AP Psych Quarterly I-IV

Pituitary Gland

(Sometimes called "master gland") - endocrine gland in brain that produces stimulating hormones, which promote secretion by other glands including TSH-thyroid-stimulating hormone; ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal glands; FSH, which stimulates egg or sperm production; ADH (antidiuretic hormone) to help retain water in your body; and HGH (human growth hormone).

Terminal Buttons

(a.k.a. axon terminals, end bulbs, or synaptic knobs) - tips at the end of axons that secrete neurotransmitters when stimulated by the action potential.

Suppose a study finds there is only a small correlation between IQ and the ability to solve word problems in math. The correlation shows that there is a very WEAK relationship demonstrating that the higher the IQ the better the ability to solve word problems. A correlation that would demonstrate such a relationship could-be

+.10

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem

+.60

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables

-.12

At rest, the membrane is semipermeable. It keeps the inside of the cell at a charge of

-70 mvl

The threshold of excitation is

. -65 millivolts

What is the difference between cognitive psychology and behavior psychology?

. Behavior psychology deals with reinforcement and punishment, while cognitive psychology deals with informaiton processing.

Depressed mood states are linked to ___________ levels of serotonin and ____________ levels of norepinephrine

. low; low

calkins

1

The brain seems to have __________________ neurons

100 billion

If Sarah scored one standard deviation above the average, _____________ percentage of the population scored higher than she did.

15%

washburn

2

Assume you take SAT and score 2 standard deviations above the average. You score better than ______________ of the population.

95

Assume you take SAT and score 2 standard deviations above the average. You score better than ______________ of the population

95%

An MRI involves: A) Passing nonharmful radio frequencies through the brain to study brain structure B) Injecting a slightly radioactive solution into the bloodstream to measure the amount absorbed by the brain C) Mapping the brain's activity by having the patient complete cognitive tasks D) Following brain images to get an exact measurement of brain size, capacity, and abilities E) Testing patients' brain damage after severe brain injuries

A

If Mia stepped on a nail, which of the following would be the correct order of communication for her to feel the pain? A) Stimulus-electrical impulse-neurotransmitter-receptor site B) Electrical impulse-stimulus-receptor site-neurotransmitter C) Receptor site-neurotransmitter-electrical impulse-stimulus D) Electrical impulse-receptor site-stimulus-neurotransmitter E) Stimulus-electrical impulse-receptor site-neurotransmitter

A

The limbic system is responsible for A) The control of hunger, thirst, and sex B) Breathing Regulations C) Balance and Coordination D) Speech E) Language

A

The main job of the thalamus is: A) Receiving sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate area B) Processing sensory information about touch, pain, and temperature C) Regulating motivational and emotional behavior D) Coordinating movements and timed motor responses E) Controlling all auditory functions of the brain

A

The process by which a tiny electrical current is generated when the positive sodium ions rush inside the axon, causing the inside of the axon to reverse its charge, is called: A) Action Potential B) Ion Potential C) Resting State D) Synaptic State E) Negative Potential

A

Thirty-two year old Tiny Timmy is less than 4 feet tall. His short stature is probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by which gland? A) Pituitary B) Pancreas C) Thyroid Gland D) Adrenal Glands E) Gonads

A

Wernicke's area is located on which lobe of the brain? A) Left Temporal Lobe B) Right Temporal Lobe C) Left Occipital Lobe D) Right Occipital Lobe E) Left Frontal Lobe

A

What is one major difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? A) The sympathetic nervous system increases physiological arousal, while the parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to a calmer and relaxed state. B) The sympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the somatic nervous system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. C) The sympathetic nervous system plays a role in traumatic events, while the parasympathetic nervous system only plays a role in digestion. D) The parasympathetic nervous system is used more often than the sympathetic nervous system. E) The sympathetic nervous system plays a role in sexual behavior, while the parasympathetic nervous system does not.

A

Which of the following glands interact(s) most directly with all of the others to help regulate body processes? A) Pituitary B) Adrenals C) Parathyroids D) Thyroid E) Ovaries

A

Which part of the brain is responsible for combining sounds into words and arranging words into meaningful sentences? A) Broca's Area B) Wernicke's Area C) Hypothalamus D) Hippocampus E) Medulla

A

Myelin Sheath

A fatty covering of the axon made by glial cells, which speeds up conduction of the action potential.

Axon

A long, single conducting fiber extending from the cell body of a neuron that transmits an action potential and that branches and ends in tips called terminal buttons (a.k.a. axon terminals, or synaptic knobs), which secrete neurotransmitters.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter associated with arousal, sleep, appetite, moods, and emotions. Lack of serotonin is associated with depression.

Endorphin

A neurotransmitter similar to the opiate morphine that relieves pain and my induce feelings of pleasure.

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter that causes contraction of skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart muscles, is involved in memory, and also transmits messages between the brain and spinal cord. Lack of ACh is associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A neurotransmitter that inhibits firing of postsynaptic neurons. Huntington's disease and seizures are associated with malfunctioning GABA systems.

Glutamate

A neurotransmitter that stimulates cells throughout the brain, but especially in the hypothalamus, and is associated with memory formation and information processing.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that stimulates the hypothalamus to synthesize hormones and affects alertness, attention, and movement. Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson's disease; too much is associated with schizophrenia.

A correlation of +.90 would probably indicate

A strong positive relationship between two variables

Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because botulin is a(n)

ACh antagonist

The process of a neuron firing is called

Action potentialThis answer is correct.

Action Potential

Also called an impulse, the "firing" of a neuron; a net flow of sodium ions into the cell that causes a rapid change in potential across the membrane when stimulation reaches threshold.

Fraternal Twins

Also called dizygotic twins; siblings that share about half of the same genes because they develop from two different zygotes.

Heterozygous

Also called hybrid; the condition when the genes for a trait are different.

Identical Twins

Also called monozygotic twins; two individuals who share all of the same genes/heredity because they develop from the same zygote.

Efferent Neuron

Also called motor neuron; nerve cell in your PNS that transmits impulses from sensory or interneurons to muscle cells that contract or gland cells that secrete.

Afferent Neuron

Also called sensory neuron; nerve cell in your PNS that transmits impulses from receptors to the brain or spinal cord.

Cell Body

Also called the cyton or soma; the part of the neuron that contains cytoplasm and the nucleus, which directs synthesis of such substances as neurotransmitters.

EEG (electroencephalogram)

An amplified tracing of brain activity produced when electrodes positioned over the scalp transmit signals about the brain's electrical activity ("brain waves") to an electroencephalograph machine.

Association Areas

Areas of the cerebral cortex that do not have specific sensory or motor functions, but are involved in higher mental functions such as thinking, planning, and communicating.

Which philospher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism?

Aristotle

sigmund Freud =

Austrian Physician; Behavior Genetics = Reproductive Advantages of Inherited Traits.

The part of the neuron that sends information to neighboring cells is called

Axons

A "split-brain" patient is asked to stare at a black dot between the HE and ART as the word HEART is displayed on a screen. When asked what she sees, what will the patient do? A) The patient will say she sees the word HE. B) The patient will say she sees the word ART. C) The patient will point to the word ART. D) The patient will say the word HEART. E) The patient will only see a black dot.

B

As a result of her car accident, Mimi suffered damage to her Broca's area of the brain. What symptoms will she suffer as a result? A) Inability to see color B) Inability to speak in fluent sentences C) Inability to walk D) Inability to remember short term E) Inability to remember long term

B

If damage occurs to the occipital lobe, an individual could fail to recognize some objects, persons, or color. This damage is called: A) Visual Aphasia B) Visual Agnosia C) Neglect Syndrome D) Occipital Agnosia E) Temporal Aphasia

B

Maddie is walking down a dark alley by herself late at night. She automatically turns her head to the left when she hears a strange noise. What part of the brain is she using? A) Hindbrain B) Midbrain C) Forebrain D) Somatosensory Cortex E) Motor Cortex

B

Of the following, which are located exclusively in the central nervous system? A) Afferent Neurons B) Interneurons C) Efferent Neurons D) Glial cells E) Effectors

B

Robert seems to be always hungry. His doctor told him that a structure in his endocrine system is producing too much insulin, causing his blood sugar to drop, making him hungry. What is the name of the defective structure the doctor is talking about? A) Hypothalamus B) Pancreas C) Thyroid gland D) Adrenal glands E) Gonads

B

What are the chemical messages used by the endocrine system called? A) Neurotransmitters B) Hormones C) Agonists D) Antagonists E) Dopamine

B

What is a surgical destruction of a portion of the brain called? A) Synapse B) Lesion C) MRI D) Aphasia E) EEG

B

What is the job of the sodium pump? A) It separates positive ions and places them all inside the axon. B) It is responsible for keeping the axon charged by returning and keeping sodium ions outside the axon membrane. C) It generates an electrical current when the positive ions rush into the axon. D) It generates an electrical current when the negative ions rush into the axon. E) It is a neural impulse that transfers negative ions into the neuron.

B

Which includes all of the others? A) Autonomic Nervous System B) Peripheral Nervous System C) Somatic Nervous System D) Parasympathetic Nervous System E) Sympathetic Nervous System

B

Which of the following neurotransmitters most closely resembles the affects alcohol has on the nervous system? A) Anandamide B) GABA C) Dopamine D) Acetylcholine E) Serotonin

B

Which part of the brain is affected during a split-brain operation? A) Cerebellum B) Corpus Callosum C) Cerebrum D) Medulla E) Pons

B

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord.

Dendrites

Branching tubular processes of a neuron that have receptor sites for receiving information.

An EEG records: A) Direct electrical stimulation of the brain B) The number of neurons in the brain C) Electrical impulses from the brain D) Chemical activity in specific areas of the brain E) Stimulation of the frontal lobe

C

Another name for the cell body of the neuron is: A) Dendrite B) Myelin C) Soma D) Axon E) Synaptic Vesicle

C

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in: A) Respiratory Failure B) Heart Failure C) Loss of Muscular Coordination D) Loss of Hearing E) Loss of Memory

C

Emma is telling her younger sister stories about her first Christmas in their new home. Which part of the brain is Emma using to recall these memories? A) Hypothalamus B) Thalamus C) Amygdala D) Hippocampus E) Medulla

C

Gunshot wounds, tumors, and strokes all result in A) Infections B) Significant loss of function C) Lesions D) Pain E) Necessity for surgery

C

Loss of the ability of the brain to produce adequate levels of dopamine often leads to A) Aphasia B) Alzheimer's Disease C) Parkinson's Disease D) Bipolar Disorder E) Amnesia

C

The pons is located between the medulla and other brain areas. It is responsible for which of the following? A) Motor Coordination B) Seeing and Hearing C) Sleep and Arousal D) Balance E) Emotional Reactions

C

Which of the following functions best explains the role of the sympathetic nervous system? A) Preparing the body for a traumatic event B) Returning the body to equilibrium C) Preparing the body for "fight or flight" D) Maintaining the body's vital functions E) Maintaining homeostasis

C

Which of the following is not controlled by the hypothalamus? A) Sex B) Eating and Drinking C) Balance and Coordination D) Motivation E) Emotion

C

Which of the following is not part of the limbic system? A) Hypothalamus B) Thalamus C) Cerebellum D) Amygdala E) Hippocampus

C

Sensory Receptor

Cell typically in sense organs that initiates action potentials, which then travel along sensory/afferent neurons to the CNS.

Cerebral Cortex

Center for higher-order processes such as thinking, planning, judgment; receives and processes sensory information and directs movement.

Hormone

Chemical messenger that travels through the blood to a receptor site on a target organ.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers released by the terminal buttons of the presynaptic neuron into the synapse. Different neurotransmitters have different chemical structures and perform different tasks.

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

Chemical secreted at terminal button that causes the neuron on the other side of the synapse to generate an action potential (to fire).

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

Chemical secreted at terminal button that reduces or prevents neural impulses in the postsynaptic dendrites.

Of the following approaches to understanding behavior, which is most likely going to focus on the way that adults process information?

Cognitive

Contralaterality

Control of one side of your body by the other side of your brain.

Hypothalamus

Controls feeding behavior, drinking behavior, body temperature, sexual behavior, threshold for rage behavior, activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, and secretion of hormones of the pituitary.

Cerebellum

Controls posture, equilibrium, and movement.

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT or CT)

Creates a computerized image using x-rays passed through the brain to show structure and/or the extent of a lesion.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Creates more detailed computerized images using a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves that cause emission of signals that depend upon the density of tissue.

A neuron without terminal buttons would be unable to A) Receive information from neighboring neurons B) Generate an action potential C) Direct the synthesis of neurotransmitters D) Secrete neurotransmitters to postsynaptic neurons E) Transport ions across the cell membrane

D

Bodily sensations such as touch, pressure, and temperature are controlled in which area of the brain? A) Occipital Lobe B) Temporal Lobe C) Frontal Lobe D) Parietal Lobe E) Motor Lobe

D

If an action potential starts at the beginning of an axon, the action potential will continue at the same speed to the very end of the axon. This concept is known as: A) Nerve Impulse B) Synapse C) Resting State D) All-or-None Law E) Sodium Pump

D

Mr. Jenkins' suffered a "stroke" as a result of a brain injury. Although he can still move the fingers on his right hand, he has lost sensation in these parts. Of the following, the site of damage to his brain is most likely in the A) Right Frontal Lobe B) Right Temporal Lobe C) Left Frontal Lobe D) Left Parietal Lobe E) Hypothalamus

D

The simplest behaviors we carry on A) Are learned when we are infants B) Do not involve the central nervous system C) Are called instincts D) Include sneezing and blinking E) Must be processed by the medulla

D

Which of the following must be males? A) Dizygotic Twins B) Monozygotic Twins C) Down Syndrome Children D) Klinefelter's Syndrome Children E) Turner's Syndrome Children

D

Which of the following techniques uses radioactive glucose to examine brain functioning? A) EEG B) CT C) MRI D) PET E) fMRI

D

Which part of the neuron serves as the protective coating? A) Axon B) Dendrite C) Synapse D) Myelin Sheath E) Cell Body

D

Which stimulate a muscle to contract? A) Adrenal Hormones B) Receptors C) Sensory Neurons D) Motor Neurons E) Interneurons

D

Which task is primarily a right cerebral hemisphere function in most people? A) Understanding written language B) Understanding spoken language C) Processing visual information from the left eye D) Recognizing faces E) Processing sensory information from the right leg

D

While walking home from school, you notice a barking, angry dog that jumps over a fence and starts to chase you, seemingly intending to bite you. In response, your adrenal glands would secrete which hormone into your bloodstream? A) Endorphins B) Thyroxin C) Insulin D) Epinephrine E) Serotonin

D

The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by

Darwin

The part of the neuron that receives information from neighboring cells is called

Dendrites

Huntington's Disease

Dominant gene defect that involves degeneration of the nervous system, characterized by tremors, jerky motions, blindness, and death.

Endocrine System

Ductless glands that typically secrete hormones directly into the blood, which help regulate body and behavioral processes.

Dr. Matthews wants to scan the brain of one of his schizophrenic patients in order to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions that develop in the frontal lobe. Which technique should Dr. Matthews use? A) Lesion B) PET C) X-Ray D) EEG E) MRI

E

Dylan has recovered from extensive injury to his left cerebral hemisphere and has continued his career. His occupation is most likely: A) Accountant B) English Teacher C) Journalist D) Lawyer E) Graphic Artist

E

Knowing what you are touching or how hot to make the water for your shower involves which of these areas of the brain? A) Temporal Lobe B) Motor Cortex C) Cerebrum D) Frontal Lobe E) Somatosensory Cortex

E

Neurons that carry information away from the spinal cord to produce responses in various muscles or organs throughout the body are called: A) Afferent Neurons B) Interneurons C) Neurotransmitters D) Sensor Neurons E) Efferent Neurons

E

Of the following, the effect of adrenalin on the body is most similar to the effect of the A) Cerebellum B) Parathyroids C) Somatic Nervous System D) Parasympathetic Nervous System E) Sympathetic Nervous System

E

Paul Broca found that the loss of the ability to speak intelligibly is associated with damage to a region of the brain in the A) Thalamus B) Right Parietal Lobe C) Right Occipital Lobe D) Left Temporal Lobe E) Left Frontal Lobe

E

Scientists are able to see changes in the brain as it processes information by means of A) Lesioning B) Autopsy C) CT D) MRI E) PET

E

The part of the brain most closely associated with maintaining balance and the coordination of complex sequences of movements is the A) Hypothalamus B) Thalamus C) Pons D) Medulla E) Cerebellum

E

When humans suffer damage to this part of the brain, there can be a lapse into a permanent state of unconsciousness. A) Temporal Lobe B) Parietal Lobe C) Frontal Lobe D) Cerebrum E) Reticular Formation

E

Evoked Potentials

EEGs resulting from a response to a specific stimulus presented to the subjects.

Gene

Each DNA segment of a chromosome that determines a trait.

Hippocampus

Enables formation of new long-term memories.

Pineal Gland

Endocrine gland in brain that produces melatonin that helps regulate circadian rhythms and is associated with seasonal affective disorder.

Thyroid Gland

Endocrine gland in neck that produces thyroxine, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities.

Adrenal Glands

Endocrine glands atop kidneys. Adrenal cortex-the outer layer-produces steroid hormones such as cortisol, which is a stress hormone. Adrenal medulla-the core-secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and nonadrenaline (norepinephrine), which prepare the body for "fight or flight" like the sympathetic nervous system.

Parathyroids

Endocrine glands in neck that produce parathyroid hormone, which helps maintain calcium ion level in blood necessary for normal functioning of neurons.

Turner Syndrome

Females with only one X sex chromosome who short, often sterile, and have difficulty calculating.

Zygote

Fertilized egg.

Convolutions

Folding-in and out of the cerebral cortex that increases surface area of the brain.

Parietal Lobes

Front strip is somatosensory cortex that processes sensory information including touch, temperature, and pain from body parts; association a areas perceive objects.

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking

Frontal

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking?

Frontal

The area of the brain responsible for controlling motor movements is the

Frontal Lobe

Pancreas

Gland near stomach that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar that fuels all behavioral processes. Imbalances result in diabetes and hypoglycemia.

Ovaries and Testes

Gonads in females and males, respectively, that produce hormones necessary for reproduction and development of secondary sex characteristics.

Carl Rogers is often classified as a ____________________ theorist

Humanistic

The ____________________ seems to be responsible for motivation

Hypothalamus

The area of the brain most responsible for controlling motivation for fighting, fleeing, feeding, and sexual reproduction is the

Hypothalamus

You have three friends, the first is bossy and always tells you what to do; the second is always telling you what is right and wrong; and the third tries to help mediate between the two. If you were giving Freudian nicknames to your friends, the would be, in order

Id, superego, ego

Aphasia

Impairment of the ability to understand or use language.

Pons

Includes portion of reticular activating system or reticular formation critical for arousal and wakefulness; sends information to and from medulla, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex.

Amygdala

Influences emotions such as aggression, fear, and self-protective behaviors.

Frontal Lobes

Interpret and control emotional behaviors, make decisions, carry out plans; motor cortex strip just in front of somatosensory cortex initiates movements and integrates activities of skeletal muscles; produces speech (Broca's area).

A "lie scale" that assesses the extent to which a person is faking to make a good impression is included in the

MMPI

Dr. Foster wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, delusions, and other symptoms of psychological disorders. Which personality assessment would be most helpful for this purpose?

MMPI

There are several techniques for peering inside the brain. Which of the following provides a detailed image of the structure of the brain, only?

MRI

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Males with XXY sex chromosomes.

Effector

Muscle cell that contracts or gland cell that secretes.

Which personality test classifies people in terms of the personality dimensions highlighted by Carl Jung

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Interneuron

Nerve cell in the CNS that transmits impulses between sensory and motor neurons. Neural impulses travel one way along the neuron from dendrites to axons to terminal buttons, and among neurons from the receptor to the effector.

The area of the brain responsible for controlling vision is

Occipital Lobe

\During a softball game, you are hit with the ball in the head. Your vision becomes blurred. What region of the brain was MOST likely involved?

Occipital lobe

Which of the following imaging techniques provides a detailed impression of the activity of the brain?

PET

Which of the following statements best captures Freud's point of view about personality

Personality is the result of unconscious drives or conflicts that we need to resolve

Brain

Portion of the central nervous system above the spinal cord.

Spinal Cord

Portion of the central nervous system below the level of the medulla.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Portion of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; includes all of the sensory and motor neurons, and subdivisions called the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.

Lesions

Precise destruction of brain tissue, enables more systematic study of the loss of function resulting from surgical removal (also called ablation), cutting of neural connections, or destruction by chemical applications.

Temporal Lobes

Primary area for hearing, understanding language (Wernicke's area), understanding music/tonality, processing smell.

Occipital Lobes

Primary area for processing visual information.

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University

Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n, population

random sampling vs random assignment

Random selection refers to how sample members (study participants) are selected for large pop to be representative Random assignment is an aspect of experimental design in which study participants are assigned to the treatment or control group using a random procedure.

Saltatory Conduction

Rapid conduction of impulses when the axon is myelinated since depolarizations jump from node (of Ranvier) to node.

Sex-linked Traits

Recessive genes located on the X chromosome with no corresponding gene on the Y chromosome, which result in expression of recessive trait, more frequently in males.

Albinism

Recessive trait that produces lack of pigment and involves quivering eyes and inability to perceive depth with both eyes.

Tay-Sachs Syndrome

Recessive trait that produces progressive loss of nervous function a and death in a baby.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Recessive trait that results in severe, irreversible brain damage unless the bay is fed a special diet low in phenylalanine.

Synapse

Region of communication between the transmitting presynaptic neuron and receiving postsynaptic neuron, muscle, or gland, consisting of the presynaptic terminal buttons, a tiny space, and receptor sites typically on the postsynaptic dendrites.

Medulla Oblongata

Regulates heart rhythm, blood flow, breathing rate, digestion, vomiting.

Basal Ganglia

Regulates initiation of movements, balance, eye movements, and posture.

Thalamus

Relays visual, auditory, taste, and somatosensory information to/from appropriate areas of cerebral cortex.

Which of the following is the most commonly used measure of variability

SD

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

Selectively permeable membrane of neurons creates resting potential

The part of the collective unconscious that represents who we really are is the

Self

Humanistic psychologists see people as inherently good. They believe that people are trying to reach their potential at all times. This is a process called

Self-actualization

Color Blindness

Sex-linked trait with which individual cannot see certain colors, most often red and green.

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Shows brain activity at higher resolution than the PET scan when changes in oxygen concentration near active neurons alter magnetic qualities.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Shows brain activity when radioactively tagged glucose rushes to active neurons and emits positrons.

What ion is concentrated outside the cell membrane when a cell is at rest?

Sodium

The part of the brain that seems responsible for receiving sensory information from the environment is called _________________

Somatosensory cortex

Nodes of Ranvier

Spaces between segments of myelin on the axons of neurons.

Chromosome

Structure in the nucleus of cells that contains genes determined by DNA sequences.

Evolutionary Psychologists

Study how Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection favored behaviors that contributed to survival and spread of our ancestors' genes; they look at universal behaviors shared by all people.

Behavioral Geneticists

Study the role played by our genes and our environment in mental ability, emotional stability, temperament, personality, interests, etc.; they look at the causes of our individual differences.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Subdivision of PNS and ANS whose stimulation clans your body following sympathetic stimulation by restoring normal body processes.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Subdivision of PNS and ANS whose stimulation results in responses that help your body deal with stressful events.

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Subdivision of PNS that includes motor nerves that innervate smooth (involuntary) and heart muscle. It's sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight"; the parasympathetic nervous system causes bodily changes for maintenance or rest.

Somatic Nervous System

Subdivision of PNS that includes motor nerves that stimulate skeletal (voluntary) muscles.

Phil has anxiety because he has very strong anger towards his parents. He knows this isn't right, so he decides to work hard to do all his chores and homework. According to the psychodynamic approach, Phil is engaging in which defensive mechanism

Sublimation

Glial Cells

Supportive cells of the nervous system that guide the growth of developing neurons, help provide nutrition for and get rid of wastes of neurons, and form an insulating sheath around neurons that speeds conduction.

The gap between cells is called a

Synapse

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the

TAT

The _______________________ is the area of the brain that seems responsible for language

Temporal lobe

The part of the brain responsible for coding auditory information is the

Temporal lobe

False Consensus Effect =

Tendency to exaggerate the extent to which others agree with us; Difference between correlational study and experiment

Neuron

The basic unit of structure and function of your nervous system. It perform three major functions: receive information, process it, and transmit it to the rest of your body.

Homozygous

The condition when both genes for a trait are the same.

Phenotype

The expression of genes.

Dominant Gene

The gene expressed when the genes for a trait are different.

Recessive Gene

The gene that is hidden or not expressed when the genes for a trait are different.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual.

All-or-none principle

The law that the neuron either generates an action potential when the stimulation reaches threshold or doesn't fire when stimulation is below threshold. The strength of the action potential is constant whenever it occurs.

Reflex Arc

The path over which the reflex travels, which typically includes the following: Sensory Receptor, Afferent Neuron, Interneuron, Efferent Neuron, and Effector.

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals in a population that is due to genetic causes.

Reflex

The simplest form of behavior.

Neuropsychologists

Those who explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior. They can be also called biological psychologists or bio-psychologists, behavioral geneticists, physiological psychologists, and behavioral neuroscientists.

study

Uses of an MRI, cerebellum function, left-handedness' effects on processing, occipital lobe function, resting potential of a neuron, association areas, split-brain phenomena, opiates, frontal lobe function, Broca's area function

Down Syndrome

Usually with three copies of chromosome-21 in their cells, individuals who are typically mentally retarded and have a round head, flat nasal bridge, protruding tongue, small round ears, a fold in the eyelid, and poor muscle tone and coordination.

A fissure is a ____________________ in the brain

Valley or gap

A negative correlation typically means

Variables are related inversely

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"?

Watson

The humanistic approach to personality makes which of the following claims?

We are all inherently goodThis answer is correct.

The first psychological laboratory was established by

Whilhelm Wundt.

Structuralism

Wundt and Titchener

A human sperm cell contains a. 23 chromosomes. b. 23 genes. c. 46 chromosomes. d. 46 genes. e. 92 DNA strands.

a

An adaptation is an inherited physical or behavioral characteristic that a. increases an organism's chance for survival. b. is ecologically disruptive. c. enables an organism to control its environment. d. may or may not benefit the organism. e. has no effect on fitness.

a

An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the a. initiation of neural impulses. b. release of endorphins into the central nervous system. c. release of hormones into the bloodstream. d. activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system. e. excitation of the antagonistic hormonal system.

a

At puberty, the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH), causing the secretion of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland. These hormones cause the ovaries to produce estrogen and testes to produce testosterone. As the levels of these hormones rise, they shut down the release of GnRH and the gonadotropins. This example illustrates the a. feedback systems connecting the brain and endocrine systems. b. information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain. c. role of agonists and antagonists in the nervous system. d. reflex pathways running through the spinal cord. e. combined signals of excitatory and inhibitory connections.

a

Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to a. speak fluently. b. copy drawings. c. recognize faces. d. recognize familiar melodies. e. see colors.

a

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for a. providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors. b. failing to consider unconscious motivations. c. overemphasizing humans' capacity to learn and adapt to a variety of environments. d. underestimating gender differences in mate selection. e. overestimating cultural differences in human sexual behaviors.

a

French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras described a patient who reported that imposters had replaced her husband, children, and herself. Her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the a. right hemisphere of her brain was damaged. b. corpus callosum had been severed. c. thalamus in the brainstem is not functioning properly. d. angular gyrus was compromised leading to aphasia. e. left temporal lobe was injured.

a

In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to a. facially express emotions. b. solve arithmetic problems. c. understand simple verbal requests. d. process information in an orderly sequence. e. control his aggression.

a

Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via a. interneurons. b. the circulatory system. c. sensory neurons. d. the sympathetic nervous system. e. the endocrine system.

a

Males in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves. a. teens. b. twenties. c. thirties. d. forties. e. fifties.

a

Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from a. glial cells. b. neurotransmitters. c. motor neurons. d. hormones. e. sensory neurons.

a

Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is time-consuming. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior. a. evolutionary b. social learning c. Freudian d. behaviorist e. humanistic

a

Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients pointed to a. HE. b. ART. c. HEART. d. EA. e. nothing. They were unable to complete the task.

a

Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. epinephrine. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin. e. GABA.

a

Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. autonomics

a

Someone trying to add a long series of three digit numbers is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure? a. left hemisphere b. thalamus c. reticular formation d. right hemisphere e. medulla

a

The reticular formation is located in the a. brainstem. b. limbic system. c. sensory cortex. d. motor cortex. e. cerebellum.

a

The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. a. peripheral b. autonomic c. central d. sympathetic e. parasympathetic

a

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI. b. hemispherectomy. c. ACh agonist. d. brain lesion. e. MRI.

a

To trigger a person's hand to make a fist, José Delgado stimulated the individual's a. motor cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. sensory cortex. d. reticular formation. e. limbic system.

a

What are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. action potentials

a

Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that "much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness"? a. dual processing b. cerebral cortex c. reticular formation d. interneurons e. limbic system

a

Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear? a. amygdala b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. medulla e. dendrite

a

Why is it incorrect to say that 50 percent heritability of intelligence means that the cause of your intelligence is 50 percent genetic and 50 percent environmental? a. because heritability accounts for variations among people, not in specific individuals b. because nurture controls intelligence levels, not nature c. because unrelated individuals share common genes d. because genes are the basis for our behavior, environment has no impact e. because heritability increases as environments change

a

Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adultst they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management exemplifies

a hypothesis

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of

a positive self-concept.

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the

action potential

According to Maslow, our need for

adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem.

The glands secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during times of stress.

adrenal

A drug that blocks the reuptake of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n)

agonist.

A cat's ferocious response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose the electrode had touched the

amygdala

The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates

an illusory correlation

During the ________________ stage of Freud's theory, the focus is on controlling one's environment

anal

The "uncommitted" areas that make up about three-fourths of the cerebral cortex are called

assc. areas

The sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the

autonomic nervous system

An axon transmits messages ______________ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages _____________ the cell body

away from; toward

A person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his face was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences of a. tomography. b. brain plasticity. c. lateralization. d. hemispherectomy. e. aphasia.

b

According to opinion polls, how do scientists and nonscientists react differently to the idea of evolution? a. Scientists are mostly (66%) agreed that evolution is a valid theory, and most nonscientists believe evolution describes the natural world well. b. There is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution. c. Most "hard" scientists, like physicists and chemists, think that evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complex, and most nonscientists agree. d. Scientists and most nonscientists agree that evolutionary theory describes animal development well, but not human development. e. Belief in evolutionary theory is split along religious lines among scientists and nonscientists.

b

Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. a. adult height b. political attitudes c. adult weight d. extraversion e. personality

b

After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed? a. Dopamine controls fear, and this chemical takes a certain amount of time to break down in your system. b. Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages. c. Excitatory neurotransmitters travel faster than inhibitory neurotransmitters. d. The parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system. e. The adrenal glands tend to act more quickly than the rest of the endocrine system.

b

Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce a. dopamine. b. acetylcholine. c. epinephrine. d. endorphins. e. glutamate.

b

An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are a. DNA. b. self-regulating. c. chromosomes. d. protein molecules. e. evolving.

b

An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods a. have hindered human reproduction. b. are genetically predisposed. c. correlate to climate conditions. d. vary widely across cultures. e. are not passed genetically to children.

b

An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures. a. glutamate b. GABA c. serotonin d. ACh e. dopamine

b

Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either a. nature or nurture. b. active or inactive. c. identical or fraternal. d. chromosomes or genomes. e. sperm or eggs.

b

Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of a. heritability. b. selective mating. c. gene splicing. d. hormone injections. e. training.

b

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that a. more people are biologically predisposed to fear guns than to fear snakes. b. children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their stepfathers. c. people are the most romantically attracted to those who are the most genetically dissimilar to themselves. d. genetic predispositions have little effect on our social relationships. e. environmental influences are more deterministic than genetic influences.

b

If primed with the flashed word foot, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word heel. If primed with foot, cry, and glass, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word cut. a. right hemisphere; left hemisphere b. left hemisphere; right hemisphere c. cerebellum; brainstem d. left hemisphere; left hemisphere e. sensory cortex; speech cortex

b

Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. action potentials

b

Neural networks refer to a. the branching extensions of a neuron. b. interconnected clusters of neurons in the central nervous system. c. neural cables containing many axons. d. junctions between sending and receiving neurons. e. neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

b

Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the a. sensory cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. cerebellum. d. medulla. e. amygdala.

b

Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following? a. More neurotransmitters are released when the lips are touched. b. A larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips. c. The dendrites connected to the lips are especially sensitive. d. The medulla routes impulses from the lips directly to our brainstem. e. Our lips are directly connected to the sensory cortex, but our knees are not.

b

Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote a. phrenology. b. neurogenesis. c. hemispherectomy. d. reward deficiency syndrome. e. plasticity.

b

Professor Archibald suggests that men are more likely than women to initiate recreational sex because this has historically served to be a more successful reproductive strategy for men than for women. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n) ________ theory. a. social learning b. evolutionary c. behaviorist d. Freudian e. cognitive

b

Research suggests that young men prefer older women, mid-twenties men prefer women their own age, and older men prefer younger women. Based on this finding, evolutionary psychologists suggest that men a. view sex as being more relational. b. are attracted to women with peak fertility. c. prefer mates who are interested in long-term relationships. d. have a higher threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual. e. are less concerned with sending their genes into the future.

b

Researchers found that women rated men higher as potential long-term mates when they spent more time looking at baby pictures. This finding suggests that a. women are drawn to youthful, healthy appearing men. b. women prefer men who express interest in caring for joint offspring. c. men approach sex as being more relational. d. women have a lower threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual. e. men are less attracted to women who are likely to reproduce.

b

Teaching a patient to regain the use of an impaired limb by limiting his or her use of the good limb is called a. functioning magnetic resonance imaging. b. constraint-induced therapy. c. neural prosthetics. d. phrenology. e. cognitive neuroscience.

b

The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n) a. EEG. b. MRI. c. PET scan. d. brain lesion. e. X-ray.

b

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the a. action potential. b. spinal cord. c. resting potential. d. endocrine system. e. neurotransmitters.

b

The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called a. neurogenesis. b. lateralization. c. hemispherectomy. d. plasticity. e. reticular formation.

b

The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be the a. dendrite. b. axon. c. cell body. d. synapse. e. neurotransmitter

b

The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the a. reflex. b. threshold. c. synapse. d. action potential. e. refractory period.

b

The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________. a. hearing; speaking b. sensing touch; seeing c. sensing pleasure; sensing pain d. tasting; smelling e. speaking; seeing

b

The selective permeability of a neural membrane creates a(n) a. myelin sheath. b. resting potential. c. neural network. d. reuptake. e. dendrite.

b

When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. sensorimotor e. central

b

When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is a. depression. b. muscular paralysis. c. aggression. d. schizophrenia. e. euphoria.

b

Which brain area is primarily involved with reading aloud? a. sensory cortex b. angular gyrus c. association areas d. reticular formation e. hypothalamus

b

empiricism

bacon

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of

behavior and mental processes.

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ___________perspective.

behavioral

The autonomic nervous system most direcly controls

bladder contractions

Reticular formation is in the

brain stem

Which region of the brain appears to have the oldest evolutionary history?

brainstem

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionary oldest to newest is

brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex.

case study

but can have atypical cases

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the a. synapse. b. agonist. c. action potential. d. myelin sheath. e. refractory period.

c

A failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to the a. amygdala. b. hypothalamus. c. right hemisphere. d. sympathetic nervous system. e. left hemisphere.

c

A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple a. endocrine glands. b. endorphin agonists. c. neural networks. d. endorphin antagonists. e. thresholds.

c

A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n) a. humanist. b. evolutionary psychologist. c. behavior geneticist. d. social psychologist. e. behaviorist.

c

An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the a. angular gyrus. b. hypothalamus. c. motor cortex. d. reticular formation. e. frontal association area.

c

Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to a. evolutionary psychologists. b. humanistic psychologists. c. behavior geneticists. d. Freudian psychologists. e. psychometricians.

c

By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustrates a. neurogenesis. b. constraint-induced therapy. c. neural prosthetics. d. magnetic resonance imaging. e. hemispheric specialization.

c

For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles. a. interneurons b. agonists c. motor neurons d. sensory neurons e. the autonomic nervous system

c

Heritability refers to the extent to which a. unrelated individuals share common genes. b. genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring. c. trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations. d. adult personality is determined by infant personality. e. nurture controls a trait rather than nature.

c

How do evolutionary psychologists explain why pregnant women from cultures across the world tend to avoid bitter, strongly flavored foods? a. Most cultures educate women about the dangers of certain foods on a developing fetus. b. Women and men have genetic differences in taste preferences. c. Bitter tastes can be an indication of foods toxic toward a developing baby, so this preference developed through natural selection. d. Pregnant women tend to associate with one another and they acquire similar food preferences through social conformity. e. Historical preferences toward or against certain tastes tend to change as cultures change.

c

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is a. inhibited by the myelin sheath. b. delayed by the refractory period. c. an all-or-none response. d. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. e. primarily electrical rather than chemical.

c

Mamie is terrified of spiders. She tells her best friend, "Everybody in my family is afraid of spiders, so it must be genetic. " Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Mamie should a. reduce her experiences with spiders to her immediate sensations and feelings. b. focus on possible unconscious motivations for her fears. c. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on fear. d. examine how fear is adaptive and has contributed to her ancestors' survival. e. explore how her perceptions affect her fear of spiders.

c

Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an a. oversupply of GABA. b. undersupply of serotonin. c. oversupply of glutamate. d. undersupply of acetylcholine. e. oversupply of norepinepherine.

c

Molecular behavior geneticists seek links between __________ and specific disorders. a. chromosomes b. proteins c. genes d. environment e. behavior

c

Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the a. dendrites. b. cell body. c. axon. d. myelin sheath. e. synapse.

c

One function of the glial cells is to a. control heartbeat and breathing. b. mimic the effects of neurotransmitters. c. provide nutrients to interneurons. d. stimulate the production of hormones. e. control the muscle movements involved in speech.

c

Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as a. acetylcholine. b. serotonin. c. endorphins. d. dopamine. e. epinephrine.

c

Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called? a. plasticity b. reuptake c. neurogenesis d. reticular formation e. myelin cells

c

Research into dual processing provides partial evidence for levels of consciousness similar to the levels first described by which psychologist? a. B. F. Skinner b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud d. Mary Calkins e. Edward Titchener

c

Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of a. endorphins. b. hormones. c. synaptic gaps. d. interneurons. e. neural networks.

c

Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut. a. hippocampus b. limbic system c. corpus callosum d. sensory cortex e. reticular formation

c

The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the a. limbic system. b. corpus callosum. c. cerebellum. d. reticular formation. e. thalamus.

c

The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut. a. angular gyrus b. reticular formation c. corpus callosum d. motor cortex e. sensory cortex

c

The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area? a. motor cortex b. amygdala c. temporal lobes d. hypothalamus e. sensory cortex

c

The axon of a resting neuron has gates that do not allow positive sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane. What is this characteristic called? a. myelin sheath b. threshold c. selective permeability d. action potential e. parasympathetic nervous system

c

The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called a. neurotransmitters. b. interneurons. c. hormones. d. agonists. e. antagonists.

c

The genome is the complete a. collection of sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes. b. range of traits that contribute to reproductive success. c. set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes. d. set of interactions between genes and environments. e. collection of genetic and hormonal influences on behavior.

c

The master gland of the endocrine system is the a. thyroid gland. b. adrenal gland. c. pituitary gland. d. pancreas. e. hypothalamus.

c

The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to a. motor neurons. b. neurotransmitters. c. interneurons. d. the sympathetic nervous system. e. the parasympathetic nervous system.

c

The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as a. self-regulation. b. behavior genetics. c. natural selection. d. heritability. e. nurture.

c

The unique personalities of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture. a. mutation b. evolution c. interaction d. heritability e. independence

c

Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as a. dopamine. b. epinephrine. c. acetylcholine. d. insulin. e. endorphin.

c

Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by a. hormones. b. nurture. c. heredity. d. natural selection. e. environment.

c

When people discuss the "nature vs. nurture" controversy, Nature refers to ________ and Nurture refers to ________. a. genes; heredity b. chromosomes; genetics c. biology; environment d. DNA; hormones e. thinking; behavior

c

Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language? a. Speech is such an important function of the brain that the right temporal lobe is devoted to it. b. Speech is primarily controlled in the occipital lobes, although association areas in the parietal lobes are also involved. c. Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed by different parts of the brain. d. Men and women process speech in different parts of the brain, determined primarily by genetics and early environmental conditions. e. The brainstem processes the basic parts of speech and communicates with the frontal lobe's motor cortex.

c

Which of the following describes evidence for the brain's dual-processing ability? a. The right occipital lobe perceives stimuli from our left visual field. b. The corpus callosum allows impulses to travel between the two hemispheres. c. The brainstem keeps our heart beating while the cerebral cortex maintains awareness of the outside world. d. The amygdala shares responsibility for some basic emotions with the hypothalamus and endocrine system. e. The cerebral cortex is divided into two sets of lobes on each hemisphere.

c

Which of the following fictional research findings is the best evidence against the idea that "biology is destiny"? a. Early humans gradually developed aversions to bitter-tasting foods because many poisons were bitter. b. Babies are born with the ability to turn away from frightening stimuli. c. Cognitive therapy can help people change unwanted personality traits. d. Testosterone levels are associated with incarceration rates. e. Women have larger and more active brain structures than men.

c

Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo? a. temporal lobes b. parietal lobes c. occipital lobes d. frontal lobes e. association areas

c

Which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors? a. behaviorist b. psychotherapist c. biological psychologist d. cognitive psychologist e. psychometrician

c

Who believed that bumps on the skull reveal mental abilities and character traits? a. Sir Charles Sherrington b. Stephen Kasslyn c. Franz Gall d. Candace Pert e. Solomon Snyder

c

A study of an individual may mislead us if the individual is atypical. This expresses a limitation of the _____ method of descriptive research.

case study

Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

case study

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. It is most probable that she has suffered damage to her

cerebellum

the part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement and enables nonverbal learning and memory is the

cerebellum

Which area of psychology is most concerned with understanding the internal works of the the "mind" such as memory and thoughts?

cognitive

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades

correlation coefficient

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that the self-esteem of students is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety Mr. Brown shoudl first be reminded that

correlation does not prove causation

When Leanne heard about experimental evidence that orange juice consumption triggers hyperactivity in children she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction best illustrates

critical thinking

A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue. a. electrical stimulation b. X-ray photography c. radioactive bombardment d. destruction e. development

d

A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to a. use her left hand to point to a picture of a dog. b. verbally report that she saw a dog. c. use her left hand to point to a picture of a boy. d. verbally report that she saw a boy. e. communicate that she saw a picture of a boy with a dog.

d

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) a. neural network. b. action potential. c. neurotransmitter. d. reflex. e. threshold.

d

A synapse is a(n) a. chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions. b. automatic response to sensory input. c. neural network. d. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron. e. neural cable containing many axons.

d

After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates a. phrenology. b. aphasia. c. hemispherectomy. d. plasticity. e. tomography.

d

After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his a. cerebellum. b. thalamus. c. hypothalamus. d. association areas. e. autonomic nervous system.

d

At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the a. pancreas. b. thyroid. c. adrenal gland. d. pituitary gland. e. myelin.

d

Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are a. less likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion. b. more likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion. c. more likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion. d. less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion. e. less likely to be the same sex and equally likely to be similar in extraversion.

d

Compared with women, men are ________ likely to sacrifice to gain sex and ________ likely to perceive warm responses as a sexual come-on. a. less; more b. more; less c. not; less d. more; more e. not; more

d

Consciousness is a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. b. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. c. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory. d. our awareness of ourselves and our environment. e. brain waves that indicate we are not reacting to a stimulus.

d

Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human a. naturalistic observation. b. genetic mutations. c. behavior correlations. d. reproductive success. e. prenatal development.

d

Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that women prefer monogamy and men promiscuity in ensuring the survival of their genetic material. However, monogamous relationships can also be explained using an evolutionary perspective. This best illustrates which of the following criticisms of evolutionary psychology? a. Evolutionary psychology justifies traditional sexist attitudes. b. Evolutionary psychology undercuts moral responsibility for human behavior. c. Evolutionary psychology is based on a fatal flaw; just because a trait exists it doesn't mean it is adaptive. d. Evolutionary psychology works backward to propose an explanation; thus, any behavior can be explained. e. Evolutionary psychology assumes that human behavior has been stable long enough for it to evolve.

d

Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that men will marry women who are ________ than they are. a. less wealthy b. less physically attractive c. more sexually experienced d. younger e. more aggressive toward sexual rivals

d

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. humanism. b. behaviorism. c. naturalistic observation. d. natural selection. e. genome mapping.

d

In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called "Tan." He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production? a. angular gyrus b. left temporal lobe c. sensory cortex d. left frontal lobe e. auditory cortex

d

In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain? a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. computed tomography (CT ) c. electroencephalogram (EEG) d. functional MRI (fMRI) e. lesion

d

Many genes respond to environmental conditions, reacting to different environmental contexts in different ways. This characteristic of genes is called what? a. chromosomes b. genotype c. heritability d. self-regulation e. evolution

d

People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple a. ACh agonists. b. dendrites. c. endorphins. d. neural networks. e. ACh antagonists.

d

Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take place? a. axon b. cell body c. myelin sheath d. synapse e. hormones

d

Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________. a. adrenal gland; pituitary gland b. sensory neuron; motor neuron c. temporal lobe; occipital lobe d. polarization; depolarization e. dendrite; axon

d

Reuptake refers to the a. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. b. release of hormones into the bloodstream. c. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. e. the ending of the refractory period.

d

Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to a. become violently aggressive. b. cower in fear. c. experience convulsive seizures. d. lapse into a coma. e. become sexually preoccupied.

d

Someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure? a. left hemisphere b. thalamus c. reticular formation d. right hemisphere e. medulla

d

Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n) a. endorphin. b. EEG. c. synapse. d. lesion. e. MRI.

d

The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the a. circulatory system. b. threshold. c. action potential. d. nervous system. e. endocrine system.

d

The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as a. interneurons. b. Broca's area. c. frontal lobes. d. association areas. e. parietal lobes.

d

The diversity of human traits is enabled by our shared a. individualism. b. chromosomes. c. natural selection. d. adaptive capacity. e. genome.

d

The information carried in a gene is expressed as a. the genome. b. DNA. c. a chromosome. d. a protein. e. a cell.

d

The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the a. dendrite. b. synapse. c. association area. d. axon. e. cell body.

d

The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the a. limbic system. b. sensory cortex. c. reticular formation. d. association areas. e. sympathetic nervous system.

d

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is a. limbic system; brainstem; cerebral cortex. b. brainstem; cerebral cortex; limbic system. c. limbic system; cerebral cortex; brainstem. d. brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex. e. cerebral cortex; brainstem; limbic system.

d

The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the a. thresholds. b. dendrites. c. endocrine gland. d. myelin sheath. e. pituitary gland.

d

The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the a. cerebellum. b. corpus callosum. c. reticular formation. d. cerebral cortex. e. sensory cortex.

d

The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. b. ACh. c. GABA. d. dopamine. e. acetylcholine.

d

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's a. reticular formation. b. cerebellum. c. medulla. d. amygdala. e. thalamus.

d

When the "Jim twins," identical twins separated at birth, were reunited 38 years later, surprising similarities were discovered. Although they had married women of the same name, named their sons and dogs the same names, one should be cautious before attributing these similarities to genetic factors because a. most twin studies have not been replicated. b. the Jim twins were raised in completely different environments. c. many fraternal twins show greater psychological differences. d. any two strangers are likely to share coincidental similarities. e. genes influence physical not psychological characteristics.

d

When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation? a. somatic b. parasympathetic c. central d. sympathetic e. sensorimotor

d

Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech? a. sensory cortex b. angular gyrus c. association areas d. Broca's area e. hypothalamus

d

Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. pons d. thalamus e. medulla.

d

Which endocrine gland regulates body growth? a. parathyroid b. adrenal c. thyroid d. pituitary e. pancreas

d

Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech? a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. computed tomography (CT ) c. electroencephalogram (EEG) d. positron emission tomography (PET) e. lesion

d

Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, "I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class." Because of your background in psychology, your best response should be a. "It's been known since Aristotle's time that the brain is the center of intelligence and thought." b. "Phrenologists established the importance of studying the physical brain to understand mental abilities." c. "Science has demonstrated that Plato's belief in the heart as the origin of emotion is correct." d. "Everything psychological is simultaneously biological." e. "Being able to name the parts of the brain helps us understand the basis of behavior."

d

According to terror-management theory, people enhance their self-esteem in order to defend themselves from fear of their own

death.

The term operationalize means to

define variables clearly

Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with

depression

Who most clearly emphasized that the immaterial mind was distinct from the body?

descartes

animal spirits

descartes

mind body

descartes

A correlation coefficient is a measure of the

direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.

In drug-treatment studies

double-blind procedures minimizes outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to, placebo effect

After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty a. experiencing intense emotions. b. reading printed words. c. understanding what others are saying. d. tasting the flavors of foods. e. playing his guitar.

e

Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements? a. hypothalamus b. reticular formation c. thalamus d. amygdala e. cerebellum

e

If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates a. mutation. b. psychopathology. c. behavior genetics. d. environment. e. natural selection.

e

Natural selection acts on a. proteins. b. cells. c. individuals. d. siblings. e. populations

e

Stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system. a. somatic; autonomic b. autonomic; somatic c. central; peripheral d. sympathetic; parasympathetic e. parasympathetic; sympathetic

e

The association areas are located in the a. spinal cord. b. brainstem. c. thalamus. d. limbic system. e. cerebral cortex.

e

The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the a. reticular formation. b. medulla. c. sensory areas. d. cerebellum. e. association areas.

e

Thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones. These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain region influences the endocrine system? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. thalamus d. reticular formation e. hypothalamus

e

When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka is now a successful high school student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of a. aphasia. b. reuptake. c. phrenology. d. tomography. e. plasticity.

e

Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question "What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?" a. amygdala b. reticular formation c. brainstem d. left hemisphere e. right hemisphere

e

Which psychological perspective most directly addresses questions about the relative influences of nature and nurture? a. behavioral perspective b. humanistic perspective c. psychopharmacology d. cognitive perspective e. biopsychosocial perspective

e

Which statement best reflects current psychology's understanding of the relationship between nature and nurture? a. nature versus nurture b. nature or nurture c. nature alone d. nurture alone e. nature via nurture

e

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the a. amygdala. b. hippocampus. c. angular gyrus. d. corpus callosum. e. medulla.

e

Association areas

enable us to recognize people;

Natural, opiatlike neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called

endorphins

The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to

exaggerate the extent to which others agree with us

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events

most control

experiment

In order to provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment

experimenters make use of a or an, control condition

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investors to

explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

go study

false consensus, behavior psych

Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to

fixation

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgements?

frontal lobe

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgements?

frontal lobes

22. Judging and planning are enabled by the

frontal lobes.

inferential statistics is used to

generalize to pop

Random samples provide _____ estimates of population averages if the samples have small _____.

good, standard deviations

Professor Smith told once class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information illustrates the power of

hindisght bias

After the horror of 9/11 many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. The perception most clearly illustrates

hindsight bias

3 errors in thinking

hindsight bias, overconfidence, tendency to see patterns

Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and the

hippocampus

Of the following approaches to psychology, which area would be most concerned with the idea that people strive towards self-actualization?

humanistic

The approach of personality championed by Carl Rogers is called

humanistic

Some historians of science believe that three attitudes--curiosity, _____, and skepticism--helped make modern science possible.

humility

Dr. Clark published an article on teen parenting behaviors that demonstrated teen parents tend to develop insecure attachments with male infants but not female infants. However, three subsequent studies by other psychologists failed to confirm these results. After reading these other studies, Dr. Clark redid her study, found an error, and then decided to publish a retraction of her original results. She is demonstrating _____, which is one of the three main components of the scientific attitude. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

humiltiy

The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the

hypothalamus

he initial reward center discovered by Olds and Milner was located in the

hypothalamus

In Freud's theory of personality, the ______________________ is the seat of impulses

id

One must always keep in mind that when one sees random coincidences, they are truly random and not correlated. In other words, one does not want to engage in _____ correlations.

illusory

Information travels from the spinal cord to brain via

interneurons.

The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called

introspection

Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by

irritability.

functionalism

james

A synapse is a or an

junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron.

Split brain visual fields

left and right, see or point

The three principles that affect reliability include having a representative sample, _____observations, and many cases.

less variable

Which of the following body regions has the greatest representation in the somatosensory cortex?

lips

Damage to the brain's right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person's ability to

make inferences

The ___________ is a measure of __________________.

median; central tendency

The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the

medulla

Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the

medulla.

nurture

monists, aristotle

f test

more than 2 groups

f test

more than two groups

If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely

move your left elg

Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as

naturalistic observation

Which research technique is most directly useful for describing a behavior rather than explaining it?

naturalistic observation

Which of the following chemical messengers is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?

neoorepinephrine

A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple

neural networks.

The chemical messengers released into the spatial junctions between neurons are called

neurotransmitters.

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

observable responses

t test

only 2 groups

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)

operational definition.

A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n

operational defintion

. Endorphins are released in the brain in response to

pain or vigorous exercise.

When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams

people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates, overconfidence

At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the

pituitary gland.

In drug-treatment studies double-blind procedures minimizes outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to

placebo effect

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank nonalchoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalchoholic drink was a

placebo.

The capacity of one brain area to take over the functions of another damaged brain area is known as brain

plasticity

nature

plato, socrates, dualism, descartes

The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)

population

Information that is not immediately available but could be if we wanted to call it to the mind is in the _______________________ level of consciousness

preconscious

Hypotheses are best described as

predictions

left hemisphere and right hemisphere

processes language and right side of the body, right hemisphere processes left side of the body.

Studies of people with split brains and brain scans of those with undivided brains indicate that the left hemisphere excels in

processing language.

In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used _______________ test

projection

Free association is central to the process of

psychoanalysis.

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) _________________ perspective

psychodynamic

In stressful situations, the sympathetic nervous system _____________ blood sugar levels and ____________the pupils of the eyes

raises; dilates

Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population

random sampling

Which research technique is most directly useful for avoiding the thinking error known as the false consensus effect

random sampling

Bryce often acts so daring and overly confident that few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as

reaction formation

Whilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

reactions to sensory stimulation

Motor neurons

relay messages to muscles

Thalamus

relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex;

Replication involves

repeating an earlier research study.

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat depression. The results of the company's studies indicate that the medication significantly reduces symptoms of depression in 90 percent of people diagnosed with depression. However, _____ of these studies is required before these findings can be accepted.

replication

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of

repression

In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills

research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of, an experiment

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression

researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. In order to reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of, random assignment

. The lower brain structure that governs arousal is the

reticular formation

Dr. Petrie administers surveys to 15 migrants from Somalia who reside in Minnesota. Dr. Petrie is interested in their immigration experiences. After examining the survey answers, Dr. Petrie concludes that all immigrants in Minnesota have experienced racism and discrimination since coming to the United States. What are some problems with this study?

sample size and selection bias

When trying to interpret a bar graph, do not be misled. Make sure to check the _____ and note their _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

scale labels, range

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate

self-actualization.

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of

self-determination

The peripheral nervous system consists of

sensory and motor neurons.

The thalamus functions as a

sensory control center

If we reject our null hypothesis we can say our results are

significan

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption

some participants drank nonalchoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalchoholic drink was a, placebo

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin will thereby increase the concentration of serotonin molecules in the

synaptic gaps

A confounding variable is one that causes

systematic variation

Which brain structure conveys information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

thalamus

Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?

thalamus

During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told that "you often worry about things much more than you admit, eve to your best friends." Mark's amazement at the psychic's apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates

the Barnum effect.

A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called

the Oedipus complex

A boy's sexual desire for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called

the Oedipus complex.

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of

the double blind procedure

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of

the double-blind procedure

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that is most directly associated with the degeneration of

the myelin sheath.

Two issues have emerged in the debate on using animals in research. Which of the following is one of them?

the proper way to protect animals being used in research

(n) _____ is an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

theory

Research on the elderly has shown that

they grow increasingly fearful of death.

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are

this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are, negatively correlated

In a group of five individuals

two report annual incomes of $10000, and the other three report incomes of $14000 $15000 and $31000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual income is, 10000

Carl Rogers emphasized that a positive self-concept is promoted by

unconditional positive regard

According to Freud, you memory of your own birth would be at what level of consciousness?

unconscious

Information that is not available to conscious awareness because it would be too damaging is in the _________________ level of consciousness

unconscious

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on

unconscious conflicts

A nuisance variable is one that causes

unsystematic variation

A negative correlation typically means

variables are related inversely

According to Professor Fayad

we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of, a theory

Jaydon doesn't realize that his alcohol abuse and neglect of his family is leading to the destruction of both family and career. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Jaydon show signs of a

weak ego.

Although Alex has frequently been caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about robbing these people. Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n)

weak superego

Regarding a neuron's response to stimulation, the intensity of the stimulus determines

whether or not an impulse is generated.

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of

wording effects

Plasticity is especially evident in the brains of

young kids