ap psych unit 3

the gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as a whole is called

closure

fluid-filled tube in inner ear

cochlea

hearing receptors are the

cochlear hairs in inner ear

even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example?

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

color constancy

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

conduction hearing loss

people who are color blind most likely have deficiencies in their

cones

Body movement- vestibular sense receptors are

hairlike receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

parallel processing

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

binocular cues

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, no receptor cells are there

blind spot

starts at the sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing (construct a whole from its parts)

bottom-up processing

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

cochlear implant

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

cones

which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision

cones

perceiving smooth, continuous patterns, rather than discontinuous ones

continuity

where does light enter the eye

cornea

eleanor gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive..

depth

the ability to see objects in three dimensions, allows us to judge distance

depth perception

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's

difference threshold

a subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that

falls below the threshold for conscious detection

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus

feature detectors

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

figure-ground

central focus point in the retina

fovea

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

frequency

the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

frequency theory

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

gate-control theory

an organized, whole, word founded by Germans

gestalt

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is

green

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into inherent groups

grouping

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

inner ear

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude

intensity

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

iris

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high?

it has a short wavelength and high frequency

system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

kinesthesia

why are people colorblind

lack red/green cones

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

lens

illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

phi phenomenon

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

pitch

the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

place theory

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

prime

grouping nearby figures together

proximity

relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and psychological experience of them

psychometrics

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

pupil

amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

relative luminance

In vision, transduction occurs within the

retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye

retina

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. greater disparity, the closer the object

retinal disparity

which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception

retinal disparity

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray

rods

vision receptors are the

rods and cones in the retina

which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina?

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy crowded room is called

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

selective attention

Balance is influenced by the

semicircular canals

receptors detect info

sensation

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

sensorineural hearing loss

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of

size constancy

touch receptors are

skin detecting pressure/warmth/pain

gustatory receptors are sensitive to all the following taste qualities EXCEPT

spicy

luis constructed a flip-book with 30 dif still images of a cartoon cat. when luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. which of the following concepts does the example illustrate?

stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

subliminal

ringing-in-ears sensation in deaf people

tinnitus

taste receptors are

tongue

constructs perceptions from the sensory input by drawing on our experience and expectations

top-down processing

people listening to rock music played backwards often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. that phenomenon best illustrates

top-down processing

conversion of one form of energy into another that your brain can use

transduction

the general function of the bones in the middle ear is to

transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

vestibular sense

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

visual cliff

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

wavelength

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

weber's law

which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense

cerebellum

failing to notice changes in the environment

change blindness

trying to defend a choice b/c you made it

choice blindness

low frequency and low pitch

long waves

theory that the retina contains 3 dif color receptors and when stimulated in combination can produce perception of any color

Young-Helmholtz theory

smallest detectable level of stimulus

absolute threshold

the change in the curvature of the lends that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called

accommodation

what determines loudness of a sound

amplitude of soundwave

absolute threshold percent is

at least 50%

the sense or act of hearing

audition

which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense

being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body

how do we hear

bone and air conduction

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli?

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time

difference threshold

ranges from short gamma rays to narrow band we see as visible light

electromagnetic spectrum

Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

embodied cognition

which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular

who discovered afterimages

ewald hering

Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty?

her cones cannot detect color well in dim light

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

hue

smell receptors are

in nasal cavity

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

inattentional blindness

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

middle ear

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

monocular cues

detects hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals

nociceptors

Negative afterimages are explained by

opponent-process theory

theory that opponent retinal processes enable color vision

opponent-process theory

which nerve carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

optic nerve

organizing and interpreting sensory information

perception

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

perceptual adaption

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

perceptual constancy

after his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, william found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. what concept is william demonstrating?

perceptual set

when the brain misinterprets the spontaneous central nervous system activity that occurs in absence of norm sensory input

phantom limb sensation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

sensory adaptation

principal that one sense might influence another

sensory interaction

perceiving the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinas receive changing images of them

shape consistancy

high frequency and high pitch

short waves

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background noise

signal detection theory

perceiving objects as having constant size, even while our distance from them varies

size consistancy

research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people

switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention

what recognizes faces

temporal lobes and hippocampus

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal?

the eardum

julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound?

the sound has a high-amplitude sound wave