AP psych test 3

Which of the following statements concerning sleep is valid?

Individuals do not typically act out their dreams.

In adult humans, which of the following is typically true of REM sleep?

It is correlated with dreaming.

People who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called

selective attention

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates

top-down processing

REM sleep, generally an "active" state of sleep, is accompanied by which of the following paradoxical characteristics?

Lowered muscle tone

Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the

inner ear

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

medulla

Convergence is a binocular depth cue that is based on the

muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward

When a person is suffering from severe pain, the type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain is

an opiate

When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the retina generate neural signals that then activate the

bipolar cells

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires

selective attention

Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition?

Dizziness and loss of balance

Individuals do not typically act out their dreams.

A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours

Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?

A cycle of biological functioning that lasts about 25 hours

All summer Thomas hears the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the following?

A lower absolute threshold for hearing than Oscar

Sally says that her dream about going to a circus is just her brain attempting to make sense of random stimulation from the brain stem. Sally's explanation is consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?

Activation-synthesis

Which of the following supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Afterimages

A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question ?

Alcohol

Caffeine and nicotine are in the same class as which of the following drugs?

Cocaine

Which of the following psychoactive drugs increases nervous system activity?

Cocaine

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of the kinesthetic sense?

Damage to the cerebellum

In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug?

Depressant

The brain's ability to adapt after it is damaged is known as

plasticity

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called

transduction

Which of the following explains transduction?

The process by which sensory stimuli are converted into neural signals

Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage?

Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure

Which of the following is the best example of the opponent process theory?

Fred stares at a green book for a minute, and then when he looks at a white page, he sees the color red.

Malia is 10 years of age, and her grandmother, Anna Rosa, is 60 years old. Which statement is likely to be true concerning their sleep patterns?

Anna Rosa sleeps fewer hours per day than Malia does.

Which of the following structures is part of the vestibular system?

B

Brain damage that leaves a person capable of understanding speech but with an impaired ability to produce speech most likely indicates injury to which of the following?

Broca's area

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli?

Difference threshold

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms?

Difficulty with speech production

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

Dopamine

Jeff lives in the United States, and he recently flew to Spain. Even after sleeping for several hours on the flight, he still felt lethargic for a few days. If Jeff has not caught an illness, which of the following is the most likely explanation for his physical response?

His circadian rhythm has been disrupted.

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of alcohol on human functioning?

It depresses the central nervous system.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect?

Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?

Narcolepsy

Which of the following phenomena can the opponent-process theory of color vision explain that the trichromatic theory cannot?

Negative afterimages

Beth received a hemispherectomy to treat a seizure disorder when she was two years old. However, by the time she was five years old, her cognitive abilities were the same as those of a neurotypical five year old. Which of the following best explains her abilities?

Neuroplasticity

Which of the following are involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Photoreceptors, hypothalamus, pineal gland

Which of the following brain regions is indicated by the arrow?

Pons

Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?

Reticular formation

Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision?

Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve

Hearing the word "ocean" makes Alice think of waves, surfboards, bathing suits, sharks, swimmers, boats, and the beach. The associations she has to the word "ocean" represent which of the following concepts?

Schema

Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone?

Selective attention

John walks into art class and is overwhelmed by the smell of paint. However, the longer he stays in the room, the less noticeable the smell becomes. Which of the following appears to be operating in this instance?

Sensory adaptation

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste?

Sensory interaction

A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient's sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms?

Sleep apnea

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

Sleep apnea

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as

a circadian rhythm

Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as

a depressant

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

accommodation

Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a useful device for

gaining insight into unconscious motives

When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the

hippocampus

Sleep paralysis typically occurs in people who are

in REM sleep

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the

red-green system

Balance is influenced by the

semicircular canals

On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of

sensory adaptation

A reason that one typically does not notice a blind spot in the visual field is that

the brain fills in missing information so there is no awareness that the visual field is incomplete

Negative afterimages are explained by

the opponent-process theory

Getting a headache from not having a morning coffee after substantial daily coffee consumption for several months is most likely due to

withdrawal

The painful experience associated with termination of the use of an addictive substance is known as

withdrawal

A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is

reduced inhibition

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense?

Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

Which of the following terms refers to the brain's ability to physically change over time in reaction to experiences?

Neuroplasticity

Which of the following characteristics is generally associated with the use of hallucinogens?

The experience of vivid, distorted images that are not based on sensory input

Sara had an argument with her coworker, Adam. That night, Sara had a dream that she was shopping at a mall and Adam was in every store in which she shopped. A psychoanalyst would say that Adam's being at the mall in her dream was an example of which of the following?

The manifest content

Which of the following is an explanation of why travelers suffer from jet lag?

There is a disruption in their circadian rhythm.

Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses?

Transduction

Dizziness is most closely associated with which of the following senses?

Vestibular

Consistent with the concept of neural plasticity, neurons in mammals have been found to change the way they function as a result of repeated stimulation by doing which of the following?

Growing new dendritic spines

John moves to a new job in a large urban area. For the first few days, John is continuously distracted by the sounds of traffic and street noise. By the end of the first week, John barely notices the sounds of the city. Which of the following has occurred?

Habituation

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following?

Gate-control theory

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain?

Wernicke's area

The explanation that holds that dreams are merely the brain's attempt to make sense of meaningless patterns of brain activity during sleep is called the

activation-synthesis theory

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's

difference threshold

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of

figure-ground

Lucid dreaming occurs when people

have dreams in which they are aware that they are dreaming