accuracy of memory B. One aspect of memory that is usually accurate is the source of the remembered information C. Children's memories of abuse are more accurate than other childhood memories D. Memories we are more certain of are more likely to be accurate E. Memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information

E

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding emotion? A. Smiles are neither social not emotional events B. Inhabitants of individualist countries are more likely to display nonverbal emotions than inhabitants of collectivist countries C. Mouths convey more emotion than eyes D. Natively blind people who have never seen a smile will never generate a smile E. Cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions

E

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory? A. Emotion blocks memory, and it is generally true that we are unable to recall highly emotional events B. Excitement tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but stress decreases the chance that an event will be remembered C. Stress tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but excitement decreases the chance that an event will be remembered D. The effect of emotion on memory depends on the interpretation of the event in the frontal lobes E. Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional

E

Which of the following was the purpose of lobotomies? A. To alleviate depression B. To minimize delusions and hallucinations C. To "erase" troubling memories D. To recover repressed memories E. To separate the reasoning centers of the brain from the emotional centers

E

Which of the following would help determine what stimuli an organism can distinguish between? A. Negative reinforcement B. A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement C. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement D. Extinction E. A discriminative stimulus

E

Which region of the brain controls our breathing and heartbeat? A. Pons B. Corpus callosum C. Parietal lobe D. Hippocampus E. Medulla

E

Which term describes questionaries that cover a wide range of feelings and behaviors and are designed to assess several traits? A. Factor analysis studies B. Peer reports C. Achievement tests D. Cognition tests E. Personality inventories

E

Xavier, who has a negative explanatory style, is most likely to get depressed after failing a math test if he believes that he failed because A. He is not good at math and never will be B. His teacher made it impossible to learn the material C. He was sick on the day he took the test D. His parents have been putting too much pressure on him and he panicked on the test E. The testing room was very hot and stuffy

E

You are aware that a dog is viciously barking at you, but you are not aware of the type of dog. Later, you are able to describe the type and color of the dog. This ability to process information without conscious awareness best exemplified which of the following? A. Split brain B. Blindsight C. Consciousness D. Cognitive neuroscience E. Dual processing

E

Your friend's baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points and calls it "Mi Mi," which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget's process of A. Conservation B. Accommodation C. Cognition D. Object Permanence E.Assimilation

E

Which of the following is a longitudinal study? A. Researchers test the intelligence of all the students in a high school B. Intelligence tests are given to the residents of a nursing home C. Researchers randomly select 50 students from a high school with 2000 students. The 50 students are given intelligence tests D. A group of college juniors is given an extensive battery of tests over a period of 2 days E. A group of kindergarteners is given an intelligence test. They are retested every other year for 30 years.

e

Which field of psychology is most interested in studying the link between mental activity and brain activity? A. Humanistic psychology B. Gestalt psychology C. Cognitive neuroscience D. Psychodynamic perspective E. Evolutionary perspective

C

The science of behavior and mental processes is the definition of which field of study? A. Philosophy B. Cognitive neuroscience C. Basic research D. Psychology E. Applied research

D

What neurotransmitters are most likely in undersupply in someone who is depressed? A. Dopamine and GABA B. ACh and norepinephrine C. Dopamine and norepinephrine D. Serotonin and norepinephrine E. Serotonin and glutamate

D

Which descriptive statistic would a researcher use to describe how close a student's SAT score is to a school's average SAT score? A. Correlation coefficient B. Mean C. Median D. Standard deviation E. Range

D

Which division of the nervous system produces the startle response? A. Parasympathetic B. Central C. Somatic D. Sympathetic E. Autonomic

D

Which ethical principle required that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research? A. Institutional Review Board approval B. Informed consent C. Confidentiality D. Debriefing E. Protection from physical harm

D

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? A. +.30 B. +.75 C. +1.3 D. -.85 E. -1.2

D

Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias? A. Tom is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in twenty years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis. B. Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline. C. Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 percent of the time D. Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard. After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along. E. Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory.

D

Which of the following is used only in correlation studies? A. Double blind B. Placebo C. Random assignment D. Scatterplot E. Random sample

D

Which of the following kinds of psychologists would most likely explore how we process and remember information? A. Developmental B. Biological C. Social D. Cognitive E. Personality

D

Which of the following perspectives is most like to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts? A. Behavioral B. Psychodynamic C. Humanistic D. Cognitive E. Biological

D

Which of the following scanning techniques measures glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity? A. CT B. MRI C. fMRI D. PET E. EEG

D

Which of the following's primary function is processing memories? A. Cerebral cortex B. Medulla C. Corpus callosum D. Hippocampus E. Hypothalamus

D

Betsy works in a human resources department. She plans training sessions, recruits people to work for the company, and implements techniques to boost morale around the office. Of the following, Betsy is most likely a(n) A. Developmental psychologist B. Personality psychologist C. Counseling psychologist D. Educational psychologist E. Industrial-organizational psychologist

E

A humanistic psychologist working with some poets might ask which of the following questions? A. How can we get them to reach their highest potential? B. How did their childhood experiences impact their current behavior? C. How have rewards and punishments shaped their behavior? D. How do society's attitudes affect their writing topics? E. How do their brains differ from those of other successful people?

A

A psychologist investigates the methods teachers use to enhance student learning. With which of the following subfields is the psychologist most likely aligned? A. Educational psychology B. Experimental psychology C. School psychology D. Social psychology E. Forensic psychology

A

Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the A. Motor cortex B. Auditory cortex C. Somatosensory cortex D. Visual cortex E. Parietal lobe

A

Damage to which of the following could interfere with the ability to plan for the future? A. Frontal lobe B. Temporal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Occipital lobe E. Somatosensory cortex

A

Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore, A. Income and sleep levels are positively correlated B. Income and sleep levels are negatively correlated C. Income and sleep levels are inversely correlated D. Income and sleep levels are not correlated E. Lower income levels caused individuals to have fewer hours of sleep

A

Which branch of the nervous system clams a person? A. Central nervous system B. Sympathetic C. Parasympathetic D. Somatic E. Endocrine

C

Researchers studying gender have found that A. There are more similarities than differences between the genders B. There are no significant cognitive differences between the genders C. There are no significant emotional differences between the genders D. Research tools are not capable of determining if there are true differences or not E. Differences between the genders are becoming more pronounced over time

A

The most noticeable difference between human brains and other mammalian brains is the size of the A. Association areas B. Frontal lobe C. Glial cells D. Reticular activating system E. Visual cortex

A

Which neurotransmitter inhibits CNS activity in order to calm a person down during stressful situations? A. GABA B. Norepinephrine C. Acetylcholine D. Dopamine E. Serotonin

A

Which of the following carries the information necessary to active withdrawal of the hand from a hot object? A. Sensory neuron B. Motor neuron C. Interneuron D. Receptor neuron E. Reflex

A

Which of the following endocrine glands may explain unusually tall height in a 12-year-old? A. Pituitary B. Adrenal C. Pancreas D. Parathyroid E. Testes

A

Which of the following is a positive correlation? A. As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades B. As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase C. People who exercise regularly are less likely to be obese D. Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases E. Repeatedly shooting free throws in basketball is associated with a smaller percentage of missed free throws

A

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation? A. People wo spend more time exercising tend to weight less B. Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males C. Students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades D. As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test E. Students' shoe sizes are not related to their grades

A

Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research? A. Choosing a representative sample B. Choosing a large sample C. Choosing a biased sample D. Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population E. Choosing a sample whose answers will likely support your hypothesis

A

Which of the following professionals is required to have a medical degree? A. Psychiatrist B. Psychologist C. Clinician D. Counselor E. Psychotherapist

A

Which of the following psychologists most strongly emphasize that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical, social, political, and economic environments? A. Community B. Clinical C. Counseling D. Industrial-organizational E. Rehabilitation

A

Which of the following represents naturalistic observation? A. Researchers watch and record how elementary school children interact on the playground B. Researchers bring participants into a laboratory to see how they respond to a puzzle with no solution C. A principal looks at the relationship between the number of student absences and their grades D. A social worker visits a family home and gives feedback on family interactions E. Two grandparents sit in the front row to watch their grandson's first piano recital.

A

Which school of psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs? A. Functionalist B. Structuralist C. Behavioral D. Humanistic E. Psychodynamic

A

Which statistical measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme scores? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Skew E. Correlation

A

Who among the following would most likely study the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments? A. Human factors psychologist B. Personality psychologist C. Industrial-organizational psychology D. Counseling psychologist E. Experimental psychologist

A

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings? A. An operational definition allows others to replicate the procedure B. An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described C. An operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition. D. An operational definition uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition. E. An operational definition is not necessary since a dictionary definition will work as well for replication

A

Why is random assignment of participants to groups an important aspect of a properly designated experiment? A. If the participants are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume that the people in each of the groups are pretty similar B. By randomly assigning participants, the researcher knows that whatever is learned from the experiment will also be true for the population from which the participants were selected. C. Random assignments keeps expectations from influencing the results of the experiment D. If participants are not randomly assigned, it is impossible to replicate the experiment E. Statistical analysis cannot be performed on an experiment if random assignment is not used

A

A gymnast falls and hits her head on the floor. She attempts to continue practicing, but has trouble maintaining balance. What part of her brain has probably been affected? A. Reticular formation B. Cerebellum C. Amygdala D. Frontal lobe E. Brainstem

B

A journalism student is writing an article about her school's new cell-phone policy, and she'd like to interview a random sample of students. Which of the following is the best example of a random sample? A. The writer arrives at school early and interviews the first five students who come through the main entrance B. The writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all students' names. She interviews the five selected students. C. The writer asks her teachers if she can distribute a brief survey to the students in her AP Psychology class D. The writer passes out brief surveys to 50 students in the hall and uses the 18 surveys returned to her as the basis of her article E. The writer asks the principal for the names of 10 students who have had their cell phones confiscated for a day for violating the police. She interviews these 10 students.

B

A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 5 percent chance that results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding? A. This is well beyond the range of statistical significance B. This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant C. This is not statistical significant D. There is no way to determine statistical significance without replication of the study E. Chance or coincidence is unrelated to statistical significance

B

A researcher wants to conduct an experiment to determine if eating a cookie before class each day improves student grades. He uses two psychology classes for the experiment, providing daily cookies to one and nothing to the other. At the end of the semester, the researcher compares the final grades of students in the two classes. What is the independent variable for this experiment? A. The students in the class that received cookies B. The presence or absence of cookies C. The students in the class that didn't receive cookies D. The period of the day that the two classes met E. Semester grades

B

A testable predication that drives research is known as a(n) A. Theory B. Hypothesis C. Operational definition D. Guess E. Random sample

B

According to the behaviorist perspective, psychological science should be rooted in what? A. Introspection B. Observation C. Cultural influences D. Growth potential E. Basic needs

B

Hormones are _________ released into the __________. A. Neurons; neurotransmitters B. Chemical messengers; bloodstream C. Electrical messengers; bloodstream D. Electrical messengers; synapse E. Chemical messengers; synapse

B

Interneurons are said to A. Send messages from specific body parts to the brain B. Transmit and process information within the brain and spinal cord C. Act as connectors, supporting other neurons in the brain D. Send messages from the brain to body parts E. Influence the pituitary gland

B

Junita does not feel like getting out of bed, has lost her appetite, and feels tired most of the day. Which of the following neurotransmitters likely is in short supply for Junita? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine E. Glutamate

B

What do we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing? A. Hindsight bias B. Overconfidence C. Critical thinking D. Skepticism E. Reliability

B

When there is a negative charge inside an axon and a positive charge outside it, the neuron is A. In the process of reputake B. Not in the refractory period C. Said to have a resting potential D. Said to have an action potential E. Depolarizing

C

What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principal of informed consent? A. Keep information about participants confidential B. Allow participants to choose whether to take part C. Protect participants from potential harm D. Provide participants with a pre-experimental explanation of the study E. Provide participations with a post-experimental explanation of the study

B

When a distribution of scores is skewed, which of the following is the most representative measure of central tendency? A. Inference B. Standard deviation C. Mean D. Median E. Correlation coefficient

B

Which method should a psychology researcher use if she is interested in testing whether a specific reward in a classroom station causes students to behave better? A. Case study B. Experiment C. Survey D. Naturalistic observation E. Correlation

B

Which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individual in a collectivist culture? A. Children should be encouraged to focus on personal goals and aspirations B. Children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships C. It is important to be competitive and assertive in order to get ahead in life D. If you want something done well, you should do it yourself E. It is important to satisfy personal needs before those of the larger community

B

Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy? A. Biological B. Clinical C. Industrial-organizational D. Cognitive E. Evolutionary

B

Which of the following statements is the best example of applied research? A. Investigating personality traits B. Using psychological concepts to boost workers productivity C. experimenting with how people perceive different stimuli D. Studying the changing abilities of children from ages 2 to 5 E. Exploring the neural changes that occur during adolescence

B

Which philosopher proposed that nerve pathways allowed for reflexes? A. Socrates B. Rene Descartes C. John Locke D. Aristotle E. Plato

B

Which psychological principle best explains why studying an hour a day for a week is more effective than one 7-hour study session? A. Testing effect B. Distributed practice C. SQ3R D. Retrieval practice effect E. Psychometrics

B

A scientist's willingness to admit that she is wrong is an example of A. Curiosity B. Intelligence C. Humility D. Skepticism E. Cynicism

C

After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What does this seem to illustrate? A. Skepticism B. Critical thinking C. Hindsight bias D. Overconfidence E. Perceiving order in random events

C

By seeking to measure "atoms of the mind," who established the first psychology laboratory? A. Sigmund Freud B. John B. Watson C. Wilhelm Wundt D. G. Stanley Hall E. William James

C

Computer-enhanced X-rays used to create brain images are known as A. Position emission tomography scans B. Functional magnetic resonance images C. Computed tomography scans D. Electroencephalograms E. Magnetic resonance images

C

Morphine elevates mood and eases pain, and is most similar to which of the following? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Endorphins D. Acetylcholine E. GABA

C

Multiple sclerosis is a result of degeneration in the A. Dendrite B. Axon C. Myelin sheath D. Terminal button E. Neuron

C

Researchers are interested in finding out if winning Congressional candidates display more positive facial expressions than losing candidates. The researchers attend political debates and record how frequently each candidate displays positive facial expressions. Which research method are the researchers using? A. Random sample B. Case study C. Naturalistic observation D. Survey E. Interview

C

Self-reflective introspection about the elements of experience best describes a technique used by which school of psychology? A. Darwinists B. Empiricists C. Structuralists D. Behaviorists E. Psychiatrists

C

Stimulation at a point on which of the following may cause a person to report being touched on the knee? A. Motor cortex B. Cerebellum C. Somatosensory cortex D. Temporal lobe E. Thalamus

C

The study of the importance of satisfying love and acceptance needs best describes which school of psychology? A. Behavioral B. Functionalist C. Humanistic D. Psychodynamic E. Structuralist

C

What part of the brain triggers the release of adrenaline to boost heart rate when you're afraid? A. Amygdala B. Thalamus C. Medulla D. Hippocampus E. Hypothalamus

C

Which of the following best describes research typical of Wilhelm Wundt's first psychology laboratory? A. Examining the unconscious to determine behavior motivation B. Using a brain-scanning device to determine the impact events have on brain function C. Measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound and pressing a button D. Studying helping behavior, based on the premise that people are good E. Examining how collective life experiences combine to create individuality

C

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for regulating thirst? A. Reticular activating system B. Amygdala C. Hypothalamus D. Hippocampus E. Brainstem

C

Which of the following communicates with the pituitary, which in turn controls the endocrine system? A. Parathyroids B. Automatic nervous system C. Hypothalamus D. Spinal cord E. Pancreas

C

Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science? A. Psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science B. Psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science C. Our intuitions about human thinking and behavior are not always accurate D. Intuition does not provide correct answers unless it is applied through the scientific method E. Psychological science research is superior to that of other sciences like biology and physics

C

Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies? A. They provide too much detail and the researcher is likely to lose track of the most important facts B. They are generally too expensive to be economical C. They may be misleading because they don't fairly represent other cases D. They are technically difficult and most researchers don't have the skills to do them properly E. The dependent variable is difficult to operationally define in a case study

C

Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures? A. Gender differences B. Shared goals C. Personal achievement D. Cooperation with the group E. Preservation of tradition

C

While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"? A. It is higher. Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while. B. It is lower. Since answers are distributed randomly, "c" answers become less common. C. It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer. D. You should check your previous answers. Four "c's" in a row is impossible. E. It is higher. Test constructers trick students by keeping the same answer many times in a row.

C

With which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree? A. Psychology should study the growth potential in all people B. Psychology should study the unconscious C. Psychology should focus on observable behavior D. Psychology should study mental thought processes E. Psychology should study how culture and beliefs impact an individual

C

A psychology works with children whose parents are divorcing. She helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. Of the following, what kind of psychologist is most likely helping these children? A. Industrial-organizational B. Social C. Research D. Counseling E. Community

D

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year-olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting? A. Case study B. National study C. Random sample method D. Naturalistic observation E. Survey

D

An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. She is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did on any given date. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual including questionaries, brain scans, and memory tests. A. Naturalistic observation B. Survey C. Interview D. Case study E. Correlational method

D

In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean? A. 34 percent B. 40 percent C. 50 percent D. 68 percent E. 95 percent

D

Phrenology has been discredited, but which of the following ideas has its origins in phrenology? A. Brain lateralization B. Brain cavities contributing to sense of humor C. Bumps in the left hemisphere leading to emotional responses D. Brain function localization E. Belief that the mind pumps warmth and vitality into the body

D

The debate about the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as what? A. Evolutionary analysis B. Behaviorism C. The cognitive revolution D. The nature-nurture issue E. Natural selection

D

The purpose of random assignment is to A. Allow participants in both the experimental and control groups to be exposed to the independent variable B. Ensure that every member of the population had an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research C. Eliminate the placebo effect D. Reduce potential cofounding variables E. Generate operational definitions for the independent and dependent variables

D

Descriptive statistics ___________, while inferential statistics __________ A. Indicate the significance of the data; summarize the data B. Describe data from experiments; describe data from surveys and case studies C. Are measures of central tendency; are measures of variance D. Determine if data can be generalized to other populations; summarize data E. Summarize data; determine if data can be genera;sized to other populations

E

Dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well-being. Dwayne should consider a career as a A. Community psychology B. Social psychologist C. Forensic psychologist D. Industrial-organizational psychologist E. Health psychologist

E

George can move his hand to sign a document because the __________, located in the __________ lobe of the brain, allows him to activate the proper muscles A. Somatosensory cortex; temporal B. Somatosensory cortex; parietal C. Motor cortex; parietal D. Somatosensory cortex; frontal E. Motor cortex; frontal

E

In general, damage to __________ disrupts speaking, while damage to __________ disrupts understanding of language A. The frontal lobe; the occipital lobe B. The temporal lobe; the frontal lobe C. The occipital lobe; the temporal lobe D. Wernicke's area; Broca's area E. Broca's area; Wernicke's area

E

Psychiatrists differ from psychologists in that they A. Help people some with challenges and crises B. Conduct research C. Explore how we view and affect one another D. Experiment with how people perceive, think, and solve problems E. Are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication

E

There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we conclude from this research finding? A. We can conclude that a student who watches a lot of TV is likely to have lower grades B. We can conclude that TV watching leads to lower grades C. We can conclude that TV watching leads to higher grades D. We can conclude that the grades students get impact their TV watching habits E. We can conclude that this an illusory correlation

E

What was the main difference between the psychological thinking of Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interested in thinking and behavior? A. Wundt was European, earlier philosophers were American B. Wundt was the first professor from a major university interested in psychology C. Wundt was the first scholar to call himself a psychologist D. Wundt used psychotherapy techniques established by Freud to examine the thinking and behavior of wealthy individuals E. Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting

E

Which of the following is NOT an ethical principle regarding research on humans? A. Researchers must protect participants from needless harm and discomfort B. Participants must take part in the study on a voluntary basis C. Personal information about individual participants must be kept confidential D. Research studies must be fully explained to participants when the study in completed E. Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate

E

Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the brain's train hub, because it directs incoming sensory messages (with the exception of smell) to their proper places in the brain? A. Hypothalamus B. Pituitary C. Cerebellum D. Limbic system E. Thalamus

E

Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey? A. Is IQ related to grades? B. Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals? C. Does extra sleep improve memory? D. What is the best study technique for AP tests? E. Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative?

E

Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it? A. Psychodynamic B. Biological C. Social-cultural D. Evolutionary E. Cognitive

E

Who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank slate) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual? A. Francis Bacon B. Rene Descartes C. John B. Watson D. Sigmund Freud E. John Locke

E