AP Psychology Exam Review -- 18-19
Prenatal testosterone secretions exert one of their earliest influences on:
Brain organization.
If a person with visual impairment uses one finger to read braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands as the sense of touch invades the visual cortex. This is an example of
Brain plasticity.
The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is:
Brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex.
The medulla is to the control of ______ as the cerebellum is to the control of _______.
Breathing; Walking.
Split-brain patients have had their surgically cut:
Corpus callosum.
The tremors of Parkinson's Disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter.
Dopamine.
Sleep researchers who are interesting in brain wave activity are likely to use which kind of brain scan?
EEG
Dante is healthier than his twin brother because he developed with a better placental barrier against viruses. the best illustrates the impact of _______________ on development.
Early environment
What type of signal is used to relay a message from one end of a neuron to the other end?
Electrical
Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it:
Emphasizes the use of scientific methods.
The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in
Encoding
After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is racing, even though you know you are longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed?
Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages.
The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of __________ and on behavior ___________.
Environments; Traits
In what types of studies are "double-blind" studies most often used?
Experimental studies.
What is the only research method that can scientifically establish causal relationships?
Experiments.
Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates
Higher-order Conditioning
What is known as the 'I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon, that finding out something has happened makes it have seemed inevitable all along?
Hindsight bias.
James displays antisocial behavior. How might one describe his behavior using the evolutionary perspective?
Humans are often hurt or killed by strangers, so he is engaging in self-preservation through his actions.
Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and temperature control are most strongly influenced by the:
Hypothalamus.
Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the:
Hypothalamus.
In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between:
Ideal self and actual self.
Two individuals are most likely to share similar personality traits if they are twins who____________________ were reared _________________.
Identical; Together.
Most animals are best conditioned through reinforcers delivered immediately after the desired behavior is performed. What are these reinforcers called?
Immediate
Terror-Management Theory emphasizes that anxiety is triggered by ab awareness of one's:
Impending death.
Which of the following is not a key provision of ethics in psychological research?
Implicit deception of participants.
What of the following responses would occur if your sympathetic nervous system were activated?
Increased heart rate.
People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personally. this best illustrates the:
Interactions of nature and nurture.
Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord?
Interneurons.
What is one drawback of using the mean to describe data?
It can easily be skewed by the presence of a larger outlier.
How has the focus of psychological science changed since 1879, if at all?
It first focused on mental processes, than observable behaviors, back to mental processes, and today emphasizes a combination of both.
Which statement highlights the main problem cause by the Hawthorne Effect?
It makes the data collected potentially invalid.
Why is standard deviation the most accurate measure of data?
It provides a better measure of variation to show how much scores differ from the mean.
What is the "wording effect" in the survey method?
It refers to how the phrasing and order of words can impact survey results
Social learning theorist emphasize that:
Observation and imitation play a crucial role in the gender-typing process.
According to the social-cognitive perspective, one of the nest ways to predict a person's future behavior is to:
Observe that person's behavior in various relevant situations.
Which of the following personality assessments would most likely be used by social-cognitive psychologists?
Observing and evaluating a student teacher's performance.
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called
Operant Behaviors
The last time you came home after your curfew, your parents grounded you for the next two weekends. Ever since then you have made a choice to be careful to come home on time. The change in your behavior is best explained by
Operant Conditioning
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development:
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
At the age of 22, Ms. LaBlanc was under 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the:
Pituitary gland.
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
Sweating in hot weather
An axon is:
The extension of a neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
Which of the following describes an illusory correlation?
The idea that a relationship exits between variables when it does not really exist in reality.
B.F Skinner work elaborated what E.L Thorndike had called
The law of effect
Which of the following best illustrates psychology's current understanding of the relationship between thinking and language?
Thinking affects language, which then affects our thoughts.
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the:
Threshold.
the phenomenon of color constancy best demonstrates that
an object's perceived color is influenced by its surrounding objects
Students who perceive that their low test scores are due to their own lack of ability best illustrate:
A pessimistic attributional style.
one of the ways we perceive images is by organizing stimuli into an object seen against its surroundings; what is this perceptual tendency called?
figure-ground
the terminal decline phenomenon involves a decrease in mental ability that accompanies the approach of
death
as men progress through middle adulthood they experience a __________ sperm count and a ___________ in testosterone level
decline in; decline in
the ability to learn a new computer software program is to as knowledge of state capitals is to
fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of sara is likely to
form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world
In trying to figure out how to copy and paste an item into a document, Arlene could try all possible key combinations or she could check the pull-down menus, a much faster way to solve her problem. Arlene is relying on
heuristics
Hilgard's divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis receives support from evidence that
hypnotized people can be aware of pain sensation without experiencing emotional distress
in one experiment, most of the participants who viewed a videotape of men tossing a basketball remained unaware of an umbrella-toting woman sauntering across the screen; this illustrated
inattentional blindness
according to erikson, trust is to as identity is to
infancy; adolescence
which of the following is an example pf a secondary sex characteristic?
male facial hair
as Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. according to Freud, Inge's account represents the ________ content of her dream.
manifest
THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.
marijuana; hallucinogen
poor memory for early life experiences results from a baby's relative lack of
maturation
judy's doctor notes that she is no longer able to become pregnant, it is most likely that judy is experiencing
menopause
a perceptual set is a
mental predisposition that influences what we perceive
An algorithm is a
methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems
according to piaget, schemas are
people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
the Moon illusion can best be explained in terms of the relationship between
perceived distance and perceived size
as the brain receives information about the lines, angles, and edges of objects in the environment, higher-level cells process and interpret the information to consciously recognize objects; this illustrates
perception
the philosopher Immanuel Kant emphasized that
perception depends on innate ways of organizing sensory experience
although he was wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis effectively; this shows
perceptual adaptation
what term refers to the combination of psychological and biological influences on a phenomenon or condition?
physiological
exposure to bright light causes the _______ gland to _______ the production of melatonin
pineal; decrease
boys who mature at an early age tend to be more
popular and self-assured
A young girl misbehaves in class, and gets a "sad face" colored in by her teacher in her agenda for each day this is a problem. Each day she gets a "sad face," she gets scolded by her parents when she gets home. She has started to follow the rules more in school.
positive punishment
Rachel regularly drives 15 mph over the speed limit. In the past two weeks, she's received three speeding tickets. Now she drives the speed limit.
positive punishment
A little boy is allowed to go outside to play each time he says "please" when asking his father; as a result, he continues to say "please" every time.
positive reinforcement
just prior to awakening Michael from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a donut. Michael's therapist was attempting to make use of
posthypnotic suggestion
stage theories of adult development are most likely to be criticized for exaggerating the
predictability of development
researchers have identified receptors for which of the following skin sensations?
pressure
the body structures that enable reproduction are the
primary sex characteristics
chronic sleep deprivation is likely to ______ obesity and ______ memory
promote; impair
the claim that hypnotic phenomena are regulated by normal conscious processes is associated with the theory that hypnosis reflects the power of
role-playing
when joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. joan was eliciting the
rooting reflex
you typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. this best illustrates
selective attention
as you look at an apple, its reflected light travels to the eye. the rods and cones absorb the light and help transmit information to the brain. this illustrates
sensation
which of the following represents the correct order of piaget stages are cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
during the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. at the same time your food all seems to taste the same. this illustrates the importance of
sensory interaction
consciousness is to subconsciousness as _______ is to _______
serial processing; parallel processing
kristen is a normal,healthy newborn. research indicates that
she has most of the brain cells she is ever going to have
which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds?
signal detection theory
level of emotional instability is
similar among adults at all of these ages
the rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
compared to subconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively ________ and especially effective for solving ________ problems.
slow; novel
according to erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet
solidified a sense of identity
the beta brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of
stage 1 sleep
what type of sleep only happens earlier in the night?
stage 4
Amphetamines are to ________ as barbiturates are to ________.
stimulants; depressants
the quick succession of briefly flashed images in a motion picture produces
stroboscopic movement
psychologists are skeptical about ESP claims because
studies claiming to demonstrate such abilities fail at replication
news about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on people's feelings of being thirsty involved false claims regarding
subliminal stimulation
a teratogen is an
substance that can cross the placental barrier and harm an unborn child
Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.
physical exercise helps maintain the protecting the ends of chromosomes
telomeres
the labels "easy,""difficult" and "slow-to-warm-up" are used to refer to differences in a infant's
temperament
REM rebound involves the
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
A mental set is a
tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past
if we see a speaker mouthing day while actually hearing someone else saying may, we may perceive a third syllable bay that blends both inputs; this phenomenon is known as
the McGurk effect
adolescence extends from
the beginning of sexual maturity to independent adulthood
Bilingual children who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been called:
the bilingual advantage.
the ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time (illustrated by our activity in class) is called
the cocktail party effect
the term social clock refers to
the culturally preferred time to leave home, marry, have children, and retire
the semicircular canals are most directly relevant to
the vestibular sense
autism is a disorder characterized by deficient social interaction and an impaired
theory of mind
five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a band-aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. this best illustrates that the children had developed a
theory of mind
the need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of
tolerance
the process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called
transduction
Before conditioning
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that
viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively.
the feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel respond to specific aspects of _________ stimulation
visual
Which of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model?
whether the model is rewarded or punished
When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of
withdrawl
Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that
words shape the way people think.
The human genome is the complete :
Sequence of nucleotides organized as coiled chains of DNA.
Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following?
A larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips.
The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of:
Self-actualization.
What event causes the release of chemicals into the synaptic gap?
A neural impulse reaches the axon terminal.
Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying '"I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class." because of your background in psychology, your best response should be:
"Everything psychological is simultaneously biological."
Which of the following would most likely be said by a critic of humanistic psychology?
"Humanistic concepts are too vague and subjective, making them difficult to measure objectively."
What would John Watson most likely have been overheard saying as he began practicing in the early 20th Century?
"Psychologists are misguided in studying non-observable events using the scientific method."
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?
0.02
According to the text, learning involves
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
Identical twins originate from the fertilization of ______________ egg cell(s) by ___________ sperm cell(s).
A single; a single
What is the best definition of the "false consensus" effect?
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Julia has been experiencing a serious memory problem. an interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believe that a neurotransmitter is involved. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem?
Acetylcholine
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called
Acquisition
Which endocrine structure or gland regulates your body response to stress?
Adrenal gland.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the:
Adrenal glands.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) requires people to respond to:
Ambiguous pictures.
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electricity stimulate the rat's:
Amygdala.
A human egg contains __________________ chromosomes and a human sperm contains __________________ chromosome.
An X; Either an X or a Y
Small metal disks are pasted onto Rodrigo's scalp, and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from his brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description. it is evident that Rodrigo's brain is being studied through the used of:
An electroencephalograph (EEG).
Which of the following is not a type of descriptive research?
An experiment.
Corbett refuses to take reasonable precautions to protect his health because he believes good health is just a matter if luck anyways. Corbett's attitude best illustrates:
An external of locus of control.
information learned while a person is _____________ is best recalled when that person is. ______________/
Angry, angry
A person with schizophrenia may have an overactive dopamine system. Drugs used to treat this disorder prevent the action of dopamine by keeping it from binding to its receptors. These drugs are:
Antagonists
The personalities of adopted children:
Are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.
Which of the following is a positive correlation?
As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades.
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as
Automatic Processing
What is the main difference between autonomic and somatic processes?
Autonomic processes happen automatically without thought; somatic processes require deliberate actions.
After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of
Availability Heuristic
Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods."
B.F. Skinner
The study of the relative power of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as:
Behavior genetics.
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:
Behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
When Keller and Marian Breland gave raccoons wooden coins to drop through a slot to obtain a reinforcer (food), the raccoons began "dipping" the coins through the slot, like they wash their food in streams in nature. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
Biological predispositions
Which of the following is not a weakness of the experimental method?
Causal or cause-and-effect relationships cannot be established by the results.
When a professional baseball player swings a bat and hits a homerun, he or she is relying on his or her ________ to coordinate the practiced movements of his or her body.
Cerebellum.
Personality is best defined as an individual's:
Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of
Classical Conditioning
Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?
Classical Conditioning
Which of the following functions is performed by glial cells in the nervous system?
Cleaning waste, providing nutrition, producing myelin, and helping transmit signals.
which term refers to all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?
Cognition
Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the:
Collective unconscious.
Which is meant by "operational definition"?
Defining your hypothesis in precise terms.
A researcher wants to find out if the percentage of adolescents in Canada who have depression. the goal she or he is attempting to achieve is to:
Describe
A humanistic psychologist would likely be most interested in which of the following research studies?
Describing a group of people who claimed to have reached their full potential.
Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of
Discrimination
An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to:
Fear dangerous animals, love their own children, and seek healthy-looking mates.
Goodwill offers 50% off a certain tag color every Sunday and Monday.
Fixed Interval
Getting a stamp on a store loyalty card for each purchase, to be redeemed for $10 off after 10 purchases.
Fixed Ratio
A woman receiving her paycheck every two weeks on Friday.
Fixed interval
Which approach is William James most closely associated?
Functionalism.
When tested by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned that boys are not expected to. Waldos behavior best illustrates the importance of:
Gender roles.
A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a:
Gene.
After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
Generalization
Sigmund Freud explained personality in terms of unconscious motivations, whereas ________________ described personality in terms of enduring traits.
Gordon Allport
Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients pointed to:
HE
People who take personality inventories can lie to create a good impression. This best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring personality inventories does not guarantee that they:
Have validity.
Who introduced the term behaviorism?
John B. Watson
which of the following is a psychedelic drug?
LSD
Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that
LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations.
Chomsky suggested that as a child first begins hearing language, appropriate settings or standards regarding the rules of that language are activated in the child's:
Language Acquisition device
What is one potential advantage of the survey method:
Large amount of information.
If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates
Latent learning
Someone trying to add a long series of three digit numbers is probably experiencing increased brain waves and blood flow to which brain structure?
Left hemisphere.
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Long Term Memory
Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ____________ is to _______________.
Meaning, imagery
Cognitive psychologists are interested in:
Mental processes.
Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of
Mirror Neurons
Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.
Modeling
Chimpanzees learn foraging and tool use by observing other chimpanzees. This best illustrates
Modeling
Assessing possible linkages between specific nucleotide sequences and bipolar disorder would be of greatest interest to a(n):
Molecular geneticist.
Research on self-perception indicates that most people subscribe to the self-serving bias, this is to say that they:
More quickly believe flattering descriptions of themselves then unflattering feedback.
In the words "helped" and "called," the "ed" ending is a(n)
Morpheme
Which of the following is a major source of genetic diversity:
Mutations
The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the:
Myelin sheath.
People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. The best illustrates the functioning of the multiple:
Neural networks.
During conditioning
Neutral stimulus NS + Unconditioned stimulus UCS = Unconditioned response UCR
Those who study cultural influences on behavior are most likely to highlight the importance of:
Norms.
Genes are composed of:
Nucleotides.
Human genetic diversity consists of the variations in the sequence of our:
Nucleotides.
the concentration of glucose in active regions of the brain underlies the usefulness of a(n):
PET scan.
Treyvon was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to his brain. His sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage?
Parietal lobes.
In order to prevent teens from smoking, intervention programs for youth should first pay attention to the impact of _____________ on teen smoking habits
Peer influence.
Arguments a to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the:
Person-situation controversy
B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's
Personal freedom
The MMPI is an example of a(n):
Personality inventory.
Compared with European-American students, Asian-American students express a somewhat greater __________________ about their future performance, which may help to explain their impressive academic achievements"
Pessimism
Learned helplessness is most likey to promote:
Pessimism.
The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "t" and an "n" produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different
Phonemes
For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences during early childhood are most likely to:
Prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.
What is the difference between a primary and conditioned reinforcer?
Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned.
The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called
Priming
If a person damages her or his occipital lobes, which would be the most likely problem she or he would experience:
Problems seeing.
Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called __________________ tests.
Projective
Christmas is to holiday as _______________ is to _______________.
Prototype, Category
Bijoya earned a degree from medical school and now meets with patients on a daily basis. Most of her patients have a serious psychological disorder, often Bijoya will prescribe medication to treat the disorder. Bijoya is a:
Psychiatrist.
Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories, this led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from:
Psychological processes.
Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various:
Psychosexual stages.
The ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is called
Receptive Language
Because she is often rejected by her parents., Sally mistrust other people and treats them with hostility, which leads to their rejection of her. This cycle of rejection, mistrust, hostility, and further rejection illustrates what is meant by:
Reciprocal determinism.
As you are reading this question, the cells in your eyes are firing in response to the light coming from this paper. Which type of neuron is carrying this message to the brain?
Sensory.
According to Freud, the defense mechanism that underlies all others is:
Repression.
Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression?
Repressions rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material.
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human:
Reproductive success.
Which of the following is responsible for the ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in one's surroundings and become alert to changes in information?
Reticular Formation
Prozac, a drug commonly prescribed to treat depression, prevents the sending neuron from taking excess serotonin. Which process does this drug prevent from taking place?
Reuptake
A psychodynamic psychologist would find objective tests, such as true-false questionnaires, inadequate as assessment tools because these tests:
Reveal only conscious motivations.
The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called
Shaping
Twelve-year-old Cawley demonstrates a strongly masculine sense of self-identity even though he was raised without a father or father substitute. This fact represents the most serious threat to ________ theory of personality.
Sigmund Freud's
Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of _______________ in personality development.
Social interactions
The process by which people learn a sense of personal control or personal helplessness has been most strongly emphasized by the:
Social-cognitive perspective.
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and stimulates on human behavior?
Social-cognitive perspective.
Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ________________ nervous system.
Somatic
The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:
Spontaneous recovery
Wundt and his student Titchener are most closely associated with what approach?
Studying the structure of the mind through the process of "objective introspection."
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ___________________ nervous system; when he calmed down, this was activated by his _______________________ nervous system.
Sympathetic; Parasympathetic
Compared to environmentally impoverished rats, rats housed in enriched environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their:
Synapses or synaptic connections.
A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the _______________ of the English Language.
Syntax
In convincing people that they can accurately assess their personalities, astrologers, palm readers, and graphologists take advantage of:
The Barnum effect.
What is the best definition of "population" in research studies?
The entire group of subjects about whom a researcher can make inferences using their results.
a time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately
locating sounds
jan de jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the three librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of
The representativeness heuristic
What is one potential advantage of longitudinal studies over cross-sectional studies?
The results can be more reliable because the same subjects are studied over a greater period of time.
Random sampling is important because:
The results of a study using it can be more reliably used to generalize to the rest of the population. It reduces potential participant bias. It positively impacts the size of the population to which the results will be generalized. It reduces potential researcher bias.
Gender identity refers to:
The sense of being male or female.
Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called:
The spotlight effect.
Heritability refers to the extent to which:
Trait differences among groups of individuals are attributable to genetic variations.
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as:
Unconditional positive regard.
Criticism of the social-cognitive perspective are that it:
Underestimates the importance of enduring personality traits, as well as human agency.
What is the primary use of inferential statistics?
Using a sample to make inferences about the rest of the population.
Checking Facebook for a response to a message you sent your friend, whose responses are unpredictable.
Variable interval
Buying a lotto ticket and winning.
Variable ratio
Winning on an arcade game after 5 tries, then 2 tries, then 4 tries, and so on.
Variable ratio
Damage to what area of the brain would result in the inability to comprehend language?
Wernickes area.
Which of the following is not a source of controversy in psychological theory?
Whether observable behaviors are an appropriate realm of study relative to mental processes.
To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory.
Working
evidence that some cones are especially sensitive to red light, others to green light, and still others to blue light is most directly supportive of the ________ theory
Young-Helmholtz
when adults of varying ages were done tested for their memory of a recently learned list of 24 words, the older adults demonstrated
a decline in recall but not in recognition
telegraphic speech
a grammatically correct two-word utterance
circadian rhythm refers to
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle
although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
absolute threshold
alzheimer's disease involves a deterioration of neurons that produce
acetylcholine
which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
activation-synthesis theory
Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. an EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of
alpha waves
an irreversible brain disorder marked by a deterioration on one's normal reasoning and memory skills is called
alzheimer's disease
three-year-old zara calls all four-legged animals "kitties". her tendencies to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of
assimilation
foster care that moves a young child through a series of foster families is most likely to result in the disruption of
attachment
Infants are first able to discriminate speech sounds during the ________ stage.
babbling
which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
barbiturates
Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates
belief perseverance
maturation refers to
biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience
those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of
biological rhythms
studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with
body contract
the effortful processing of information
can become automatic through practice
when Jason briefly turned to summon the waiter, his wife quickly switched her glass of red wine with his glass of white wine. Jason's failure to notice that his chosen wine had been replaced best illustrates
change blindness
taste and smell are both what kind of senses?
chemical
the most rapid increase in drug tolerance is likely to be experienced by the regular user of
cocaine
the basilar membrane is located in the
cochlea
After conditioning
conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
mrs. pearson cut judy's hot dog into 8 pieces and sylvia's into six pieces. sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as judy. piaget would say that sylvia doesn't understand the principle of
conservation
although sue yen sees her chemistry teacher several times a week, she didn't recognize the teacher when she saw her in the grocery store; this illustrates
context effects
a student who does not cheat on tests because he doesn't want to violate classroom rules is in kohlberg's stage
conventional
which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye
cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, fovea (Can I Please Learn Reading Father)
which of the following terms refers to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
crystallized intelligence
cross-sectional research indicated that during early and middle adulthood, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence. longitudinal research indicated that during this period of life, aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence
declining; stable
alcohol consumption tends to _______ self-awareness and _______ feelings of guilt
decrease; decrease
habituation refers to the
decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed
the organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called
depth perception
After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates
desenitization
sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.
detection; interpretation
some people are better than others at detecting slight variations in the tastes of various blends of coffee; this best illustrates the importance of
difference thresholds
a split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called
dissociation
Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates
divergent thinking
the belief that the mind and body are two separate, distinct entities illustrates
dualism
researchers are most likely to question the value of hypnosis for
enhancing memory
humanlike features start to develop around 9 weeks after conception. what is the developing human called at this point in development?
fetus
Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates:
functional fixedness.
which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain?
gate-control theory
it is most likely that in many cultures women's leadership responsibilities have been limited by their
gender roles
Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of
generalization
it is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children
generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before.
identical twins typically begins walking on nearly the same day. this best illustrates the importance of to motor skills
genes
which theory emphasizes that immediate gut-level feelings often precede and influence our moral reasoning?
haidt's social intuitionist theory
according to erikson, later adulthood is to integrity as young adulthood is to
intimacy
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development
jean piaget
receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the
joints, tendons, bones, and ear
Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute
language
The isolated Piraha tribespeople of Brazil have no words for specific numbers higher than 2. If shown seven nuts in a row they find it difficult to lay out the same number from their own pile of nuts. This best illustrates the impact of:
language on thinking
objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the
lens
Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that
misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.
as people progress into old age, their disease-fighting immune systems become
more effective in resisting upper respiratory flu that in resisting pneumonia
the speed of neurotransmission in the frontal lobe increases during adolescence because of the growth of
myelin
during a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from
narcolepsy
Rupert's mother requires him to put 10 cents of his allowance in a "swear jar" each time he swears. Since he's had to pay up, his swearing has diminished considerably.
negative punishment
Suki's microwave beeps loudly when her food is ready; even though she's not hungry yet, she opens the microwave door to stop the beeping.
negative reinforcement
Allan has a hard time controlling his car when the roads are icy, but he continues to drive to work as normal despite the inclement conditions.
non-applicable
Julie's brother likes to jump out from hiding places and scare her. She has started doing it back to him, which he doesn't like, but he hasn't stopped doing it to her.
non-applicable
Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
observational learning
which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages?
opponent-process
a gestalt is best described as a(n)
organized whole
After taking two years of college economics courses, Lionel thinks he knows enough about business to become a millionaire. Lionel should become more aware of:
overconfidence
today's earlier female sexual maturation is especially likely among
overweight girls in father-absent homes
the ability to simultaneously process the pitch, loudness, melody, and meaning of a song best illustrates
parallel processing
the selective loss of unused connections in the brain's association areas is called
pruning
Although intuition can at times hinder rationality, it is often valuable because it facilitates
quick decisions
the best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction is the
ratio of their positive to negative interactions with each other
B.F. Skinner emphasized the importance of _____ in language acquisition
reinforcement
Renny knew the red tulip was closer to her than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger retinal image than the yellow one. this illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as
relative size
Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates:
the framing effect
after a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember
the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking
which of the following describes gender differences in life expectancy
the number of newborn females is smaller than the number of males, and females have a longer life expectancy than do males
ten-year-old heidi is maturing early and already towers over all the girls and most of the boys in her fifth-grade class. heidi is likely to be
the object of some teasing
Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of
the peg-word system.
the sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion; this best illustrates
the phi phenomenon
What is one potential advantage of longitudinal studies over cross-sectional studies
the results can be more reliable because the same subjects are studied over a greater period of time
