AP Psych Unit 5

stage 3 sleep

- deep sleep begins - brain begins to generate slow delta waves

effects of lack of sleep

- inability to concentrate - paranoia - hallucinations - moody - hormonal imbalance - illness

stage 1 sleep

- light sleep - muscle activity slows down - occasional muscle twitching - falling dreams because brain is falling asleep - happens when you first fall asleep

suprachiasmatic nucleus

- located in hypothalamus - reacts to sunlight and darkness - when it gets dark, more melatonin is produced to make you sleep

hallucinogens

- lsd, marijuana - alters sense of what's real and what isn't

what do adenosine and melatonin do?

- make breathing and heart rate decrease - muscles relax - help body sleep

stimulants

- nicotine -caffeine - cocaine - amphetamine - methamphetamine - ecstasy

stage 4 sleep

- once you get to this stage, you climb back up - very deep sleep begins - rhythmic breathing - limited muscle activity - brain produces delta waves - night terrors happen in this sleep

social influence theory

- person is acting like a "good subject" under hypnotism - subject's thinking is "I'm expected to be hypnotized and do what the hypnotist tells me, so that's what I'll do"

REM

- sleep paralysis happens in this sleep - rapid eye movement - brain waves speed up and dreaming occurs - muscles relax and heart rate increases

stage 2 sleep

- spend majority of sleep in this stage - breathing pattern and heart rate slows - slight decrease in body temperature

sleep apnea

- stop breathing when you're sleeping - more likely to have strokes or heart attacks

depressants

- suppress or depress central nervous system - alcohol, tranquilizers, opiates - xanax relieves anxiety when used appropriately - opiates= heroin, morphine, fetanol

latent content

- underlying meaning of a dream - our subconscious drives that would be problematic if acted out in real life

physiological responses to ending drug usage

- withdrawal - anxiety - vomiting - shaking - sweats - trouble breathing

what percentage of dreams have something negative in them?

80%

Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of: A) age regression. B) temporal dissociation. C) REM rebound. D) the hidden observer. E) hypnagogic sensations.

A) age regression.

Teresa sleeps 16 hours a day and about half of that time is spent in REM sleep. From this information it is most likely that Teresa is A) an infant. B) forty years old. C) addicted to heroin. D) an opiate user. E) ninety years old.

A) an infant.

Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, sleep spindles begin to appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Ryan A) has just entered Stage 2 sleep B) has just entered Stage 1 sleep C) has just entered Stage 3 sleep D) is currently in REM sleep E) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy

A) has just entered Stage 2 sleep

REM sleep is: A) inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills. B) facilitated by alcohol and not effected by sleeping pills. C) facilitated by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills. D) inhibited by alcohol and facilitated by sleeping pills. E) facilitated by alcohol and facilitated by sleeping pills.

A) inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills.

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because: A) we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. B) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. C) we are are sound asleep but conscious of everything going on in our immediate environment. D) our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. E) it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.

B) our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in A) alpha rhythm generation B) resetting circadian rhythms C) inducing sleep D) causing one to awaken E) causing one to dream

B) resetting circadian rhythms

When cocaine is snorted, free-based, or injected, it produces a rush of euphoria by: A) triggering a state of dissociation. B) blocking endorphins C) blocking the reuptake of dopamine. D) depleting the brain's supply of serotonin. E) stimulating the release of excess norepinephrine.

C) blocking the reuptake of dopamine.

In large doses, alcohol is a ________; in small amounts, it is a(n) ________. A) stimulant; inhibitor B) stimulant; stimulant C) depressant; depressant D) stimulant; depressant E) depressant; stimulant

C) depressant; depressant

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep? A) irregular breathing B) high frequency brain waves C) heightened muscle tension D) irregular pulse rate E) dreaming

C) heightened muscle tension

The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during: A) Stage 2 sleep. B) light sleep. C) slow-wave sleep. D) paradoxical sleep. E) Stage 1 sleep.

C) slow-wave sleep.

Compared to when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds: A) spend more time in paradoxical sleep. B) complete the sleep cycle more slowly. C) spend less time in deep sleep. D) spend less time in Stage 1 sleep. E) spend more time in deep sleep.

C) spend less time in deep sleep.

At 1:00 am, Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of: A) REM sleep. B) alpha waves. C) Stage 1 sleep. D) delta waves. E) sleep spindles.

D) delta waves.

Fred, Barney, George, and Bart are ten years old, and each suffers from a different sleep disorder. Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep, during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile. Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else), while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams. Bart has nightmares (not night terrors). Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms? A) Fred and George B) Fred C) Bart D) George E) Barney

E) Barney

Which instruments are used to monitor sleep in the laboratory? A) EEG, EOG, PET B) EOG, MRI, EMG C) EEG, EOG, ECG D) EMG, PET, ECG E) EEG, EMG, EOG

E) EEG, EMG, EOG

Jonathan has a terrible dream in which he's being strangled by the tentacles of an octopus. When he wakes up, Jonathan remembers the frightening dream very well and immediately writes about it in his sleep journal. Jonathan appears to be experiencing A) sleep apnea. B) a night terror. C) narcolepsy. D) REM behavior disorder. E) a nightmare.

E) a nightmare.

Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers? A) alcohol B) opiates C) amphetamines D) hallucinogens E) barbiturates

E) barbiturates

Austin Powers travels from California to New York, chasing Dr. Evil across the country. Austin then experiences fatigue, irritability, inattention, and sleeping problems due to the disruption of his ______, which caused ______. A) sleep stages; sleep apnea B) circadian rhythms; sleep apnea C) lucid dreaming; jet lag D) sleep stages; narcolepsy E) circadian rhythms; jet lag

E) circadian rhythms; jet lag

Which of the following is a stimulant drug known as "speed" whose aftereffects may include seizures and periods of disorientation? A) LSD B) heroin C) marijuana D) Ecstasy E) methamphetamine

E) methamphetamine

Stage 2 sleep is to ________ as Stage 4 sleep is to ________. A) alpha waves; rapid eye movements B) delta waves; alpha waves C) alpha waves; sleep spindles D) delta waves; sleep spindles E) sleep spindles; delta waves

E) sleep spindles; delta waves

What did Freud believe about dreams?

They had hidden sexual meanings

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus produce?

adenosine and melatonin (sleep hormones)

lymphatic vessels

clean out our brains daily waste products to help body sleep

tolerance

how much of a substance your body needs in order to feel the effects

divided consciousness theory

hypnosis has caused a split in awareness (dissociation)

narcolepsy

lose consciousness and transfer from an awake state to an REM state out of nowhere

physiological

physical or biological component to addiction

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

psychoactive drugs

substance that affects the way we think or behave

light in the morning hits our retinas and activates our

suprachiasmatic nucleus

psychological

thinking or emotional reaction