AP PSYCH UNIT 9
bystander effect
diffusion of responsibility often plays an important roles in the
in group v.s out group bias
favor a group you identity with
informative social influence
form to other's beliefs about reality
normative social influence
gain approval or avoid disapproval
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion
group polarization refers to
testosterone
hormone for aggression
attribution theory
humans feel the need to attribute other's behaviors to either disposition (part of their personality) or the situation
group polarization
if the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of
group think
ignore possible alternatives to a problem in order to not disrupt group harmony
the experimenter was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University
in Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when:
prejudice
in unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
conflict
incompatible goals
deinviduation
individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of:
aggression
intentionally INFLICTing harm
prejudice
justifies social inequality
central route of persuasion
magazine ads in technology or business magazines seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or grate athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates
deindividuation
masked bandits robbing a bank might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure/kill their victims due to
equity
one factor (out of the two) that make a successful relationship: both people put in equal effort
self-disclosure
one factor (out of the two) that make a successful relationship: share deep intimate aspects of oneself to the other person
fundamental attribution error
over emphasize disposition and under emphasize situation
individualism
people are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
just-world phenomenon
people get what they deserve
social facilitation
performance is better in the presence of others on easy/well tasks
spillover effect
physiological arousal spills from one situation to another and its interpreted differently
cooperation
super ordinate goal
obedience
the Milgram experiment is paired with....
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel and can rely on each other for everything
cognitive dissonance
the discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
cognitive dissonance
the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, or actions causing discomfort; to reduce tension you change your actions, thoughts, etc.
social psychology
the study of how we think about, relate to, and influence one another
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to help if other bystanders are present
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
social loafing
the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
true
true or false: a group that is like-minded will probably not change its opinions through discussion
prejudice
unjustifiable, usually negative attitudes towards a group and tis members
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
spillover effect
watching a scary movie and being scared but interpreting it as attention for your long-time boy best friend is an example of
social-responsibility norm
we help those who can't help themselves
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
when a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a skin care produce, you agree. When she returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive lipsticks, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of the
group polarization
when discussing a topic of agreement, your beliefs about that topic become more extreme
social trap
when individuals rationally pursue their own self-interests, which then everyone loses
peripheral rout to persuasion
when some is persuaded by something other than the central message
central route to persuasion
when someone is persuaded by the central message or product
social exchange theory
you help if the benefits outweigh the cost
reciprocity norm
you help those you have helped you
social exchange theory
your on your way to work, already a few minutes late and you see a car on the side of the road, and you know that you could help, but you don't because of the
frustration-aggression principle
1) goal is blocked, 2) you get frustrated, 3) then you get aggressive
legitimate authority, proximity, institutional prestige, pass on responsibilities
4 factors that contribute to obedience
attribution theory
Fritz Heider
social exchange theory
Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of:
cognitive dissonance
Leon Festinger
normative social influence
Mrs. Adams attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the school principal, Mrs. McCarthy. Mrs. Adams' behavior exemplifies the importance of
self-restraint
Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite his having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?
conformity
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study
conformity
Solomon Asch; line experiment
informational social influence
Sue decided to delay her road trip to Denver, Colorado after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours and dump 8-14 inches on the Midwest. Sue's decision best illustrates the impact of
social loafing
University students were observed to pull much harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates
ok
^people tend to be attracted to people who have a symmetrical face because it indicates good genetics
ok
^people with similar interests tend to form relationships
super ordinate goal
a goal that brings conflicting parties together to accomplish a common goal
ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life insurance
a life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon would be most likely to
conformity
adjusting to a group standard
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
after agreeing to a small request, you are more likely to agree to a larger one
deindividuaiton
after an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of:
door in the face
after denying a large request, you are more likely to agree to a smaller request
mere exposure effect
after three months of riding the 8:30 subway to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling businessman she sits next to every day. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
just-world phenomenon
an eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of
group think
an overwhelming desire for harmony and agreement in a decision-making group increased the probability of
passionate love
aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
passionate love
as known as the, "honeymoon" stage in a relationship
scape goating
blaming groups for issues
social trap
continuing to drive a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases and global warming best illustrates the dynamics of