AP psych Unit Two questions for midterm

Which two questions exemplify the scientific attitude? a. What do you mean? How do you know? b. Who believes you? What are their Qualifications? c.How common is this answer? How many people agree? d. Is this an established truth? How long has it been considered fact? e. Which truths does this agree with? Which truths does it contradict?

a. What do you mean? How do you know?

. George was worried about his bakery';s new cupcakes after two customers disliked them on the first day, but when he surveyed his customers over the next week, more than 90% of the customers said they loved them. By giving too much weight to those two customers before the survey, George almost committed an error known as a. a sampling bias. b. wording effects. c. replication error. d. confusing correlation with causation. e. not following ethical guidelines.

a. a sampling bias.

10. The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates a. an illusory correlation. b. operational definition. c. the hindsight bias. d. overconfidence. e. random sampling.

a. an illusory correlation.

17. The enduring traditions, attitudes, and behaviors shared by a large group of people constitutes their a. culture. b. normal curve. c. wording effects. d. statistical significance. e. operational definition.

a. culture.

11. Researchers are interested in studying the relationship between poor prenatal nutrition and early cognitive development. Because of ethical concerns, which research method would be most appropriate for researchers to use? a. survey b. case study c. experimentation d. correlational e. naturalistic observation

a. survey

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it a. is based on naturalistic observation. b. may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. c. overestimates the importance definitions. d. leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events. e. relies mostly on correlational rather than causational evidence.

b. may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.

The most commonly reported measure of central tendency is the a. mode. b. mean. c. normal distribution. d. median. e. standard deviation.

b. mean

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are a. causally related. b. negatively correlated. c. independent variables. d. dependent variables. e. positively correlated.

b. negatively correlated.

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking? a. operational definitions b. Overconfidence c. random assignment d. naturalistic observation e. the double-blind procedure

b. overconfidence

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings? a. naturalistic observation b. replication c. random sampling d. the case study

b. replication

A hypothesis is a(n) a. observable relationship between specific and dependent variables. b. testable prediction that gives direction to research. c.set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning. e. Statement of procedures used to define research variables.

b. testable prediction that gives direction to research.

1. half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of a. Overconfidence b. illusory correlation c. the hindsight bias. d. random sampling. e. the double-blind procedure.

c. hindsight bias

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable? a. list of terms b. memorization c. time of day d. number of terms remembered e. students

c. time of day

20. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools must be desegregated, meaning Black and White children must attend the same schools instead of being separated. In its decision, the Court cited the expert testimony of two psychologists, illustrating the negative impact of such separation on Black children. This example illustrates that psychology a. is nothing more than common sense and intuition. b. can be used to manipulate people. c. tries to decide what our goals should be. d. can help people understand some of our world great problems. e. is becoming dangerously powerful.

d. can help people understand some of our world great problems.

19. The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to a. avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research. b. forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test. c. avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants. d. explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

d. explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

18. Professional psychological associations require researchers to a. study animals only in their natural environment. b. obtain informed consent before using any animals as subjects in research. c. test only dependent, not independent, variables on animals. d. minimize infection, illness, and pain in animal subjects. e. protect only cats, dogs, and primates, not mice or rats, from unnecessary pain.

d. minimize infection, illness, and pain in animal subjects.

Why are researchers careful to use large, representative samples in their studies? a. The general public perceives these kinds of samples to be more scientific. b. Policymakers demand larger, more representative sample sizes for political reasons. c. Statistical methods only work for larger sample sizes. d. It is more profitable to work with larger samples. e. Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results.

e. Larger, representative sample sizes help ensure reliable and valid results.

14. Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7. In this distribution of individual earnings a. the mean is equal to the mode and equal to the median. b. the mean is less than the mode and equal to the median. the mean is equal to the mode and greater than the median. the mean is greater than the mode and greater than the median. e. the mean is less than the mode and less than the median.

e. the mean is less than the mode and less than the median.

16. If a result is statistically significant, this means that the a. results of the test are positively correlated with another factor. b. participants received scores above the 50 percentile. c. results of the research have practical significance. d. scores were 1 standard deviation from the mean. e. there is less than a 5 percent likelihood that the results occurred by chance.

e. there is less than a 5 percent likelihood that the results occurred by chance.

A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that "classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools." Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that "classroom prayer in public schools should be banned." These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of a. operational definition. b. the hindsight bias. c. overconfidence. d. random assignment. e. wording effects.

e. wording effects.