AP PSYCH practice test

Short-term memory capacity is

7 plus or minus 2

Consolidation

A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.

Algorithm

A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as

inter-rater reliability

A measure of how similarly two different test scorers would score a test.

Method of Loci

A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice

A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth-grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the psychological construct missing from this intelligence test is A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice B. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the test twice C. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice D. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the same test twice

C. Maintenance rehearsal

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using A. Elaborative rehearsal B. Distributed Learning C. Maintenance rehearsal D. A mnemonic device E. Imagery

Mental set

An established way of thinking about or perceiving something

A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story

An example of a failure of source monitoring is A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story B.Katie being unable to recall the information for her English exam while feeling anxious when taking it, because she was feeling sad when she studied for the exam C. Jose forgetting the information he learned in class because he took his final in a different room D. Hanson confusing his old locker combination numbers with his new locker combination numbers

Pidgin language

The first-generation language tends to have very little grammatical structure

A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam

An example of state-dependent memory is A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam B. Jeremy saying he knew his favorite football team was going to lose all along after they lost the game C. Josef remembering only the first five linking verbs during his English exam despite studying to remember the entire list D. Wilda believing she is always sad when it rains despite her being sad sometimes when it is sunny

A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad

An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad B. Trevor remembering to buy milk at the grocery store by putting a note on the refrigerator C. Emilia remembering a new acquaintance's name by silently repeating the name after learning it D. Arthur remembering to pick up a cake before leaving work by asking a coworker for a reminder at the end of the workday

C. Creative intelligence

Arthur is helping his friend set up her new phone. Arthur has never used this type of phone, but he uses his knowledge of setting up his own phone to help figure out how to use the new phone. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Arthur is using which type of intelligence? A. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. Practical intelligence C. Creative intelligence D. General intelligence

Behaviorism

The idea of rewards reinforcing a behavior

irregular past tense forms as overregularizing past tense forms

Chomsky described children's errors in using

Long-term memories being formed from short-term memories

Consolidation can be described as the process of

B. Self-reference

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? A. Method of Loci B. Self-reference C. Retroactive interference D. Overlearning E. The recency effect

Hippocampus

Explicit memories are created in the

B. Believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last 3 years

For a person planning to hold a party outside, an example of the predictable-world bias would be A. Hoping the weather will be nice this year B. Believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years C. Believing the party will be fun outside regardless of the weather D. Remembering on;y parties with good weather, not those with bad weather

D. The arm position to throw the ball

If Jess has a type of amnesia that affects the formation of explicit memories but not implicit ones, which of the following will she be most likely to remember? A. The date of her last basketball lesson B. The name of her basketball coach C. The location of the gym D. The arm position to throw the ball

B. Seven

Jeanette is curious to see how many numbers she can hold in her mind at once. She asks her friend to test her on lists of random digits to see how many she can remember. Based on what is known about the average limits of short-term memory capacity, what is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember? A. Two B. Seven C. Ten D. Eleven

The availability heuristic

John went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. John's reasoning can be explained through

A. Logical-mathematically

Keisha performs well in her geometry course in school, and her classmates often ask her for help with understanding word problems and writing formal proofs. Her friends describe her as very rational and analytical. According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess? A. Logical-mathematical B. Bodily-kinesthetic C. Interpersonal D. Intrapersonal

C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test

Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score was A. high enough for Mary to be considered a genius B. higher than at least 75% of people who took the test C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test D. lower than exactly 7% of people who took the test

Long term potentiation

Mechanism behind memory formation

Implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Short-term memory is best described as

Memory that can hold only a small amount of information

B. Confirmation bias

Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn't like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick's behavior is best explained by the concept of A. The Flynn effect B. Confirmation Bias C. Retroactive interference D. Groupthink

Childhood

People are much more susceptible to false memories about their

C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree

Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal? A. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures standardization of test conditions B. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures validity, which is crucial to establish reliability C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree D. Ensuring that a representative sample of participants take the test, as this is the best way to establish reliability

Divergent thinking

Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two minute period

Source monitoring

Refers to the ability to track the origin of a piece of information

B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense

Rodrigo's three-year-old sister says the phrase "We goed to the store" instead of "We went to the store." According to Noam Chomsky, what is the best explanation for her behavior? A. Her parents have not presented her with the appropriate corrective feedback to teach her not to use the incorrect form. B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. C. She has heard other children using the incorrect form and has learned that it is correct. D. She has not yet entered the concrete operational stage of cognition, in which she will be able to learn the correct form of the word.

D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules

Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is A. the speech of the first generation tends to include a larger vocabulary B. the speech of the second generation tends to include a larger vocabulary C. the speech of the first generation tends to have more complex grammar rules D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules

Creole language

The 2nd generation tends to impose its own grammatical structure on the makeshift language

A. an association network

The fact that Lori finds herself thinking about dogs and other pets after seeing a cat is evidence that human memory is organized into A. An association network B. A hierarchy C. Mental set D. a Schema

Long term potentiation

The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

State-dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind.

Elaborative rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of words as opposed to simply repeating them

B. Method of Loci

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using A. Distributed learning B. Method of Loci C. Maintenance retrieval D. Echoic Memory

Creative intelligence

Using one's prior experiences to help solve new problems

B. Behaviorism

Vandana, a 12-month-old infant, is listening to her father talk to her and suddenly repeats a word that he just said. Her father praises her and gives her a cookie. After she gets the cookie, she repeats the word again. Vandana's behavior can be best explained by using the theory of A. Universal Grammar B. Behaviorism C. Attachment D. Classical conditioning

Elaborative encoding

When something new is associated with something meaningful or with an existing memory

B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water.

Which of the following describes the concept of schema? A. Gustav uses the method of loci to study for all his classes B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. C. Tracy grouped the information she needed to learn into categories that made sense to her. D. Kevin thinks David is not motivated because he showed up late for a meeting, but actually a traffic jam made David late.

A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests.

Which of the following examples is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence? A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. B. Reilly began walking earlier than most children and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. C. Amir is good at understanding other peoples' emotions and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. D. Jake can read very quickly and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests.

B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list

Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect? A. Jason remembers the last two digits of his doctor's phone number but not any other digits. B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. C. Frederick thinks people are paying attention to him when they actually are not. D. Paul gets a reward every time he gets on the bus for school on time.

A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach

Which of the following is most likely to be a false memory? A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach B. A high school student's memory of the prom C. A person's memory of going to a restaurant after college graduation D. A job applicant's memory of the clothes the applicant wore to an interview

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory

C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort

Which of the following statements about automatic processing or effortful processing is true A. effortful processing requires conscious awareness B. Effortful processing makes other processing more difficult C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort D. Automatic processing does not improve with practice

Association network

a chain of associations between related concepts

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Self-reference

information that is personally relevant is more easily remembered than personally irrelevant information

Explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Working memory capacity

refers to one's ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

predictable-world bias

tendency to believe that events are more predictable than they actually are

Primacy effect

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Analytical Intelligence

the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving

Practical Intelligence

the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

test-retest reliability

using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency