AP Psych Unit 7
Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the validity of the Big Five personality traits in describing human personality? A Many companies have embraced testing the Big Five personality traits in order to screen applicants. B The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy. C Low conscientiousness predicts high job performance. D Individuals from some cultures (e.g., the Tsimané, members of a small tribe of hunter-gatherers in the Bolivian lowlands) do not show the typical pattern of results. E The Big Five do not explain all aspects of human personality (e.g., religiosity).
The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy.
Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse? A Id B Ego C Superego D Personal unconscious E Collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome? A Appraisal, stress response, coping B Shock, anger, self-control C Anxiety, fighting, adapting D Alarm, resistance, exhaustion E Attack, flight, defense
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate? A Individuals typically experience a rise in blood pressure when they are afraid or angry. B Most individuals can distinguish between expressions of different basic emotions during the sensorimotor period. C Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures. D Most individuals can identify their own emotional states from their physiological symptoms and the context of their present situation. E Infants and young animals cry when they are hungry.
Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process? A Manny decides that he is overweight and goes on a diet. B Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race. C Bert eats nothing but fruits and grains for a week before a huge holiday dinner. D Edesa stays up later than normal to study for a test. E Lian becomes angry after sitting in traffic for an hour and a half.
Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.
A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following? A Total lack of interest in food B Changes in the taste of food, but no change in the amount eaten C Changes in stomach volume and less-frequent eating D Frequent eating and obesity E Reduced production of fat
Frequent eating and obesity
Dr. Santiago administers a test to a patient in which she asks him to provide an interpretation of a meaningless inkblot on a piece of paper. Several weeks later, she administers the test again and is surprised to find that the results are quite different from the first administration. What type of personality test is Dr. Santiago using, and based on her experience, what level of reliability does it have? A Thematic Apperception Test; low reliability B Thematic Apperception Test; high reliability C Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®); high reliability D The Rorschach test; high reliability E The Rorschach test; low reliability
The Rorschach test; low reliability
In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following? A The changing and temporary nature of human characteristics B The role of current environmental conditions in controlling behavior C The lasting nature of personal characteristics D Identity confusion E Early childhood experiences
The lasting nature of personal characteristics
Stanley Schachter's explanation of emotions places emphasis on A simultaneous arousal and emotional experience B the role of the hypothalamus C the range of emotions that are genetically inherited D a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal E an optimistic explanatory style
a cognitive appraisal of physiological arousal
Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for A Alzheimer's disease B cardiovascular disease C schizophrenia D substance abuse E anorexia nervosa
cardiovascular disease
Psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control? A Psychoanalytic B Cognitive C Evolutionary D Humanistic E Gestalt
cognitive
Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates A rationalization B projection C reaction formation D regression E displacement
displacement
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of A physiological needs B safety needs C belongingness needs D esteem needs E self-actualization needs
esteem needs
The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as A exhaustion B resistance C alarm D habituation E systematic desensitizatio
exhaustion
Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of A maintenance of physiological equilibrium B internal states of tension that need to be resolved C external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior D tendencies that strike a balance between biological and social needs E resolution of cognitive dissonance
external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior
Although he finds it to be difficult and not much fun, Tomas puts in long hours practicing field hockey in the hope of getting an athletic scholarship to college. This best illustrates the idea of A homeostasis B attribution theory C catharsis D extrinsic motivation E arousal theory
extrinsic motivation
The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of A facial expressions B body language C linguistic structures D hedonic relevance E biological symmetry
facial expressions
A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called A a case study B meta-analysis C statistical significance D factor analysis E z score
factor analysis
A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? A Identification B Denial C Projection D Reaction formation E Sublimation
projection
Individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as A real selves B ideal selves C fully functioning D humanistic E self-actualized
self-actualized
An example of a primary drive is A sleeping B having a job C earning money D receiving grades E owning a car
sleeping
Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with the A psychoanalytic view of personality B humanistic view of personality C social cognitive view of personality D behaviorist view of personality E evolutionary view of personality
social cognitive view of personality
Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as A rationalization B displacement C intellectualization D suppression E sublimation
sublimation
According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the A id B ego C superego D self E collective unconscious
superego
According to psychoanalytic theory, Tom's constant shoplifting suggests that he has an underdeveloped A id B superego C defense mechanism D pleasure principle E libido
superego
In Freudian theory, which of the following components of personality most resembles a conscience or censor? A Ego B Ego ideal C Id D Libido E Superego
superego
Bella takes a test to develop an inventory of different aspects of her personality. She hopes to better understand herself and the kind of person she is. The test is most in line with a A social cognitive theory of personality B behaviorist theory of personality C psychoanalytic theory of personality D trait theory of personality E humanistic theory of personality
trait theory of personality
While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a A behaviorist theory of personality B trait theory of personality C psychoanalytic theory of personality D humanistic theory of personality E social cognitive theory of personality
trait theory of personality
Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified A congruence B reciprocal determinism C ambivalent attachment D authoritarian parenting E unconditional positive regard
unconditional positive regard
John is completing a lengthy test in which he must indicate whether various written statements are true or false about himself. He is most likely taking which of the following? A A personality inventory B A projective test C An achievement test D An intelligence test E A neuropsychological test
A personality inventory
The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples? A When scolded by his parents, a college student reverts to childlike behavior to gain sympathy. B A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances. C A young man who is shy becomes the center of attention at a party given by friends. D After exams were graded and returned, a college student looked at his low grade and decided that the test was unfair and difficult. E After a fight with her boyfriend, a woman yells at her roommate for sitting in her favorite chair.
A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.
Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood? A The flight was so full that Mark did not have time to reflect on events that were troubling him. B The change in flight altitude helped decrease Mark's stress. C Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently. D Mark helped several passengers who then told his supervisor how nice he was. E Mark is good friends with some of the other flight attendants, and they cheered him up during the flight.
Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.
Priscilla has recently found diaries from her family dating back multiple generations. She has noticed that there are similarities in their life events and in the way they thought about things that happened to them. She believes that it has to do with the fact that they all have the same inherited instincts that drive their behavior and that these instincts exist in all humans. Priscilla's way of thinking is most in line with A Sigmund Freud's superego B Carl Jung's collective unconscious C Abraham Maslow's self-actualization D Alfred Adler's individual psychology E Paul Costa's five-factory theory of personality
Carl Jung's collective unconscious
Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality? A Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development. B Miranda's peers treat her like she is funny, so in turn she thinks she is funny and develops a lightheartedness to her personality. C Mahoni, who is president of a charitable nonprofit organization, is known for her positive contributions to global society and is said by many to have reached her ultimate potential as a person. D Kerry is very shy, and her therapist thinks this is because her parents punished her for trying new things as a child. E Dr. Kane believes that people have relatively stable personality traits throughout their lives. Answer E Incorrect. This describes the trait theory of personality, which focuses on habitual patterns of behavior.
Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development.
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion? A Observation of the external stimulus B Recollection of similar past experiences C Experience of physiological changes D Appraisal of cognitive factors E Initiation of a fixed-action pattern
Experience of physiological changes
Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open? A Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience. B Mentally walk himself through what each potential new experience will be like to convince himself that it will be a positive experience. C Force himself to engage in one new experience a day until it is second nature. D Explore what happened in his childhood that makes him reluctant to try new things. E See a therapist who will provide him with unconditional positive regard to help him lose his fear of new experiences.
Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience
A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following? A Phobias B Heart disease C Bulimia nervosa D Multiple personality E Antisocial personality
Heart disease
The notion of self-actualization is most closely associated with which of the following approaches to explaining personality? A Sociocultural B Biological C Behavioral D Humanistic E Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory? A Roger has not eaten all day; therefore, he daydreams about pizza. B Pam was extremely thirsty and drank two bottles of water after running two miles. C Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home. D Despite low grades, Fred continues to study because he is interested in the material. E Kevin says that he is constantly hungry and eats at least five meals a day to reduce his hunger.
Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.
Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory, A Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response B Leo is able to identify his response as fear more quickly than Caitlin can identify her response as excitement because fear is more evolutionarily important and thus is processed more quickly C Leo and Caitlin experience different physiological responses to the impending date and interpret their emotional responses accordingly D Leo and Caitlin both experience a physiological response and feel either fear or excitement simultaneously E Leo would score high on neuroticism, while Caitlin would score high on agreeableness
Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response
According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true? A The five psychosexual stages proposed by Sigmund Freud can explain most aspects of personality. B Carl Jung's personal and collective unconscious can explain the five dominant components of personality. C Most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of the theory. D There are major differences between conscious and unconscious elements of personality. E Cognitive and behavioral factors affect the five major personality states.
Most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of the theory.
Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that A Nandini's id, ego, and superego are imbalanced, and that imbalance is leading to psychological distress B Nandini has unresolved issues with her parents, which are preventing her from feeling fulfilled C Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs D Nandini has a personality disorder, which is harming both her satisfaction with life and her marriage E Nandini must overcome the feelings of isolation and anxiety she has held since childhood
Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs
Dr. Maisel is creating a new personality test. The test is a self-report measure in which participants answer questions on a scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" about how they would respond to particular situations. He then uses the responses to place participants along a spectrum in a number of different traits. He compares the results of the test to reports from the participants' managers at work on their working styles and ability to work within their team and finds that the test results are highly positively correlated with managers' reports. What type of test is he developing, and what type of validity or reliability can be determined from his work on the test? A Projective; test-retest reliability B Projective; construct validity C Objective; construct validity D Objective; test-retest reliability E Objective; internal consistency reliability
Objective; construct validity
Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs? A Physical safety B Belonging to a community C Procreation D Gaining respect and admiration E Obtaining food and water
Obtaining food and water
A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find? A Have one group of participants complete three different tasks, offering them three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) for each one, based on the participants' performance. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most. B Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on three different tasks, one task per group. The researcher will likely find that participants perform the same regardless of pay. C Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most. D Have one group of participants complete a task and offer the subjects payment based on their performance. Then, ask the participants how much the payment influenced their effort. The researcher will likely find that participants perform the worst on the task that pays the most. E Have one group of participants complete the same task three times, offering the subjects three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) each time, based on their performance. The researcher will likely find that participants perform the worst on the task that pays the most.
Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.
The graph above supports which of the following statements? A Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal. B Difficult tasks require higher than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance. C Difficult tasks become easier when arousal is increased. D Performance level is independent of task difficulty. E Easy tasks require lower than usual levels of arousal for optimal performance.
Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.
Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test? A Verbal intelligence B Nonverbal intelligence C Self-report personality D Projective personality E Cognitive reasoning
Projective personality
According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to A Respond to an inborn need to pass their genes to the next generation B Maintain an optimal level of arousal C Satisfy basic needs such as hunger before proceeding to higher needs such as self-actualization D Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts E Satisfy needs resulting from tissue deficits
Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts
Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing? A Resistance B Exhaustion C Withdrawal D Alarm E Pressure
Resistance
Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot? A Thematic Apperception Test B Rorschach Test C Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 D Halstead-Reitan Battery E Bender-Gestalt II
Rorschach Test
Which of the following summations most accurately depicts the psychoanalytic theory of personality? A Whenever young Garrett smiled and acted happy, his parents gave him lots of attention and praise. As a result, Garrett grew up to be a happy person. B When she was a child, Fairuza was given a test to see if she could wait for fifteen minutes without eating a marshmallow. She was able to do so, and this self-control exhibited itself later in life. C Dwayne prefers to spend time reading or drawing instead of going to parties; his therapist describes him as introverted. D Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority. E Niveah strives to reach self-actualization, as all of her basic needs have been met. Answer C Incorrect. This describes the trait theory of personality, which focuses on habitual patterns of behavior.
Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority.
Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion? A Cannon-Bard B James-Lange C Drive reduction D Schachter's two factor E Arousal
Schachter's two factor
When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results? A James-Lange B Ekman C Cannon-Bard D Schachter-Singer E Opponent-process
Schachter-Singer
Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following? A Reciprocal determinism B Self-determination C Psychic determinism D Self-efficacy E Phenomenology
Self-efficacy
Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response? A Primacy effect B Avoidance-avoidance conflict C Approach-avoidance conflict D Parasympathetic response E Alarm reaction
alarm reaction
Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that A an individual's personality traits become more variable as the individual ages B the greatest changes in personality traits occur between the ages of about thirty and fifty C the oral, anal, and genital stages in Freudian personality theory seem to be valid, but the later stages are not D an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood E one's personality traits change often because of environmental factors
an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood
A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called A a drive B a need C a motive D an emotion E an instinct
an instinct
Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates A self-actualization B psychological reactance C a preoperational schema D the basis for psychological determinism E an internal locus of control
an internal locus of control
A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the A left frontal lobe B base of the brain stem C area of the hypothalamus D reticular activating system E somatosensory cortex
area of the hypothalamus
A parent who keeps a son's room intact even though he's been happily married and in his own home for five years is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms? A Denial B Projection C Reaction formation D Regression E Sublimation
denial
When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms? A Denial B Displacement C Projection D Rationalization E Regression
denial
Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following? A The sweet taste of chocolate B Electric stimulation to the pleasure center of the brain C A monkey using its tail as a fifth limb to climb higher in a tree D The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms E The enjoyment of a frightening movie
The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found? A The results are likely to be similar. B The results of both this test and the next are likely to be valid. C Different raters will rate his tests similarly. D Different raters will demonstrate equal validity in their test rating. E Questions on the test will assess similar concepts.
The results are likely to be similar
Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of A his undiagnosed generalized anxiety disorder B his inability to properly resolve the identity versus role confusion stage of development C his fixed mindset D having repressed his memories of failing tests as a child E a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self
a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self
A researcher wants to understand the personality characteristics and motivations that might help explain a famous political figure's rise to power. She studies his early childhood experiences and other formative events in his life. The method this researcher is using to study personality is known as A a case study B an experiment C a survey D an observational study E a projective test
a case study
Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by A androgens B body mass index C display rules D a drive E cognitive dissonance
a drive
Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from A Hans's prior colleagues and friends having been overly accommodating of his rude tendencies B cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany C Japan having a more individualistic culture than Germany D Hans interacting with an abnormally large number of individuals with socio-emotional or personality disorders E Hans having developed a brain tumor that has changed his personality
cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany
Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekman's findings illustrate what he calls A the facial feedback hypothesis B display rules C phlegmatic personalities D the two-factor theory E adaptation-level phenomenon
display rules
The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is A oxytocin B dopamine C norepinephrine D serotonin E gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
dopamine
After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior? A Arousal B Social learning C Self-determination theory D Drive reduction E Achievement motivation
drive reduction
Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs? term-41A Instinct theory B Drive theory C Arousal theory D Incentive theory E Hierarchy of needs
drive theory
Which of the following theories suggests that a physiological need creates a state of tension that motivates an organism to satisfy the need? A Opponent-process B Drive-reduction C Incentive D Arousal E Gate-control
drive-reduction
An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following? A Take a nap B Eat a snack C Drink a glass of water D Drink a diet soda E Get some exercise
eat a snack
According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of the A unconscious B preconscious C Oedipus complex D id E ego
ego
Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to A emphasize the libido B emphasize the ego C account for cognitive development D be based on empirical findings E call for the use of group therapy as a mode of treatment
emphasize the libido
Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects A delay of gratification B the mechanism of reaction formation C unconscious inference D fixation and regression E external locus of control
external locus of control
Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on A instinctive needs B primary needs C extrinsic motivation D intrinsic motivation E reactance
extrinsic motivation
The overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of A set point theory B framing C locus of control theory D intrinsic motivation E extrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation
A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality? A Behavioral B Psychosexual C Psychosocial D Five-factor E Congruence
five-factor
John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be A high in introversion B high in neuroticism C high in conscientiousness D low in agreeableness E low in openness to experience
high in neuroticism
Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium? A Opponent-process B Plasticity C Homeostasis D Incentive E Natural selection
homeostasis
Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called A mechanistic B homeostatic C reductionistic D genetic E instinctual
homeostatic
According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the A ego B ego-ideal C id D libido E superego
id
According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the A frontal lobes B ego C superego D id E latent stage
id
Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is A primarily associated with peak experiences B associated with extroversion C typical of older individuals D innate E a developmental task of adolescence
innate
A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of A habit B instinct C adaptation D altruism E releasing mechanism
instinct
Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between A primary and secondary drives B instinctive and derived drives C appetitive and aversive motivation D intrinsic and extrinsic motivation E positive and negative reinforcement
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Sandy's father's behavior gives her the impression that he will love her only if she gets very good grades. Carl Rogers would probably say that Sandy A is getting unconditional positive regard B is getting conditional positive regard C is experiencing congruence D has high self-efficacy E has low self-efficacy
is getting conditional positive regard
An animal will gain weight when A it establishes homeostasis B its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged C it reaches its set point D its basal metabolism rate increases E releasing factors are present
its ventromedial hypothalamus is damaged
In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to A make the individual feel superior to others B make the individual feel inferior to others C mediate among the id, the superego, and reality D serve the demands of the unconscious E serve the demands of the superego
mediate among the id, the superego, and reality
Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on A neuroticism B conscientiousness C extraversion D agreeableness E openness to experience
openness to experience
Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his research contributions, were A personal interviews; the human response to stress B experiments; sexual behavior in women C personal interviews; sexual behavior in women D experiments; the human response to stress E experiments; female eating behavior
personal interviews; sexual behavior in women
It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of A displacement B repression C projection D reaction formation E rationalization
projection
The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests? A Objective B Neurological C Aptitude D Projective E Intelligence
projective
Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain A personality traits B artificial intelligence C memory organization D organic retardation E reactions to stress
reactions to stress
Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is A the level at which the person feels most comfortable B the level at which the person feels least comfortable C seldom an intermediate level D related to task difficulty E unrelated to task difficulty
related to task difficulty
Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible? A Ego ideal B Pleasure principle C Primary-process thinking D Repression E Superego
repression
The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory? A Encoding B Short-term memory C Procedural memory D Explicit memory E Retrieval
retrieval
The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they A can be efficiently administered in groups and scored by computer B can be given by almost anyone, since they are simple to administer and score C reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli D provide clues to the subjects' personalities based on behavioral theory E reveal patterns of the subjects' personality traits by requiring responses to a large number of objective questions
reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli
Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high A self-esteem B self-actualization C self-efficacy D self-monitoring E self-observation
self-efficacy
According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of A insight B self-efficacy C social responsibility D reciprocal determinism E self-monitoring skill
self-efficiancy
Most tests of personality are in the form of A inkblot tests B word association tests C structured interviews D self-report inventories E situational analyses
self-report inventories
Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by A hardening her arteries B causing the hippocampus to shrink C suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes D diverting too much blood to the heart and thereby overloading the system E increasing melatonin release into the bloodstream
suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes
All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT A sentence-completion tests B inkblot tests C drawing tests D the Thematic Apperception Test E the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previous findings, the researchers are most likely to find that A the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has no effect on whether students complete puzzles during their break time B the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that the students in the paid group spend more time doing puzzles during their break time C the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time D the dependent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time E the dependent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has no effect on whether students complete puzzles during their break time
the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time
In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, and Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in A the need for affiliation B the need for achievement C the need for power D self-monitoring skills E ego strength
the need for achievement
In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was A the age at which children begin engaging in parallel play B the gender of the researcher C the gender of the children D the way children interact with a doll E watching a video in which a person exhibits violent behavior toward a doll or plays nicely with a doll
the way children interact with a doll
Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that A emotions are irrational and bear no relation to the stimuli we perceive B there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response C what we perceive automatically triggers physiological arousal, like Tahani's fear response, but the actual emotion we experience depends on the label we assign to the physiological arousal, like when Tahani realized her fear response was irrational D emotions are not long-lasting E the emotions we feel, like fear, are interpretations of our bodily arousal, which is triggered automatically after processing a stimulus
there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response
Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, have been justifiably criticized as tools for assessing personality because A it is difficult for the examinee to deceive the examiner B they elicit only obvious information from the examinee C they have not been found to be reliable and valid D the stimuli for the tests are not standardized E they provide a label for one's psychological well-being
they have not been found to be reliable and valid
Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for A being naive and overly optimistic B being subjective in interpreting unverifiable phenomena C overestimating the number of basic traits D underestimating the role of emotions E underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation
underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation
One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the A universality of facial expressions across cultures B vast differences in facial expressions between males and females C ease with which people can learn to change their facial expressions under differing circumstances D way children's facial expressions differ from adults' E way in which individuals' facial expressions change as they get older
universality of facial expressions across cultures
