AP Psychology Chapter 9, 10, 11, 12 Multiple Choice

If figure 9.11 (with the salivating dog, bell and food) represents the sequence in classical conditioning, what does the bell represent in slide 2?

Neutral stimulus

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the...

Hippocampus

A dramatic rise in children's violent play immediately following a viewing of a violent television cartoon demonstrates the role of...

vicarious learning

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other rather than "hit" or "contacted" each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been

In class just before an exam, Brendan is loud and cursing. The teacher kicks Brendan out of class. As a result, Brendan receives an F for that exam. Kaylee sees this and thinks to herself, "I am never going to do that." This is an example of...

Vicarious reinforcement

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as...

Visual stimulation is to auditory stimulation

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

Young women wear a clothing style similar to that of a popular singer

A teenager believes very strongly that a particular basketball player should not play on his favorite team. Over the course of the season, the teenager focuses on every mistake, turnover ,and missed shot the player makes. However, the teen does not notice how well the player passes, helps the other teammates, and rebounds. This teenager's behavior illustrates which of the following?

confirmation bias

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

context-dependent memory

After extensive exposure over long periods of time, viewers can become unconcerned with the level or intensity of violence when later viewing a fight, whether on television or in real life. This change best shows the effects of...

desensitization

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true?

Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.

Pavlov is to ________ as Skinner is to _________

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that...

LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

Students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. This best illustrates the importance of...

distributed practice

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

Which of the following best describes explicit memories?

The result of effortful processing

Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that

people have an inherent language acquisition device

A researcher asks two different groups their opinion about how much money the president should earn per year. Participants in Group 1 are asked: "Should the president earn more or less than $200,000 per year? How much should he or she earn?" Participants in Group 2 are asked: "Should the president earn more or less than $2 million per year? How much should he or she earn?" The researcher finds that participants in Group 2 are more likely to suggest that the president should make more than $1 million per year. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following?

Anchoring effect

While reading a novel at a rate of nearly 500 words per minute, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word. This ability highlights the importance of...

Automatic processing

Bailey had to get allergy shots weekly. Before administering them, the doctor would put rubbing alcohol on her skin. Now Bailey becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol. Which concept best explains Bailey's fear?

Classical conditioning

Adriana is addicted to heroin. The room in which she usually takes heroin will likely become what for her drug cravings?

Conditioned stimulus

If figure 9.11 (with the salivating dog, bell and food) represents thee sequence in classical conditioning, what does the bell represent in slide 4?

Conditioned stimulus

Which of the following could be considered an unconditional response?

Sweating in hot weather

Of the following, which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem-solving?

Devising as many solutions possible

A teenager was given a new phone as a gift and thought the old phone should be thrown away, not realizing that the old phone could be used as a music player to avoid taking up space on the new phone. This example illustrates...

Functional fixedness

Reyna's therapist reminds her of her father in a variety of ways. As a result, she has many of the same reactions to the therapist as she has to her father. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the concept of...

Generalization

Group 1 is asked to write down names of the seven deadly sins. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the sins and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more sins?

Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them

Which of the following is an example of metacognition?

Knowing the effectiveness of different study strategies for different courses for one's own brain

In Bandura's studies with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw a video of the model punished for being aggressive to the Bobo doll did not imitate the model. They only imitated the model if the model had been given a reward for being aggressive. These children obviously learned the behavior but did not perform it. This is called...

Latent learning

After several attempts at escape with no success, the victim in an abusive relationship gives up hope of escape and no longer tries. The best explanation for this is...

Learned helplessness

A laboratory monkey observing a researcher lick an ice cream cone and showing the brain activity in the same area as if the monkey himself had licked it is exhibiting the effects of...

Mirror neurons

Ward and June would like to raise their children to be socially aware and helpful people. Social learning psychologists would recommend that the strongest way they can influence their children is to...

Model the desired behaviors

Monkeys raised in labs showed no fear towards snakes. Monkeys raised in the wild showed strong fear of snakes. Lab-raised monkeys shown a video of wild monkeys responding to snakes began acting fearfully after being exposed to a toy snake. This illustrates the power of...

Observational learning

Two-year old Mica tells her grandmother that the new couch "costed" too much. The scenario illustrates that children...

Overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules

The Vietnamese language has the sound that goes with the letters NG at the beginning of words, including names. Americans have difficulty hearing and speaking that sound. That sound is a kind of...

Phoneme

Service dogs are often trained to assist in such tasks as letting their person know someone is at the door, safely crossing the street, or pushing buttons on the elevator. Which concept best describes how dogs were trained for these behaviors?

Shaping

In Watson's Little Albert experiment, Albert became fearful of furry masks, rabbits, and dogs in addition to the original rat. Which concept did the best illustrate?

Stimulus generalization

Sheldon is refusing to complete his homework on time. After learning about his love of trains. Mr. Khan promises to reward Sheldon with a Thomas the Tank Engine train video after he finishes his next two homework assignments. This is an example of...

The Premack principle

An untrained dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is (a, an)

Unconditioned response

When confronted with the sequence "___N___" at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters I and G in the two blanks because that procedure has led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of...

a prototype