AP Psych Unit 9

A researcher would test the elaboration likelihood model by

conducting an experiment in which the researcher showed a class two commercials to determine their persuasive power. One commercial explained that a certain brand of seltzer water has no preservatives or sugar, which makes it healthier than other beverages. The other commercial showed a celebrity drinking the seltzer water and saying that she drinks it all the time.

When his team wins a basketball game, Joe says it is because his team is so good; however, when his team loses, he says it is because the referees made a lot of unfair calls. Joe is most clearly demonstrating

self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being better than it is

Leila saw a man treat a passerby rudely. Shortly after that, she saw him slip and fall to the ground. She immediately thought, "What a clumsy man," without acknowledging that he had walked onto a patch of ice. Leila is demonstrating the fundamental attribution error because

she blamed his fall on his being clumsy

One of the most common criticisms of Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience is that

they were unethical because they were extremely stressful to the participants

Which of the following best illustrates group polarization?

After the pep rally, the students in the school had even more school spirit.

Which of the following best illustrates the mere-exposure effect?

Because she saw her every day during class, Tracy began to like Angela and developed a friendship with her.

Which of the following scenarios best represents conformity?

Beth becomes a vegetarian when she starts college because all of her new friends are vegetarian.

Who is most clearly demonstrating the false-consensus effect?

Blanche, who is open about her political views because she assumes everyone agrees with her

Which of the following examples best represents altruism?

Booker stops to help someone even though it puts him in danger.

A biochemical influence on aggression is represented by

Brian becoming less aggressive as his testosterone levels decrease with age

An example of proximity affecting interpersonal attraction is when

Candace is fond of Jerome because she lives next door to him.

Which of the following scenarios best describes the bystander effect?

Carrington is more likely to help a stranger on a bus when there are only a few people on the bus versus when the bus is crowded

Dr. Marcia assigned students a paper in which they had to support the side of a controversial topic they did not agree with. Before asking the students to write the paper, she gave them a survey to determine how strongly they disagreed with the topic. After the students wrote their papers, Dr. Marcia gave them another survey to rate their disagreement with the topic. She observed that the students' feelings about the topic became more strongly in agreement with the topic. Which of the following is the best conclusion?

Cognitive dissonance was likely a contributing factor to the students' change in feelings.

Which of the following situations best describes consummate love?

Craig and Niveah share many intimate details about their lives, are very attracted to each other, and celebrate with a commitment ceremony.

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of modeling aggression?

Dane, who is three years old, watched a video of a child who was repeatedly throwing a toy truck at the wall. The next time Dane played with his toy truck, he threw it at the wall.

Which ethical concept is most directly relevant to Solomon Asch's study on conformity, and why?

Deception, because Asch had to deceive his participants about the true nature of the study in order to test conformity

Which of the following scenarios describes attraction from the evolutionary perspective?

Even though he is not aware of it, Benjamin is attracted to Alawa because she has signs of reproductive viability.

What most accurately describes Leon Festinger's results in his classic experiment on cognitive dissonance?

Festinger asked participants to complete a boring task and rewarded them with either a large amount or a small amount of money for completing it. Those who received a small amount of money were more likely than those who received a large amount to rate the task as enjoyable.

Which of the following scenarios best represents the frustration-aggression principle?

Jeremy punches the steering wheel of his car because he is stuck in traffic.

Which of the following best illustrates the research on how certain characteristics of physical attractiveness influence interpersonal attraction regardless of culture?

Joseph is attracted to Kent because his face possesses a high degree of symmetry.

The scenario that best describes out-group homogeneity bias is

Kara, who plays soccer, notices the uniqueness of her soccer teammates, but she thinks all basketball players are the same.

Which situation best illustrates obedience?

Langley attended a speech on violence prevention on campus after her professor told her she must attend the event.

An accurate representation of the effect of social facilitation is when

Maddox shot even better when he was in front of his friends, even though he is usually a good free throw shooter.

Which scenario best describes the variable of similarity in perceiving attractiveness?

Marcia prefers to date people that are quiet and reserved like she is

Ethnocentrism is described in which scenario?

Martin distrusts a certain religion because it is uncommon in the country where he lives.

Of the following students, who is most clearly demonstrating an internal attribution?

Martin, who says he earned a spot on the football team through his hard work.

Which of the following examples describes discrimination?

Ms. Burrell gives boys lower grades than girls for similar work.

In Stanley Milgram's' classic study, a participant was placed in one room and a confederate was placed in another room where the participant could not see the confederate. Participants were told to shock the confederate when the confederate answered a question incorrectly. What was a major ethical violation of Milgram's study?

Participants must be allowed to leave the experiment at any time, and in Milgram's study when the participants asked to leave, the experimenter said they must continue.

Which of the following best represents the reciprocity norm?

Ronny helps a friend move because the friend previously helped Ronny move.

Which of the following is the best example of scapegoating?

Ryan, who is a member of one racial group, does not get into the college he wants to attend. Even though his application was weak, he blames members of another racial group for his rejection.

Which of the following examples describes groupthink?

The employees of a company did not want to disagree with one another by sharing their true opinions on paint colors, so the office was painted an ugly beige color.

A researcher has a hypothesis that men are more likely to be influenced by the central route to persuasion when buying a car than women are. The researcher randomly selects thirty men and thirty women to observe while they buy a car, and the researcher finds that women pay attention to information about the reliability of the car, whereas men pay attention to available colors that the car comes in. Which conclusion can the researcher draw?

The hypothesis is not supported, because the results indicate that women are influenced more by the central route to persuasion than men are.

Which of the following is the independent variable in Philip Zimbardo's classic Stanford Prison Experiment?

The role of prisoner or guard

Philip Zimbardo designed his Stanford Prison Study in order to test the validity of two hypotheses. The first was the dispositional hypothesis; the second was the situational hypothesis. The dispositional hypothesis stated that some people have certain character traits which lead them to naturally be more aggressive and distrustful of authority. These people can be thought of as having a prisoner personality. Other people have character traits in which they enjoy having control or authority over others. These people can be thought of as having a prison guard personality. The situational hypothesis stated that the situation the people were in determined their behavior. Which of Zimbardo's hypotheses was supported by his study and why?

The situational hypothesis, because because randomly assigned participants took on the characteristics of prisoner or guard depending on how they were assigned

Which method should be used by a researcher to test conformity? Assume in all groups that the researcher recruits participants and asks them to observe line X and line Y, where line X is clearly shorter than line Y.

Use nine confederates and one participant. The nine confederates go first and incorrectly say that line X is longer.

Anna, who is an introvert and has an introverted friend with a cat, is often unkind to cat owners. She also believes that all people who like cats are introverts. Her belief can best be described as

a stereotype, because Anna is assuming all people who like cats have to be introverts

A researcher could say with certainty that someone was affected by the peripheral route to persuasion by conducting

an experiment where participants are presented with an attractive spokesmodel

A researcher would test the foot-in-the-door phenomenon by randomly

assigning 60 people to 2 groups. The researcher would then ask one group to place a small "Drive Carefully" sign in their windows, and would later ask the participants to place a large sign in their yards. The researcher would ask the second group to place a large sign in their yard without asking them to place the smaller sign in their windows first.

Shelly fully expected to win her debate tournament, but she lost. She then spent many hours reviewing the debate to figure out why the outcome occurred. Shelly is engaged in

attribution

Claire is conducting research on attribution theory in the United States, which is considered an individualistic country, and in Indonesia, a more collectivistic country. The observation Claire will most likely see in her research is more

evidence of the fundamental attribution error in the United States than in Indonesia

Cynthia has a strong dislike for everyone in a neighboring town. This can be explained as

prejudice, because she has a generalized negative feeling toward them

A person experiencing deindividuation would

paints her face with her favorite soccer team's colors and gets into a fight with some fans of a rival team at the game, even though she is normally shy and meek