ap psych

Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called

homeostatic

The Barnum effect in psychological assessment refers to

the tendency of individuals to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate

Which of the following is the best example of a homeostatic process?

Cathy drinks a large amount of water to reduce thirst after a long race.

Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?

Homeostasis

Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?

Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.

The mutual influence of external stimuli and cognitive processes in regulating behavior is known as

reciprocal determinism

An example of a primary drive is

sleeping

One of the most consistent research findings in the area of facial expression and emotion is the

university of facial expressions across cultures

A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?

Projection

John is completing a lengthy test in which he must indicate whether various written statements are true or false about himself. He is most likely taking which of the following?

A personality inventory

The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?

A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend.

Andy is softhearted, good-natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, gullible, and straightforward. Based on these characteristics, he is most likely to score high on which of the Big Five trait measures?

Agreeableness

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?

Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.

Which of the following theoretical perspectives supports the claim that an outgoing personality is a result of reinforcement?

Behavioral

Which of the following situations poses an approach-approach conflict for a person who listens only to classical music?

Choosing to study with one of two friends, both of whom listen to classical music while studying

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following?

Clinical disorders

Psychologists from which of the following perspectives of personality are most interested in assessing a person's locus of control?

Cognitive

Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which of the following psychological terms refers to that storehouse?

Collective unconscious

Homeostasis is most closely associated with which motivation theory?

Drive-reduction theory

An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?

Eat a snack

Chris believed he did well on his exam because he was lucky. Which psychological concept applies to Chris's explanation?

External locus of control

Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open?

Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience.

The notion of self-actualization is most closely associated with which of the following approaches to explaining personality?

Humanistic

The self-actualizing tendency is most associated with which of the following personality perspectives?

Humanistic

Regarding Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following criticisms would most likely be made by a person from a collectivist culture?

Individuals may be motivated by a need for community approval rather than a need for self-actualization.

Which of the following individuals has high self-efficacy according to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory of personality?

Marina knows that if she puts extra effort into completing all of her homework assignments in math this year, her efforts will pay off with better grades

According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true?

Most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of the theory.

Dr. Maisel is creating a new personality test. The test is a self-report measure in which participants answer questions on a scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" about how they would respond to particular situations. He then uses the responses to place participants along a spectrum in a number of different traits. He compares the results of the test to reports from the participants' managers at work on their working styles and ability to work within their team and finds that the test results are highly positively correlated with managers' reports. What type of test is he developing, and what type of validity or reliability can be determined from his work on the test?

Objective; construct validity

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs?

Obtaining food and water

The graph above supports which of the following statements?

Optimal performance is a function of task difficulty and level of arousal.

Michael states that his friend Scott is cheap. Michael does not realize he himself is cheap. If Scott is not cheap, which of the following defense mechanisms is Michael using?

Projection

Sentence-completion tests, the Rorschach inkblot test, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are all examples of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

When given a drug that produced general arousal, research participants placed in a room with a happy confederate described their emotional state as happy, while those placed in a room with an angry confederate described their emotional state as angry. Which theory of emotion best explains these results?

Schachter singer

A researcher who considers top-down processing to be essential for understanding emotional experiences would most likely agree with which of the following theories.

Schachter two-factor

Melinda went skydiving. As soon as she landed, a handsome man helped her gather her parachute. Melinda's heart was beating quickly and her hands were perspiring. Melinda inferred that she must be attracted to him.

Schachter two-factor theory

Which of the following would be detrimental to an individual's maintenance of high self-esteem?

Setting unrealistic personal goals

In general, trait theories emphasize which of the following?

The lasting nature of personal characteristics

The Big Five personality factors are based in which psychological perspective?

Trait psychology

Based only on the variable described for each of the following pairs of individuals, which individuals are most likely to show different facial expressions when experiencing the same emotion?

Two individuals who are from different cultures that have different display rules for the emotion

Psychodynamic theorists believe that the development of personality is largely influenced by unconscious motivations. The theories are most often criticized because they

cannot be disproven

Hans grew up in on German and later moved to japan for a job opportunity. Back at home he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from

cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany

The neurotransmitter that is primarily associated with the feeling of wanting something is

dopamine

Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused psychological states that cause us to try to satisfy those needs?

drive theory

Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects

external locus of control

Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of

external stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior

Sandy's father's behavior gives her the impression that he will love her only if she gets very good grades. Carl Rogers would probably say that Sandy

is getting conditional positive regard

When a projective technique is used, a person could be asked to

look at some pictures and tell a story about each of them

In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to

mediate among the id, the superego, and reality

Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on

openness to experience

Most tests of personality are in the form of

self-report inventories

which of the following findings about emotions is well supported by research?

there are several universal emotions.

Research studies indicate that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to

work harder and enjoy their work more

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of personality, which of the following statements is most representative of the id?

"More, more, more!"

Which of the following best depicts the relation between performance and arousal?

(curve over like a rainbow graph)

Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test?

Projective personality

The defense mechanism of projection is best illustrated by which of the following examples?

A soccer player who does not have much athletic skill constantly criticizes other athletes' performances.

Which of the following is an example of an individual who demonstrates an internal locus of control?

A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school.

Gustav was out for his daily walk when he was approached by a thief who demanded his wallet. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?

Alarm reaction

Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following situations describes an approach-avoidance conflict?

Anna must decide whether to buy a used car that is in her price range but has several mechanical problems.

Chuck asked Jane out on a date and he offered her two possible options—to see a movie or to go ice skating. Jane felt a bit stressed about making the decision because she liked both activities. Which of the following conflicts was Jane experiencing?

Approach-approach

According to Sigmund Freud, our sexual and aggressive instincts are located primarily in the

id

Mark, a flight attendant, began his workday in a bad mood. However, by the end of the day, he felt much happier. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, what may have influenced Mark's mood?

Because it is his job to be courteous to customers, Mark smiled at passengers frequently.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness?

Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu

Priscilla has recently found diaries from her family dating back multiple generations. She has noticed that there are similarities in their life events and in the way they thought about things that happened to them. She believes that it has to do with the fact that they all have the same inherited instincts that drive their behavior and that these instincts exist in all humans. Priscilla's way of thinking is most in line with

Carl Jung's collective unconscious

A parent who keeps a son's room intact even though he's been happily married and in his own home for five years is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?

Denial

When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms?

Denial

After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains their behavior?

Drive reduction

A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality?

Five-factor

Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that

Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs

A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find?

Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task.

Which of the following summarizes the Big Five theory of personality?

People can be described by five higher-order traits that reflect most aspects of personality.

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?

Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are two popular forms of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is an example of which of the following types of tests?

Projective

What type of theorist is most likely to assess people's personalities by having them draw pictures, in the hope that the drawings will reveal underlying personality characteristics?

Psychoanalytic

Jorgas struggles with meeting new people. He is very shy and does not approach people at social events. Because of this, people assume he does not want to talk to them and they avoid him, which in turn reinforces Jorgas' anxiety about approaching people. Jorgas' situation illustrates which of the following principles?

Reciprocal determinism

Which of the following Freudian constructs is believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible?

Repression

Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which of the following terms identifies a stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?

Resistance

The psychoanalytic concept of repression suggests a difficulty in the functioning of which aspect of memory?

Retrieval

Which of the following assessment tools explores individuals' personalities by asking them to examine a series of inkblots and describe what they see in the inkblot?

Rorschach Test

Which of the following summations most accurately depicts the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority.

Dr. Santiago administers a test to a patient in which she asks him to provide an interpretation of a meaningless inkblot on a piece of paper. Several weeks later, she administers the test again and is surprised to find that the results are quite different from the first administration. What type of personality test is Dr. Santiago using, and based on her experience, what level of reliability does it have?

The Rorschach test; low reliability

Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found?

The results are likely to be similar.

According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, which of the following is true?

The same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and the person's interpretation of the context.

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind she calms down. according to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that

There is a fast processing path that sends sensory info directly to the anygalda, ......

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of

a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

Every time Antonio fails a test he attributes his failure to a lack of sufficient intelligence, even though he rarely studies. According to the sociocultural theory of personality, Antonio is experiencing

an external locus of control

Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that

an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively stable during middle adulthood

A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called

an instinct

Adrian loves to do dangerous activities like surfing and skydiving because of the thrill he gets. Which of the following is a theory of motivation that best explains Adrian's desire to do dangerous activities?

arousal

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from

cognitive labels of physiological changes

Placing group needs above one's own needs is known as

collectivism

Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates

displacement

On Diane's first day of work she was offered a cookie. When she bit into the cookie, it tasted horrible, but because she wanted to make a good impression, Diane concealed her disgust and smiled instead. Diane's reaction best illustrates

display rules

Martin has severely restricted his caloric intake for two weeks to reach a goal weight for his wrestling meet. Immediately after the meet, Martin stops by a restaurant and orders a large pizza and a dessert. This postmeet eating behavior is best explained by

drive-reduction theory

According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of the

ego

Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to

emphasize the libido

Danielle was laid off from her job six months ago and has been unsuccessful at finding a new one. The income from her long hours of temp work barely covers her bills. She has begun to have frequent cold and flu symptoms and has become depressed. Danielle is most likely in the stage of Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome known as

exhaustion

Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on

extrinsic motivation

The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of

facial expressions

Nick is smiling even though he does not feel happy. After a short time he feels happier. The best explanation for Nick's change in mood is

facial feedback

A statistical technique that would allow a researcher to cluster such traits as being talkative, social, and adventurous with extroversion is called

factor analysis

John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would be

high in neuroticism

According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the

id

A researcher finds that participants work hardest and are most engaged in tasks when their behavior allows them to receive awards. The researcher's finding exemplifies

incentive theory

Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is

innate

Rosemary wants to make the track team because she enjoys running. Her reason for wanting to make the track team is an example of

intrinsic motivation

A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the

left frontal lobe

Sheila has a favorite book that she enjoys so much she has read it several times. This book is now assigned in her literature class, and students receive gift certificates for each chapter they read. As the class progresses through the book, Sheila finds she enjoys it less. This illustrates

overjustification

One feature that distinguishes Carl Rogers' person- centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests that

personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is based on the hypothesis that when a person interprets an ambiguous picture, that person is

projecting an internal psychological state onto an external stimulus

It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of

projection

According to research on motivation, employers are most likely to ensure high performance and job satisfaction from their workers if the employers

redesign jobs to increase workers' responsibility and flexibility

The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they

reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli

Individuals who exhibit a strong moral sense, accept themselves as they are, are deeply democratic in nature, and are willing to act independently of social and cultural pressures would be described by Abraham Maslow as

self-actualized

According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of

self-efficacy

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the

superego

Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with the

social cognitive view of personality

Ted is hiking along a mountain trail when he sees a large snake slithering across the path ahead of him. According to the James-lange theory, after seeing the snake, Ted will most likely

start trembling and then feel fear without explicitly processing the snake

Transforming frustrated urges, especially sexual urges, into more socially acceptable forms of behavior is the defense mechanism known as

sublimation

According to psychoanalytic theory, Tom's constant shoplifting suggests that he has an underdeveloped

superego

Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by

suppressing white blood cells called T lymphocytes

All of the following are projective assessment techniques EXCEPT

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologists in the tradition of Henry Murray, David McClelland, and Christiana Morgan would be likely to characterize Rita as rating high in

the need for achievement

In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was

the way children interact with a doll

Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, have been justifiably criticized as tools for assessing personality because

they have not been found to be reliable and valid

Bella takes a test to develop an inventory of different aspects of her personality. She hopes to better understand herself and the kind of person she is. The test is most in line with a

trait theory of personality

While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a

trait theory of personality

Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified

unconditional positive regard

Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for

underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality?

Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development.

Which of the following theories proposes that rational states are controlled by external stimuli

Evolutionary

In the James-lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes emotion

Experience of physiological changes

A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?

Heart disease

Which of the following concepts explains motivation in terms of an organism seeking to maintain its biological equilibrium?

Homeostasis

Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory,

Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative an have the appropriate physiological response

which of the following behaviors best demonstrates an emotional response associated with the short route from the thalamus to the amygdala, as described by Joseph LeDoux?

Miguel jumps up on a chair because he thinks he sees something moving along the wall. When he realizes it was just a dust ball, he gets off the chair.

Lee is about the skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?

Schachter's two factor

In Freudian theory, which of the following components of personality most resembles a conscience or censor?

Superego

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the validity of the Big Five personality traits in describing human personality?

The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy.

Students who enjoyed solving a puzzle were rewarded for doing so. Later, they played less with the puzzle than did their counterparts who were not rewarded for the same task. This illustrates which of the following principles?

The overjustification effect

A researcher wants to understand the personality characteristics and motivations that might help explain a famous political figure's rise to power. She studies his early childhood experiences and other formative events in his life. The method this researcher is using to study personality is known as

a case study

Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for

cardiovascular disease

According to Kurt Lewin, an approach-approach conflict occurs when a person has to

choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

Exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of

defending the body from viruses

Paul Ekman found that when Japanese students watched films of surgery, they masked their expressions of disgust with a smile when an authority figure entered the room but not when alone. American students maintained their expressions of disgust both alone and in the presence of an authority figure. Ekmanʼs findings illustrate what he calls

display rules

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

exhaustion

Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is

related to task difficulty