AP Psych Unit 7

The self-actualizing tendency is most associated with which of the following personality perspectives?

Humanistic

Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris's explanation?

external locus of control

Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting to make the track team is an example of

intrinsic motivation

The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as

reciprocal determinism

An example of a primary drive is

sleeping

Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with the

social cognitive view of personality

Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. According to the James-Lange theory, after seeing the snake, Ted will most likely

start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake

Which of the following correctly lists Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research?

There are several universal emotions.

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which of the following statements is most representative of the id?

"More, more, more!"

Which of the following is an example of an individual who demonstrates an internal locus of control?

A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school.

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development.

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?

Collective unconscious

Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open?

Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience.

Isaac's father offers to give him five dollars for every good grade he earns on his report card. Which of the following is a type of motivation being used by Isaac's father?

Incentive

Regarding Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following criticisms would most likely be made by a person from a collectivist culture?

Individuals may be motivated by a need for community approval rather than a need for self-actualization.

Which of the following individuals has high self-efficacy according to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory of personality?

Marina knows that if she puts extra effort into completing all of her homework assignments in math this year, her efforts will pay off with better grades.

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?

Obtaining food and water

A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most.

Which of the following summarizes the Big Five theory of personality?

People can be described by five higher-order traits that reflect most aspects of personality.

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

What type of theorist is most likely to assess people's personalities by having them draw pictures, in the hope that the drawings will reveal underlying personality characteristics?

Psychoanalytic

Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible?

Repression

Which of the following individuals would be most intrinsically motivated to write?

Savitri, who has several interesting stories that she wants to write

In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following?

The lasting nature of personal characteristics

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's interpretation of that context.

Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individuals are most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?

Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of

a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

Every time Antonio fails a test he attributes his failure to a lack of sufficient intelligence, even though he rarely studies. According to the sociocultural theory of personality, Antonio is experiencing

an external locus of control

Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that

an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood

Psychodynamic theorists believe that the development of personality is largely influenced by unconscious motivations. The theories are most often criticized because they

cannot be disproven

Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from

cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany

When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms?

denial

On Diane's first day of work she was offered a cookie. When she bit into the cookie, it tasted horrible, but because she wanted to make a good impression, Diane concealed her disgust and smiled instead. Diane's reaction best illustrates

display rules

Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to

emphasize the libido

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as

exhaustion

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

extrinsic motivation

Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

homeostasis

According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the

id

In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to

mediate among the id, the superego, and reality

Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on

openness to experience

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is based on the hypothesis that when a person interprets an ambiguous picture, that person is

projecting an internal psychological state onto an external stimulus

Michael states that his friend Scott is cheap. Michael does not realize he himself is cheap. If Scott is not cheap, which of the following defense mechanisms is Michael using?

projection

According to research on motivation, employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if the employers

redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility

Most tests of personality are in the form of

self-report inventories

All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previous findings, the

the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time

In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, and Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in

the need for achievement

In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was

the way children interact with a doll

While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a

trait theory of personality

Raven is an artist who is relaxed, self-disciplined, and emotionally stable. She is very trusting and cooperative. She prefers staying at home to going out socially. Which of the following diagrams best represents Raven's personality according to the Big Five trait dimensions?

A

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems.

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

Approach-approach

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?

Experience of physiological changes

A tumor that destroys the ventromedial hypothalamus is likely to produce which of the following?

Frequent eating and obesity

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?

Heart disease

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?

Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute. Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be attracted to him. Which of the following is a theory of emotion that would best explain the relationship between Melinda's physiological state and her apparent attraction to the man that helped her?

Schachter two-factor

For most of his life, Mike has been overweight. Not long after going on a diet and losing over 30 pounds, Mike gained back nearly all the weight. Which of the following concepts best explains Mike's experience?

Set-point theory

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the

Super Ego

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the validity of the Big Five personality traits in describing human personality?

The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy.

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

The overjustification effect

Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found?

The results are likely to be similar

The above graph is most closely associated with

Yerkes-Dodson law of arousal

A researcher wants to understand the personality characteristics and motivations that might help explain a famous political figure's rise to power. She studies his early childhood experiences and other formative events in his life. The method this researcher is using to study personality is known as

a case study

A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called

an instinct

According to Kurt Lewin, an approach-approach conflict occurs when a person has to

choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

Psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control?

cognitive

Shaniqua is a fourth grader who loves to read whenever she has free time. To encourage Shaniqua to continue to read, her parents would best be advised to

do nothing additional

The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of

facial expressions

Nick is smiling even though he does not feel happy. After a short time he feels happier. The best explanation for Nick's change in mood is

facial feedback

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain

reactions to stress

Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is

related to task difficulty

Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as

sublimation

The Barnum effect in psychological assessment refers to

the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate

Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

work harder and enjoy their work more