AP Psychology Final Review
A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in a. basic research b. applied research c. industrial-organizational research d. clinical research
a
A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ___________ research a. applied b. basic c. clinical d. developmental
a
A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method? a. survey b. correlation c. experiment d. case study e. naturalistic observation
a
A split-brain patient has a picture of knife flashed to her left hemisphere and that of a fork to her right hemisphere. She will be able to a. identify the fork using her left hand b. identify a knife using her left hand c. identify a knife using either hand d. identify a fork using either hand
a
A week ago a child was attacked and bitten by a big dog, and he now shows a fear response around all dogs. This illustrates the concept of a. generalization b. discrimination c. social learning d. insight learning e. instinctual drift
a
An adaptation is an inherited physical or behavioral characteristic that a. increases an organism's chance for survival b. is ecologically disruptive c. enables an organism to control its environment d. may or may not benefit the organism e. had no effect on fitness
a
Awareness of ourselves and our environment best describes a. consciousness b. circadian rhythm c. hallucinations d. the biological clock e. hypnotism
a
Brightness is to light as ____________ is to sound a. loudness b. frequency c. amplitude d. wavelength e. pitch
a
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lighting signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates a. classical conditioning b. the law of effect c. operant conditioning d. observational learning e. generalization
a
Choose the neurotransmitter believed to be involved in the regulation of sleep, appetite, and depression a. serotonin b. dopamine
a
Chromosomes are located within human a. bone cells b. genes c. neurotransmitters d. gender schemas e. unconscious
a
Dr. Milosz electrically stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of a well-fed laboratory rat. This procedure is likely to a. cause the rat to begin eating b. decrease the rat's basal metabolic rate c. facilitate conversion of the rat's blood glucose to fat d. permanently lower the rat's set point e. increase the incentives for food but decrease motivation to eat
a
During the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, people are most likely to experience a rapid decrease in physiological arousal if a. they have just experienced orgasm b. they have not used contraceptives c. their refractory period is unusually short d. their sexual interaction has not resulted in conception e. they are approaching orgasm
a
Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that a. for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the UCS need not immediately follow the CS b. any perceivable stimulus can become a CS c. all animals are biologically primed to associate illness with the taste of a tainted food d. all of the above are true
a
Frequency theory relates to the a. rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates b. number of fibers in the auditory nerve c. point at which the basilar membrane exhibits the most vibration d. decibel level of a sound e. number of hair cells in each cochlea
a
How would Ivan Pavlov have conducted extinction trials after his classical conditioning of a salivation response in dogs? a. By repeatedly presenting the CS without every again pairing it with the UCS b. By reinforcing the behavior he wished to extinguish c. Through the use of temporal conditioning d. By administering a placebo to the dogs immediately after conditioning e. Through modeling the target behavior
a
Identical twins originate from the fertilization of a. a single egg cell by a single sperm cell b. two egg cells by a single sperm cell c. a single egg cell by two sperm cells d. two egg cells by two sperm cells e. either two egg cells or two sperm cells
a
If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably a. vanish b. stimulate feature detector cells located in the retina c. appear more brilliantly colored d. appear to change colors e. appear to move from side to side
a
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to a. facially express emotions b. solve arithmetic problems c. understand simple verbal requests d. process information in an orderly sequence
a
In suggesting that our ancestral history has prepared us to fear snakes, psychologists are emphasizing that what we fear is influenced by a. genetic factors b. belief perseverance c. the availability heuristic d. framing e. environmental situations
a
In the 1920's, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of _____________ into the bloodstream a. epinephrine and norepinephrine b. acetylcholine and endorphins c. lymphocytes and glucocorticoids d. estrogen and testosterone
a
Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via a. interneurons b. the circulatory system c. sensory neurons d. the sympathetic nervous system e. the endocrine system
a
It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggesting best illustrates the a. evolutionary perspective b. relative deprivation principle c. Cannon-Bard theory d. two-factor theory e. adaptation-level principle
a
Jordan has been a coffee drinker for the past ten years. He has noticed recently that just the sight of his coffee cup seems to elicit more alertness and wakefulness from him. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus (CS)? a. the coffee cup b. the coffee c. the caffeine in the coffee d. the heightened level of alertness e. in this scenario there is no conditioned stimulus
a
Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is a. depressed b. happy c. relaxed d. unemotional
a
Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. latent learning d. observational learning e. insight
a
Light-wave amplitude determines the a. intensity of colors b. color hue we experience c. firing of rods in the retina d. curvature and thickness of the lens e. parallel processing of a scene
a
Many hard-of-hearing people like sound compressed because they remain sensitive to ______ sounds a. loud b. high-pitched c. prolonged d. unpredictable e. frequent
a
Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates _________ memory a. implicit b. short term c. sensory d. flashbulb
a
Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a __________ perspective on depression a. biological b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. cognitive e. psychoanalytic
a
Of the following, which can establish a cause and effect relationship? I. controlled experiment II. quasi-experiment III. correlational research a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. I and III only e. I, II, and III
a
Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is time-consuming. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ___________ theory of sexual behavior a. evolutionary b. social learning c. Freudian d. behaviorist e. humanistic
a
Research most clearly suggests that personality traits are most strongly influenced by a. genes than by home environment b. home environment than by genes c. genes than by peers d. home environment than by peers e. genes than by heredity
a
Research participants were asked to identify a word that could be associated meaningfully with each of three other words. Solutions that occurred with sudden insight were accompanied by a burst of activity in the brain's _________ lobe a. right temporal b. left parietal c. right occipital d. right parietal e. right frontal
a
Researchers studying gender have found that a. there are more similarities than differences between the genders b. there are no significant cognitive differences between the genders c. there are no significant emotional differences between the genders d. research tools are not capable of determining if there are true differences or not e. differences between the genders are becoming more pronounced over time
a
Stress-related disorders, asthma, and headaches have been successfully alleviated using a. hypnosis b. serotonin c. leptin d. melatonin e. tolerance
a
The belief that weather conditions signal the onset of arthritis pain best illustrates a. an illusory correlation b. operational definition c. the hindsight bias d. overconfidence e. random sampling
a
The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in a. children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed b. individuals with Alzheimer's disease c. adults with aphasia d. elderly stroke patients e. people free of any disease or brain damage
a
The brain research technique that involves monitoring the brain's usage of glucose is called (in abbreviated form) the a. PET scan b. CT scan c. EEG d. MRI
a
The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to a. search for information that supports our preconceptions b. judge the likelihood of events on the basis of how easily we can remember examples of them c. overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments d. overestimate the degree to which other people share our beliefs e. use heuristics instead of algorithms to solve problems
a
The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year ________ a. Wundt; 1879 b. James; 1890 c. Freud; 1900 d. Watson; 1913
a
The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n) a. action potential b. synapse c. neurotransmitters d. myelin sheath e. interneuron
a
The reappearance of a weakened CR a. spontaneous recovery b. generalization c. extinction d. discrimination e. acquisition
a
The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to a. judge the likelihood of category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype b. judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered c. search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions d. cling to our initial preconceptions, even through they have been discredited e. underestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
a
The reticular formation is located in the a. brainstem b. limbic system c. somatosensory cortex d. motor cortex e. cerebellum
a
The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system a. peripheral b. autonomic c. central d. sympathetic e. parasympathetic
a
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n) a. psychiatrist b. developmental psychologist c. biological psychologist d. clinical psychologist e. industrial-organizational psychologist
a
The study of phenomena such as clairvoyance and telepathy is called a. parapsychology b. Gestalt psychology c. human factors psychology d. ESP e. perceptual adaptation
a
The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called a. functional fixedness b. the availability heuristic c. confirmation bias d. belief perseverance e. the representative heuristic
a
The three major categories of drugs include depressants, stimulants, and a. hallucinogens b. barbiturates c. amphetamines d. caffeine e. alcohol
a
The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of __________ than does the James-Lange theory a. cognitive activity b. subjective well-being c. physiological arousal d. catharsis
a
There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we properly conclude from this discovery? a. we cannot conclude anything about cause and effect b. we can conclude that TV watching leads to lower grades c. we can conclude that TV watching leads to higher grades d. we can conclude that the grades students get have an effect on their TV watching habits e. we can conclude that this is an illusory correlation
a
Tim, a third grader, learns the sentence "George eats old gray rats a paints houses yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using a. a mnemonic device b. the "peg-word" system c. the spacing effect d. the method of loci e. the next-in-line effect
a
To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the schoolyard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ? a. naturalistic observation b. replication c. the survey d. the case study e. experimentation
a
Today, psychology is a discipline that a. connects with a diversity of other fields b. is largely independent of other disciplines c. is focused primarily on basic research d. is focused primarily on applied research
a
Today, psychology is a discipline that a. connects with a diversity of other fields b. is largely independent of other disciplines c. is focused primarily on basic research d. is focused primarily on applied research
a
When her son fails to arrive home as expected, Elena fears he has been in an accident. Both her heart and respiration rate remain elevated until she sees him come safely through the door. Her body soon returns to normal due to the action of her _____________ nervous system a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. central d. somatic
a
When hormones act on the brain, they influence our interest in sex, food, and aggression a. true b. false
a
Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research questions: What happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events and how does this process effect behavior? a. cognitive neuroscience b. humanistic psychology c. functionalist experimental psychology d. behaviorism e. structuralism
a
Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex? a. thalamus b. amygdala c. medulla d. hippocampus e. cerebellum
a
Which of the following best accounts for people's fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile? a. perceived control b. functional fixedness c. the framing effect d. category heirarchies e. the representative heuristic
a
Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? a. the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior b. the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior c. the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior d. the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study
a
Which of the following is a positive correlation? a. As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades b. As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase c. People who exercise regularly are less likely to be obese d. Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases e. Repeatedly shooting free throws is associated with a smaller percentage of missed free throws
a
Which of the following is least likely to occur as a result of good sleep habits? a. decreased concentration b. better immune system c. strengthened memory d. lower serious accident rate e. decreased obesity
a
Which of the following is not true regarding brain organization and handedness? a. If a person has a left-handed identical twin, odds are that he or she will also be left-handed b. Right-handedness is far more common than left-handedness throughout the world c. On average, right-handers live longer than left-handers d. Left-handers are more common than usual among people with reading disabilities e. With age, the percentage of left-handers declines dramatically
a
Which part of a neuron is often encased by the myelin sheath? a. axon b. synapse c. cell body d. dendrite
a
Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits? a. evolutionary b. cognitive c. behavioral d. social-sultural e. humanistic
a
Which philosopher is most well known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa, or a "blank state"? a. John Locke b. Rene Descartes c. Plato d. Immanuel Kent e. Aristotle
a
Which term does not belong with the others? a. synapse b. dendrite c. axon d. cell body
a
Which two questions exemplify the scientific attitude? a. What do you mean? How do you know? b. Who believes you? What are their qualifications? c. How common is the answer? How many people agree? d. Is this an established truth? How long has it been considered fact? e. Which truths does this agree with? Which truths does it contradict?
a
While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you'd been working on several hours before. This is an example of a. insight b. backward conditioning c. latent learning
a
With the removal of the ovaries, a woman's natural ___________ level drops a. testosterone b. ghrelin c. orexin d. PYY e. basal
a
Women are especially likely to surpass men in their ability to convey nonverbal expressions of a. happiness b. sadness c. surprise d. anger
a
A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is a. acetylcholine b. epinephrine c. testosterone d. insulin e. glycogen
b
A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates a. hypotheses b. critical thinking c. the hindsight bias d. overconfidence e. illusory correlation
b
A subliminal message is one that is presented a. while an individual is under hypnosis b. below one's absolute threshold for awareness c. in a manner that in unconsciously persuasive d. with very soft background music e. repetitiously
b
According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are likely to be a. socially prohibited b. genetically predisposed c. ecologically disruptive d. disease-producing e. learned by association
b
Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the _________ of their adopted children a. adult height b. political attitudes c. adult weight d. extraversion e. personality
b
Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently, Manuel has a lower __________ for skunk odor than his parents have a. accommodation level b. absolute threshold c. tolerance level d. olfactory level e. adaptation level
b
An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates a. the independent variable b. an operational definition c. the double-blind procedure d. random assignment e. the dependent variable
b
Anton is applying for a technician's job with a neurosurgeon. In trying to impress his potential employer with his knowledge of the brain, he says, "After my father's stroke I knew immediately that the blood clot had affected his left cerebral hemisphere because he no longer recognized a picture of his friend." Should Anton be hired? a. Yes. Anton obviously understands brain structure and function b. No. The right hemisphere, not the left, specializes in picture recognition c. Yes. Although blood clots never form in the left hemisphere, Anton should be rewarded for recognizing the left hemisphere's role in picture recognition d. No. Blood clots never form in the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere is more involved than the left in recognizing pictures
b
Behaviorists dismissed the value of a. science b. introspection c. spaced practice d. neuroscience e. reinforcement
b
Chemistry teachers almost always present elements within the context of the periodic table. The periodic table is useful because it is a(n) a. example of chunking b. hierarchy c. mnemonic device d. example of iconic storage e. massed rehearsal strategy
b
Chomsky suggested that as a child first begins hearing language, appropriate settings or standards regarding the rules of that language are activated in the child's a. representative heuristic b. language acquisition device c. category hierarchy d. algorithm e. linguistic prototype
b
Correlational research is most useful for purpose of a. explanation b. prediction c. control d. replication e. experimentation
b
Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either a. nature or nurture b. active or inactive c. identical or fraternal d. chromosomes or genomes
b
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into a. synaptic gaps b. the bloodstream c. dendrites d. sensory neurons e. interneurons
b
Endorphins are most directly involved in the control of a. body temperature b. physical pain c. muscle contraction d. attention
b
Fill-in-the-blank questions (without word banks) measure __________; matching concepts with their definition measures __________ a. recognition; relearning b. recall; recognition c. recall; relearning d. relearning; recall
b
Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ____________ needs a. safety b. belongingness c. incentive d. self-actualization e. set point
b
For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stay home from work. It would be most beneficial for Adam to contact a(n) ________________ psychologist a. industrial-organizational b. clinical c. personality d. biological e. social
b
Framing refers to a. methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems b. the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded c. the grouping of similar objects, events, or people into a category d. a simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently e. judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a prototype
b
Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates a. factor analysis b. convergent thinking c. reliability d. standardization e. the availability heuristic
b
Hearing-impaired people who use sign language typically a. demonstrate greater mathematical competence than people without hearing impairments b. process language in their left cerebral hemisphere c. recognize facial expressions of emotion with their left rather than their right cerebral hemisphere d. have a slightly smaller corpus callosum than people without hearing impairments
b
In classical conditioning, the a. neutral stimulus elicits salivation b. neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus c. unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus is the same as the conditioned stimulus e. unconditioned response produces the conditioned response
b
In elementary school and high school, Charlie got away with copying his test answers from classmates. Because the college has test proctors who are very observant, Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's strategy for passing tests illustrates the consequences of a. functional fixedness b. a mental set c. confirmation bias d. the availability heuristic e. the framing effect
b
In operant conditioning, reinforcement refers to anything that a. gives the organism an intrinsic desire to succeed b. increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future c. immediately follows an undesired response d. results in latent learning e. decreases a target behavior
b
In psychology, "behavior" is best defined as a. anything a person says, does, or feels b. any action we can observe and record c. any action, whether observable or not d. anything we can infer from a person's actions
b
In the brain, learning occurs as experience strengthens certain connections in cell work groups called a. action potentials b. neural networks c. endocrine systems d. dendrites e. synaptic gaps
b
In the words "helped" and "called" the "ed" ending is a(n) a. prototype b. morpheme c. heuristic d. algorithm e. syntax
b
In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on a. prototypes b. heuristics c. phonemes d. algorithms e. framing
b
Increased activity in the right frontal lobe is to ____________ as increased activity in the left frontal lobe is to ____________ a. anger; fear b. disgust; joy c. love; hate d. elation; depression e. love; lust
b
Intrinsic motivation is though to be an important component of a. insight b. creativity c. the availability heuristic d. functional fixedness e. belief perseverance
b
Learning by imitating others' behavior is called ____________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ___________ a. secondary; Skinner b. observational; Bandura c. secondary; Pavlov d. observational; Watson
b
Mentally rehearsing one's resentments contributes to ___________ perspiration levels and ____________ blood pressure levels from mentally rehearing forgiveness a. lower; lower b. higher; higher c. lower; higher d. higher; lower
b
Neurotransmitter is to hormone as __________ is to __________ a. pancreas; hypothalamus b. nervous system; endocrine system c. sympathetic; parasympathetic d. sensory neuron; motor neuron
b
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that travel across the a. cell body b. synaptic gap c. axon d. myelin sheath e. threshold
b
Of the following, the strongest positive correlation would most likely be shown between a. an adult's weight and running speed b. close friendship and happiness c. sense of humor and years of education d. poverty and good health e. visual acuity and salary
b
People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of a. love b. anger c. surprise d. happiness e. boredom
b
People consumer more ice cream when scooping it with a big scoop rather than a small one. This best illustrates a. set point b. unit bias c. social facilitation d. homeostasis e. drive reduction
b
Research on stressful life events indicates that a. Those who live a relatively peaceful monastic actually suffer a higher-than-average rate of heart attacks b. Those who have been recently widowed or divorced are more vulnerable to disease and death c. Survivors of natural disaster are immunized against stress and gave fewer long-term health problems d. All of the above are true
b
Short-term memory could best be characterized as ____________ memory a. visual b. working c. flashbulb d. auditory
b
Smokers with a greater fear of flying than of smoking's toxicity best illustrates that we often have a greater fear of risks that are a. familiar b. immediate c. controllable d. prototypical e. memorable
b
Tendency for similar stimuli to evoke a CR a. spontaneous recovery b. generalization c. extinction d. discrimination e. acquisition
b
The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was ____________ a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Descartes d. Simonides
b
The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n) a. EEG b. MRI c. PET scan d. lobotomy
b
The brain's adaptation to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect, is called a. withdrawal b. tolerance c. physical dependence d. psychological dependence e. disinhibiting
b
The brain's own opiates are called a. barbiturates b. endorphins c. tranquilizers d. Nembutal e. Seconal
b
The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n) a. control condition b. population c. case study d. independent variable e. survey
b
The components of creativity include a. impulsivity and empathy b. expertise and a venturesome personality c. competitiveness and dogmatism d. imagination and extrinsic motivation e. competitiveness and empathy
b
The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the a. sympathetic nervous system b. immune system c. limbic system d. parasympathetic nervous system e. reticular system
b
The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as a. Wernicke's area b. Broca's area c. the amygdala d. the angular gyrus e. the reticular formation
b
The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian a. chemist b. physician c. theologian d. politician e. philanthropist
b
The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes as ___________ is to ___________ a. nature; nurture b. nurture; nature c. rationality; irrationality d; irrationality; rationality
b
The pineal gland's role in sleep involves a. activating the suprachiasmatic mucleus b. the production of melatonin c. the location of hypnagogic images d. remembering dreams upon waking e. emitting alpha waves
b
The retina is to the eye as the _________ is to the ear a. auditory nerve b. cochlea c. auditory canal d. eardrum e. eustachian tube
b
The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called a. clinical psychology b. introspection c. spaced practice d. humanism e. Gestalt psychology
b
The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called a. phonemes b. morphemes c. prototypes d. concepts e. heuristics
b
The speed at which a neural impulse travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n) a. sympathetic nerve b. myelin sheath c. endocrine gland d. pituitary gland e. synaptic vesicle
b
The subfield that studies the specific genes that influence behavior is a. behavior genetics b. molecular genetics c. evolutionary psychology d. memes analysis
b
The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as a. structuralism b. natural selection c. functionalism d. introspection e. humanism
b
The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of a. psychiatry b. structuralism c. functionalism d. empiricism e. behaviorism
b
To say that "psychology is a science" means that a. psychologists study only observable behavior b. psychologists approach the study the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigorous analysis c. psychological research should be free of value judgments d. all of the above are true
b
To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? a. the survey b. the case study c. experimentation d. naturalistic observation e. correlation
b
We fear too little those events that will claim lives a. accidentally b. undramatically c. in the near future d. one person at a time e. in old age
b
What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors? a. hypothesis b. theory c. critical thinking d. operational definition e. replication
b
When Hailey told her roommate about the Chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it WAS as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates a. source amnesia b. the misinformation effect c. the self-reference effect d. proactive interference
b
When molecular geneticists take a blood sample or a cheek swab, what are they trying to obtain? a. protein molecules b. DNA from the nucleus of a cell c. heritability rates d. chromosomes from one parent e. random errors in gene replication
b
When the release of Ach is blocked, the result is a. depression b. muscular paralysis c. aggression d. schizophrenia e. euphoria
b
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking? a. occipital b. frontal c. temporal d. parietal
b
Which of the following is typically controlled by the left hemisphere? a. spatial reasoning b. word recognition c. the left side of the body d. perceptual skills
b
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments a. occipital lobes b. frontal lobes c. temporal lobes d. parietal lobes
b
Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders? a. personality psychology b. clinical psychology c. biological psychology d. social psychology e. developmental psychology
b
Which theory best explains the occurrence of afterimages a. trichromatic b. opponent-process c. place d. frequency e. signal-detection
b
Which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetic predispositions? a. drive-reduction theory b. instinct theory c. hierarchy of needs theory d. arousal theory e. incentive theory
b
Who suggested that "we feel sorry because we cry... afraid because we tremble"? a. Stanley Schacter b. William James c. Walter Cannon d. Richard Lazarus e. Charles Darwin
b
You are likely to remember more psychology in your psychology classroom than in other environments because of a. mood congruence b. context effects c. state-dependency d. proactive interference e. retroactive interference
b
A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of a. the availability heuristic b. belief perseverance c. an algorithm d. the representativeness heuristic e. functional fixedness
c
A child who is deeply afraid of spiders sees a large spider on her lawn, and is now afraid of grassy areas. Her newly acquired fear of grassy areas demonstrates a. social learning b. second order conditioning c. classical conditioning d. extinction e. discrimination
c
A drive refers to a. a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species b. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior c. an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need d. the body's resting rate of energy expenditure e. an unconscious, repressed desire for pleasure
c
A mental set is a a. methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems b. mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people c. tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past d. group of conclusions derived from certain assumptions or general principles e. specific way an issue is described that can significantly alter decisions
c
A random error in gene replication is known as a. DNA b. genome c. mutation d. natural selection e. heritability
c
A rat learns to escape an electric shock as soon as it is administered by running through a small opening in an operant chamber. This is an example of a. primary reinforcement b. secondary reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. omission training e. positive punishment
c
A scientist's willingness to admit that she is wrong is an example of a. curiosity b. intelligence c. humility d. skepticism e. cynicism
c
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates a. the belief perseverance phenomenon b. the availability heuristic c. insight d. a mental set e. the framing effect
c
Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to a. evolutionary psychologists b. humanistic psychologists c. behavior geneticists d. Freudian psychologists e. psychometricians
c
B. F. Skinner would most likely agree with which of the following explanations for a superstitious behavior such as a play wearing the same pair of socks for every game of the football season? a. The player saw successful teammates wearing the same socks each game b. The player was punished in the past for wearing those socks c. The first time the player wore those socks during a game his team won d. The player was classically conditioned to associate the socks with football e. Humans have an instinctual drift to associate clothing with the environment
c
B.F. Skinner was a leading a. functionalist b. theologian c. behaviorist d. biological researcher
c
Babies' first demonstration of productive language occurs a. prior to the babbling stage b. during the babbling stage c. during the one-word stage d. during the two-word stage e. after the two-word stage
c
Basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following? a. hindsight bias b. confirmation bias c. empirical approach d. overconfidence e. operational definition
c
Because Ken is 6'6", people often mistakenly assume that he must be a member of his high school basketball team. This mistaken judgment best illustrates the impact of a. confirmation bias b. the belief perseverance phenomenon c. the representative heuristic d. the availability heuristic e. framing
c
By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have _________ memory a. echoic b. flashbulb c. iconic d. implicit
c
Charles Darwin's suggestion that violent gestures increase one's anger is most consistent with the a. arousal theory b. adaptation-level principle c. catharsis hypothesis d. relative deprivation principle
c
Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as a. primary reinforcers b. classical conditioning c. secondary reinforcers d. negative reinforcers e. unconditioned reinforcers
c
Classical and operant conditioning were both initially based on the principles of a. cognitive psychology b. biological psychology c. behaviorism d. evolution e. animal thought processes
c
Compared with men who do not have older brothers, men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to experience a. obesity b. anorexia nervosa c. a homosexual orientation d. a refractory period e. a sexual response cycle
c
DNA is a complex a. sex hormone b. action potential c. molecule d. synapse e. neuron
c
Dr. Ross believes that principles of natural selection help explain why infants come to fear strangers about the time they become mobile. Dr. Ross is most likely a(n): a. behavior geneticist b. molecular geneticist c. evolutionary psychologist d. molecular biologist
c
Due to an automobile accident, Jenny suffered damage to her cerebral cortex in Broca's area. Jenny is most likely to experience a. auditory hallucinations b. memory loss c. aphasia d. paralysis of her left limbs e. reward deficiency syndrome
c
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimal level of conscious attention is known as a. a flashbulb memory b. mnemonics c. automatic processing d. state-dependent memory e. chunking
c
Ever since Lupe was scolded and punished by her teacher for misbehaving, Luke has been fearful of being near the teacher. This illustrates that a. fear is a biologically maladaptive response b. young childing are biologically predisposed to fear almost anything c. fear can be learned d. emotions are most negative when they are only moderately aroused
c
Fruit juices, energy drinks, mints, soap, and soda have all been known to contain a. marijuana b. cocaine c. caffeine d. nicotine e. crystal meth
c
Heritability refers to the extent to which a unrelated individuals share common genes b. genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring c. trait differences among individuals among individuals are attributable to genetic variations d. adult personality is determined by infant personality e. nurture controls a trait rather than nature
c
Homosexuality itself is not considered a mental disorder. However, adolescent homosexuals are at increased risk for which of the following? a. anxiety disorder b. sexual dysfunction c. attempting suicide d. gender identity disorder e. substance dependence
c
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _________ is to _________ a. short term memory; long term memory b. explicit memory; implicit memory c. visual stimulation; auditory stimulation d. automatic processing; effortful processing e. flashbulb memory; implicit memory
c
Identical twins separated at birth would be most likely to have similar a. political ideas b. religious beliefs c. personality d. norms e. food preferences
c
If Dr. Rogers wishes to conduct an experiment on the effects of stimulating the reward centers of a rat's brain, he should insert and electrode into the a. thalamus b. sensory cortex c. hypothalamus d. corpus callosum
c
In a language laboratory, a language teacher checks in on her students at various, unpredictable times and awards bonus points if a student is continuing to engage in the oral lesson. This is an example of which schedule of reinforcement? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio e. continuous
c
In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ___________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________ a. evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical sensations b. introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on observation and experimentation c. childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential d. the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the stream of consciousness and emotion e. observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information
c
In order to monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n) a. MRI b. PET scan c. EEG d. CT scan
c
In terms of the role of the family environment on eating disorders, research has discounted which of the following factors? a. higher rates of childhood obesity b. competitive, high-achieving families c. childhood sexual abuse d. mother's preoccupation with weight and appearance e. higher-than-usual incidences of negative self-evaluation
c
In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of a. algorithms b. phonemes c. prototypes d. mental sets e. heuristics
c
Jarod's muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. His sleep state would most likely be called a. sleep apnea b. hypnagogic c. paradoxical d. delta e. sleep deprivation
c
Latent learning demonstrates that a. punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior b. negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible c. cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning d. conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers e. shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning
c
Many people overestimate how long they actually remain awake during restless nights because their moments of wakefulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep. This best illustrates the impact of a. the representativeness heuristic b. confirmation bias c. the availability heuristic d. functional fixedness e. overconfidence
c
Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never though of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates a. confirmation bias b. belief perseverance c. functional fixedness d. the availability heuristic e. overconfidence
c
Mirror neurons may a. allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response b. help produce intrinsic motivation in some children c. be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning d. produce the neural associations that are the basis of both classical and operant conditioning e. explain why modeling pro-social behavior is more effective than modeling negative behavior
c
Mr. Kay is interested in whether individual differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most likely a(n) ______________ psychologist a. human factors b. developmental c. educational d. social e. clinical
c
Mr. Langley emphasizes that premature sexual activity among high school students involves the interplay of alcohol consumption, mass media norms, and teens' underestimation of their vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections. The teacher's emphasis best illustrates a. the evolutionary perspective b. the hierarchy of needs c. a biopsychosocial approach d. the sexual response cycle e. the humanistic approach
c
Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noting that his heart was pounding and his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Dmitri concluded that he was "falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley and Dmitri can best be explained by the a. valence theory b. James-Lange theory c. two-factor theory d. adaptation-level principle
c
Opiate drugs (such as heroin and morphine) occupy the same receptor sites as a. acetylcholine b. serotonin c. endorphins d. dopamine e. epinephrine
c
Our need to belong is most clearly threatened by a. cluster migration b. drive reduction c. ostracism d. unit bias e. refractory periods
c
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates a. naturalistic observation b. illusory correlation c. overconfidence d. the standard deviation e. placebo
c
People are less upset than when they miss getting an early payment discount than when they are asked to bear a late payment surcharge. This best illustrates the importance of a. belief perseverance b. confirmation bias c. framing d. functional fixedness e. the representative heuristic
c
People's preferences for sweet tastes are ___________, and their preferences for excessively salty tastes are ___________ a. needs; incentives b. incentives; needs c. universal; learned d. learned; universal e. instinctual; conditioned
c
Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of a. the hindsight bias b. the placebo effect c. a hypothesis d. illusory correlation e. an operational definition
c
Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working within the ____________ perspective a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. behavior genetics d. neuroscience e. cognitive
c
Rates of adolescent sexual intercourse are a. higher in Arab and Asian countries than in Western Europe b. high in Latin American countries than in Western Europe c. similar in Western Europe and Latin America d. similar in North America than in Arab countries e. higher in North Americans of Asian descent
c
Receptor cells for kinesis are located in the a. fovea b. inner ear c. joints, tendons, bones, and ear d. olfactory epithelium e. auditory cortex
c
Replication involves a. the selection of random samples b. perceiving order in random events c. repeating an earlier research study d. rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested e. overestimating the extent to which others share our views
c
Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests suggest that they a. pose no threat to the innocent b. are accurately only 50 percent of the time, even when administered by experts c. are more likely to declare the innocent guilty than to declare the guilty innocent d. are more likely to declare the guilty innocent than the innocent guilty
c
Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that a. males and females experience an equally long refractory period following organism b. women undergo a decrease in physiological arousal more slowly if they have experienced organism than if they have not c. enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception d. during the resolution phase, sexual excitement increases in females but decreases in males e. the sexual response and interest cycle decreases rapidly in middle age
c
Signal detection theory is most closely associated with a. vision b. sensory adaptation c. absolute thresholds d. hearing e. context effects
c
Some people are better than others at detecting slight variation in the tastes of various blends of coffee. This best illustrates the important of a. sensory adaptation b. subliminal stimulation c. difference thresholds d. parallel processing e. the vestibular sense
c
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the a. limbic system b. corpus callosum c. cerebellum d. reticular formation
c
The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is a. 6 b. 14 c. 36 d. 48 e. 100
c
The ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates a. sensory interaction b. kinesthesis c. parallel processing d. subliminal processing e. blindsight
c
The adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the a. iris b. cornea c. pupil d. blind spot e. fovea
c
The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable a. assumptions b. correlations c. predictions d. variables e. hypotheses
c
The genome is the complete a. collection of sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes b. range of traits that contribute to reproductive success c. set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes d. set of interactions between genes and environments e. collection of genetic and hormonal influences on behavior
c
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to a. dismiss the value of replication b. reject any ideas that cannot be scientifically tested c. exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events d. assume that correlation proves causation e. overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions
c
The human genome is best defined as a. a complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up the chromosomes b. a segment of DNA c. the complete instructions for making an organism d. the four-letter genetic "alphabet"
c
The impact of top-down processing on the sense of touch is best illustrated by a. psychokinesis b. place theory c. the rubber-hand illusion d. retinal disparity e. sensory interaction
c
The part of the human brain that is most like that of a fish is the a. cortex b. limbic system c. brainstem d. right hemisphere e. corpus callosum
c
The physical junction between two neurons is called the a. node of Ranvier b. myelin sheath c. synapse d. interneuron
c
The process of retrieval refers to a. the persistence of learning over time b. the organization of information into manageable units c. getting information out of memory storage d. conscious repetition of information to be remembered e. the identification of information previously learned
c
The purpose of the pupil is to a. focus light on the retina b. process color c. allow light into the eye d. enable night vision e. detect specific shapes
c
The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates a. relative motion b. retinal disparity c. the phi phenomenon d. frequency theory e. perceptual adaptation
c
The seventeenth century philosopher who believed that some ideas are innate and the mind is not a "blank slate" at birth is a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Descartes d. Locke
c
The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called a. an algorithm b. telegraphic speech c. grammar d. a heuristic e. morphemes
c
The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as a. the serial position effect b. state-dependent memory c. the spacing effect d. the method of loci e. priming
c
The unforgettable memories ("indelible") of the 9/11 terrorist tragedy unduly inflated many people's estimates of the risks associated with air travel. This best illustrates the importance of a. functional fixedness b. the representativeness heuristic c. the availability heuristic d. confirmation bias e. framing
c
The unique personalities of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the __________ of nature and nurture a. mutation b. evolution c. interaction d. heritability e. independence
c
The weakening of the CR when the CS is no longer followed by the UCS a. spontaneous recovery b. generalization c. extinction d. discrimination e. acquisition
c
Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of a. philosophy and chemistry b. physiology and chemistry c. philosophy and biology d. philosophy and physics
c
Unlike those with bulimia nervosa, those with binge-eating disorders are not likely to __________ following binge eating a. experience remorse b. gain weight c. engage in excessive exercise d. show increased glucose levels e. show decreased set point
c
Wernicke's area is typically located in the left _________ lobe a. parietal b. occipital c. temporal d. frontal
c
When Larina entered high school she was certain that she would never eat any of the junk food sold in the vending machines. By the end of tenth grade, however, Larina was munching on at least one bag of chips a day. Larina's experience best illustrates a. the availability heuristic b. confirmation bias c. overconfidence d. the framing effect e. the belief perseverance phenomenon
c
When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ___________ hunger and a(n) ____________ its basal metabolic rate a. increase in; increase in b. stabilization of; decrease in c. increase in; decrease in d. decrease in; increase in e. increase in; stabilization of
c
When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the square is a. yellow b. red c. green d. blue e. while
c
When people discuss the "nature vs. nurture" controversy, nature refers to __________ and nurture refers to __________ a. genes; heredity b. chromosomes; genetics c. biology; environment d. DNA; hormones e. thinking; behavior
c
Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low exam grade depends on whether we attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own lack of academic ability. This best illustrates that emotions are influenced by a. physical arousal b. relative deprivation c. cognitive appraisals d. genetic predispositions
c
Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science? a. psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science b. psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science c. intuition and common sense are not always correct d. psychological science can be used to answer fundamental questions about religion e. intuition can never be right unless applied scientifically
c
Which of the following describes long term potentiation? a. When attempting to retrieve information, it is easier to recognize than recall b. Constructed memories have the potential to be either accurate or inaccurate c. Memories are formed in the brain when a synapse changes to allow for more efficient transfer of information d. Implicit memories are processed by the cerebellum instead of by the hippocampus e. Information is transferred from working memory to long term memory
c
Which of the following is a hunger-suppressing hormone secreted by the stomach? a. orexin b. ghrelin c. obestatin d. insulin e. glucose
c
Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations? a. the case study b. naturalistic observation c. random sampling d. operational definitions e. standard deviations
c
Which of the following is/are the most influential gland(s) in the endocrine system? a. thyroid b. adrenal c. pituitary
c
Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Edward Titchener c. John B. Watson d. William James e. Sigmund Freud
c
Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home? a. vestibular sacs b. bipolar cells c. olfactory receptors d. feature detectors e. basilar membrane
c
Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace? a. clinical psychology b. personality psychology c. industrial-organizational psychology d. psychiatry
c
Which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors? a. behaviorist b. psychotherapist c. biological psychologist d. cognitive psychologist e. psychometrician
c
Who believed that bumps on the skill reveal mental abilities and character traits? a. Sir Charles Sherrington b. Stephen Kasslyn c. Franz Gall d. Candace Pert e. Solomon Snyder
c
Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed." ? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Sigmund Freud c. John B. Watson d. William James
c
A simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) a. neural network b. action potential c. neurotransmitter d. reflex e. threshold
d
According to Abraham Maslow, our need for belongingness must be met before our need for a. food and water b. safety c. arousal d. esteem e. homeostasis
d
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that a. causes sleepiness b. lessens physical pain c. reduces depressed moods d. triggers muscle contractions
d
After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty in scheduling his daily activities and solving simple problems. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his a. cerebellum b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. association areas
d
Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ___________ perspective a. biopsychosocial b. biological c. psychodynamic d. behavioral e. structural
d
An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ___________ nervous system is to the ___________ nervous system a. somatic; autonomic b. autonomic; somatic c. central; peripheral d. sympathetic; parasympathetic e. parasympathetic; sympathetic
d
An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a a. negative reinforcement b. delayed reinforcer c. conditioned stimulus d. punishment e. secondary reinforcer
d
An impaired use of language is known as a. tomography b. plasticity c. hemispherectomy d. aphasia
d
An instinctive behavior is one that is a. designed to reduce drives b. triggered by an incentive c. similar in all living organisms d. unlearned e. internally motivated
d
Answering practice questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for a. automatically processing complex information b. facilitating the development of implicit memory c. activating your state-dependent memory d. becoming aware of what you will still need to learn
d
Brainstorming sessions that encourage people to spontaneously suggest new and unusual solutions to a problem are designed to avoid a. heuristics b. prototypes c. semantics d. fixations e. framing
d
Brittla frequents only the most expensive clubs in an effort to attract a desirable mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of ___________ a. mutation b. behaviorism c. her upbringing d. genetic predispositions e. social pressure
d
Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity while sleeping are called a. hallucinations b. circadian rhythms c. alpha waves d. sleep spindles e. delta waves
d
By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her college textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of a. automatic processing b. the method of loci c. the serial position effect d. hierarchical organization e. the spacing effect
d
Carl Rogers and ___________ were the early leaders of humanistic psychology a. Mary Calkins b. Ivan Pavlov c. Francis Bacon d. Abraham Maslow e. Jean Piaget
d
Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the __________ of a sound a. intensity b. pitch c. loudness d. location e. amplitude
d
Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a a. clinical psychologist b. personality psychologist c. psychiatrist d. developmental psychologist
d
Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of a. chunking b. imagery c. automatic processing d. rehearsal
d
Encouraging people to elaborate on why their own personal views on an issue are correct is most likely to promote a. functional fixedness b. use of the representativeness heuristic c. linguistic determinism d. belief perseverance e. the framing effect
d
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline; stress hormones) are released by the ___________ gland(s) a. thyroid b. pituitary c. parathyroid d. adrenal e. thymus
d
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol a. are released by the thymus and lymph glands b. accelerate the proliferation of lymphocytes c. divert flood flow from muscle tissue to the body's internal organs d. accelerate the build-up of plaques on artery walls e. decrease heart rate and blood pressure
d
Eva had difficulty recognizing that a sea horse was a fish because it did not clearly resemble her fish a. hierarchy b. heuristic c. algorithm d. prototype e. fixation
d
Evidence that people can develop an emotional preference for stimuli to which they have been unknowingly exposed has convinced Robert Zajonc that a. our thoughts are not influenced by our emotional states b. our normal feelings of love and anger are often irrational c. the two-factor theory of emotion is essentially correct d. sometimes emotions preceded cognition e. emotional reactions bias our perceptions of the world
d
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. humanism b. behaviorism c. naturalistic observation d. natural selection e. genome mapping
d
Following a gunshot wound to the head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his a. parietal lobe b. temporal lobe c. occipital lobe d. frontal lobe
d
Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by a. aphasia b. memory loss c. auditory hallucinations d. irritability e. a reward deficiency syndrome
d
Generating multiple possible answers to a problem illustrates a. the representative heuristic b. the availability heuristic c. belief perseverance d. divergent thinking e. functional fixedness
d
Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of a. childhood memories b. genetic predispositions c. unconscious thoughts d. healthy growth potential e. punishment and reinforcement
d
In addition to cocaine and heroin, what drug does the British government consider one of the most dangerous? a. alcohol b. marijuana c. endorphins d. crystal meth e. nicotine
d
In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called a. mental sets b. phonemes c. algorithms d. intuitions e. heuristics
d
In order to pinpoint the location of a tumor, a neurosurgeon electrically stimulated parts of the patient's sensory cortex. If the patient was conscious during the procedure, which of the following was probably experienced? a. "hearing" faint sounds b. "seeing" random visual patterns c. movement of the arms or legs d. a sense of having the skin touched
d
In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the _________ of a single neuron a. cell body to the axon to the dendrites b. dendrites to the axon to the cell body c. axon to the cell body to the dendrites d. dendrites to the cell body to the axon e. axon to the dendrites to the cell body
d
John wants to study the effects of alcohol on the behavior of college students. For his study, he spends 5 hours every night for 2 weeks at a bar near a college watching how the patrons act before and after drinking alcoholic beverages. The research method John is employing is a a. controlled experiment b. quasi-experiment c. test d. naturalistic observation e. case study
d
Male sex offenders lose much of their sexual urge when voluntarily taking a. PYY b. orexin c. estrogen d. Depo-Provera e. testosterone
d
Of the following, which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between political party membership and attitude toward the death penalty? a. controlled experiment b. quasi-experiment c. test d. survey e. case study
d
Our rods and cones ____________ electromagnetic energy into neural messages a. adapt b. accommodate c. parallel process d. transduce e. perceptually set
d
People typically recognize _________ more rapidly and accurately when they are flashed to the left hemisphere; they typically recognize __________ more rapidly and accurately when they are flashed to the right hemisphere a. letters; numbers b. words; numbers c. numbers; letters d. words; pictures
d
People who repeatedly buy lottery tickets believing that if they play often enough they will eventually win, are reinforced on which of the following schedules? a. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement b. fixed ration schedule of reinforcement c. variable interval schedule of reinforcement d. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement e. continuous schedule of reinforcement
d
Perceived differences between various shades of color are greater if people assign a different name to each hue. This best illustrates the influence of a. universal grammar on language acquisition b. algorithms on receptive language c. critical periods on language acquisition d. language on thinking e. syntax on prototype formation
d
Premarital sexual activity is higher among American teens who a. have college-educated rather than high school-educated parents b. frequently rather than seldom attend religious services c. earn high rather than low grades in school d. consume rather than abstain from alcohol e. underestimate rather than overestimate their peers' sexual activity
d
Punishment a. is a good way to increase a behavior as long as it is not used too frequently b. may create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term negative side effects c. is effective because it is a quick, direct way of informing the learner of what is expected d. may happen frequently because if the punished person stops misbehaving for a while this reinforces the punisher e. should never be used in the opinion of most psychologists
d
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ___________ is to ___________ a. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer b. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement c. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer d. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer e. reinforcement; punishment
d
Shawn loves to snowboard. He enjoys performing aerial tricks after launching off high jumps. The higher in the air he goes and the farther he travels, the better. Which theory best explains Shawn's motivation to snowboard? a. instinct b. drive-reduction c. incentive d. optimum arousal e. hierarchy of needs
d
Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of a. nicotine b. methamphetamine c. caffeine d. alcohol e. Ecstasy
d
Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute a. algorithms b. syntax c. heuristics d. language e. phonemes
d
The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli a. spontaneous recovery b. generalization c. extinction d. discrimination e. acquisition
d
The ability to recognize familiar faces is disturbed by damage to the right _________ lobe a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal
d
The basic building block of the nervous system a. nerve b. brain c. synapse d. neuron
d
The diversity of human traits is enabled by our shared a. individualism b. chromosomes c. natural selection d. adaptive capacity e. genome
d
The endocrine's system's ___________ secrete chemical messengers called hormones a. uptakes b. lobes c. cortexes d. glands
d
The fourth century scholar who anticipated health psychology's focus on mind-body interactions was a. Confucius b. Buddha c. Locke d. Augustine
d
The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the important of a. difference thresholds b. sensory adaptation c. equilibrium d. sensory interaction e. accommodation
d
The hammer, anvil, and stirrup a. process only high frequency sounds b. process only low frequency sounds c. make up a frame that supports the eardrum d. transmit sound waves to the cochlea e. hold the hair cells that enable hearing
d
The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of a. relative size b. stroboscopic movement c. perceptual adaptation d. context effects e. the difference threshold
d
The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perception is called a. retinal disparity b. monocular cues c. perceptual constancy d. depth perception e. sensory interaction
d
The primary function of dendrites is to a. keep the cell alive b. transmit outgoing information c. secrete hormones d. receive incoming information
d
The psychological views of William James are o those of Edward Titchener as ________ is to__________ a. nature; nurture b. nurture; nature c. structuralism; functionalism d. functionalism; structuralism
d
The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of a. instincts b. homeostasis c. arousal d. incentives e. set points
d
The sequence of brain regions from oldest to newest is a. limbic system; brainstem; cerebral cortex b. brainstem; cerebral cortex; limbic system c. limbic system; cerebral cortex; brainstem d. brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex e. cerebral cortex; brainstem; limbic system
d
To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of a. cloning b. natural selection c. interaction d. twin studies e. DNA
d
Today, psychology is defined as the a. study of mental phenomena b. study of conscious and unconscious activity c. study of behavior d. study of behavior and mental processes
d
Which endocrine gland regulates body growth? a. parathyroid b. adrenal c. thyroid d. pituitary e. pancreas
d
Which of the following are located exclusively within the brain and spinal cord? a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. myelin sheath d. interneurons e. axons
d
Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement? a. Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterwards b. Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her homework c. John gets to eat chocolate cake for dessert because he ate his spinach d. Greg changes his math class so he doesn't have to see his old girlfriend e. Jane is praised for having the best test score in class
d
Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction? a. being well educated b. having children c. being over 50 years old d. having a meaningful religious faith e. being physically attractive
d
Which of the following research questions would be most interesting to a molecular geneticist? a. How do children develop gender identities in school? b. What impact did climate change have on the religious practices of early humans? c. Do IQ scores change as children age? d. What are the genetic differences between siblings who are and are not depressed? e. Are the genetic influences on the impact of synapses on neural transmission?
d
Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a. Jean Piaget b. Francis Bacon c. Rosalie Rayner d. Mary Calkins e. Margaret Washburn
d
Who wrote an important psychology textbook in the year 1890? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Ivan Pavlov c. Jean Piaget d. William James e. Sigmund Freud
d
You typically fail to consciously perceive that your own nose is in your line of vision. This best illustrates a. subliminal perception b. change blindness c. fovea d. selective attention e. visual cliff
d
Your ability to immediately recognize the voice over the phone as your mother's illustrates the value of a. flashbulb memory b. the next-in-line effect c. state-dependent memory d. acoustic encoding e. chunking
d
Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, "I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class." Because of your background in psychology, your best response should be a. "It's been known since Aristotle's time that the brain is the center of intelligence and thought." b. "Phrenologists established the importance of studying the physical brain to understand mental abilities." c. "Science has demonstrated that Plato's belief in the origin of emotion is correct." d. "Everything psychological is simultaneously biological." e. "Being able to name the parts of the brain helps us understand the basis of behavior."
d
A cochlear implant would be most useful for those who suffer a. loss of movement b. loss of position c. loss of balance d. conduction hearing loss e. sensorineural hearing loss
e
Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with a. emotion b. genetics c. the unconscious d. brain chemistry e. thinking
e
Deep sleep occurs in which stage? a. hypnagogic b. REM c. alpha d. Stage 1 e. delta
e
In an experiment, researchers manipulate one factor to see its effect on another factor, called the a. confounding variable b. operational definition c. control group d. placebo effect e. dependent variable
e
In its early years, psychology focused on the study of _________. But from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of _____________ a. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings b. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior c. environmental influences; hereditary influences d. biology; culture e. mental life; observable behavior
e
Mnemonic devices are least likely to be dependent upon ___________ a. imagery b. acronyms c. rhymes d. stories e. massed rehearsal
e
Of the following, which research method is most effective for studying unusually complex or rare phenomena? a. controlled experiment b. quasi-experiment c. test d. survey e. case study
e
Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called the a. framing effect b. belief perseverance phenomenon c. confirmation bias d. representative heuristic e. availability heuristic
e
Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of a. top-down processing b. conscious awareness c. parallel processing d. figure-ground e. sensory input
e
Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner conducted experiments that established a. that the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the US b. that different species respond differently to classical conditioning situation c. the current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning d. that mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning e. the importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning
e
Sudden sleep attacks at inopportune times best describes a. sleep apnea b. insomnia c. night terrors d. sleepwalking e. narcolepsy
e
The accuracy of flashbulb memories of those who were eyewitnesses to the first bombings of Baghdad during the 2003 war in Iraq best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by a. chunking b. hierarchical organization c. the serial position effect d. the method of loci e. the body's release of stress hormones
e
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on a. brain chemistry b. introspection c. natural selection d. learned behaviors e. unconscious conflicts
e
The initial stage of conditioning a. spontaneous recovery b. generalization c. extinction d. discrimination e. acquisition
e
The nineteenth-century theory that bumps on the skill reveal a person's abilities and traits is called a. evolutionary psychology b. behavior genetics c. molecular biology d. biological psychology e. phrenology
e
The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as a. the angular gyrus b. the corpus callosum c. Wernicke's areas d. the reticular formation e. association areas
e
The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates a. the representativeness heuristic b. belief perseverance c. the availability heuristic d. the framing effect e. insight
e
The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics rather than a truck driver illustrates the use of a. the availability heuristic b. confirmation bias c. the framing effect d. belief perseverance e. the representativeness heuristic
e
The time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm is called a. the plateau phase b. coitus interruptus c. the set point d. homeostasis e. the refractory period
e
The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ___________ perspective a. neuroscience b. evolutionary c. social-cultural d. behavioral e. cognitive
e
To determine just what an organism can learn to distinguish, you would use a. generalization b. a variable ration schedule of reinforcement c. a fixed ration schedule of reinforcement d. extinction e. a discriminative stimulus
e
What did Ernest Hilgard call a split between different levels of consciousness? a. hypnagogic imagery b. REM sleep c. Delta waves d. spindles e. dissociation
e
Which of the following is best described as a chemical sense? a. touch b. kinethesis c. audition d. vision e. smell
e
Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states? a. cognitive b. social-cultural c. psychodynamic d. behavioral e. biological
e
Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind? a. John Locke b. Socrates c. John Watson d. Aristotle e. Edward Titchner
e
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. William James d. John B. Watson e. Sigmund Freud
e
