AP Psychology - Motivation, Emotion, and Personality (Unit 7)

Martin is a brain surgeon with an extremely successful track record for treating a wide variety of brain damage in his patients. Each difficult surgery he undertakes requires painstaking precision, patience, and skill. According to new research into optimal arousal, what would Martin's optimal arousal level be prior to beginning a new operation? A. somewhat high B. high C. moderate D. low E. very high

D. low

Which scenario below is most descriptive of the psychoanalytic theory of personality? A. Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development. B. Miranda's peers treat her like she is funny, so in turn she thinks she is funny and develops a lightheartedness to her personality. C. Mahoni, who is president of a charitable nonprofit organization, is known for her positive contributions to global society and is said by many to have reached her ultimate potential as a person. D. Kerry is very shy, and her therapist thinks this is because her parents punished her for trying new things as a child. E. Dr. Kane believes that people have relatively stable personality traits throughout their lives.

A. Charlie is overly precise and methodical in everything he does, to the point that he is constantly annoying his family and missing deadlines at work. Dr. Katz believes that this is because Charlie never moved past the anal stage of development. The anal stage of development is one of the psychosexual stages of development postulated by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis.

Dr. Anderson is a psychologist who currently has a patient who is having difficulty forming relationships with others. To help her patient work through his issues, Dr. Anderson focuses on developing with him a strong relationship that is characterized by unconditional positive regard. Dr. Anderson's approach is most consistent with which type of theory of personality? A. Humanist B. Psychodynamic C. Behaviorist D. Biological E. Trait

A. Humanist Humanist theories of personality focus on the self, and in clinical settings, unconditional positive regard is a way to promote self-understanding.

Leo and Caitlin are both experiencing feelings about their date tonight. Leo has had bad dates lately, and so he feels fear and dejection. Caitlin, meanwhile, has had very good dates, and so she feels excited and happy. According to Richard Lazarus' appraisal theory, A. Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response B. Leo is able to identify his response as fear more quickly than Caitlin can identify her response as excitement because fear is more evolutionarily important and thus is processed more quickly C. Leo and Caitlin experience different physiological responses to the impending date and interpret their emotional responses accordingly D. Leo and Caitlin both experience a physiological response and feel either fear or excitement simultaneously E. Leo would score high on neuroticism, while Caitlin would score high on agreeableness

A. Leo and Caitlin have an immediate unconscious interpretation of the scenario, which leads them to simultaneously both label their feelings as either positive or negative and have the appropriate physiological response Lazarus' theory posits that an immediate unconscious interpretation of events leads to both labeling of the emotion and the physiological response.

Michael is a kindergartner who is habitually very kind to his classmates and always wants to play with others, even if it means sharing his toys. However, every morning when his mother leaves him at school, he becomes very upset and cries for a half hour. How would a trait theorist most likely characterize his relative levels of extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness?

High on extraversion; high on neuroticism; high on agreeableness Michael is agreeable and extraverted, enjoying playing with the other children and sharing his toys, but is consistently anxious about being left by his mother.

A survivalist has been in the forest for over 2 weeks and is out of food and water. In desperation, she has begun eating leaves and various insects and can think of nothing more than satisfying her hunger. Which of the following theories would best explain her motivation to eat these items? A. Yerkes-Dodson theory B. instinct theory C. drive-reduction theory D. arousal theory E. incentive theory

C. drive-reduction theory

At a routine doctor appointment, a woman tells her physician that she rarely experiences orgasm with her husband of 20 years. The physician is most likely to tell her she has a sexual dysfunction called A. fetishism. B. premature ejaculation. C. female orgasmic disorder. D. erectile disorder. E. exhibitionism.

C. female orgasmic disorder.

Mohandas Gandhi and Alice Paul are 2 historical figures who often fasted or used hunger strikes as a means of gaining attention to their cause. Their motivations refute which of the following theories of motivation? A. incentive theory B. instinct theory C. hierarchy of needs D. drive-reduction theory E. arousal theory

C. hierarchy of needs

When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) _____________________ hunger and a(n) ______________________ its basal metabolic rate. A. increase in; increase in B. increase in; stabilization of C. increase in; decrease in D. decrease in; increase in E. stabilization of; decrease in

C. increase in; decrease in

A drive refers to

an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.

What is the correct order of the phases of the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

The final stage of general adaptation theory is known as

exhaustion.

The human body attempts to maintain a constant internal state. This is called

homeostasis.

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is known as the

set point.

Jess's psychologist asks him to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®). Later, his psychiatrist asks him to take the test again. If the test has high test-retest reliability, what will be found? A. The results are likely to be similar. B. The results of both this test and the next are likely to be valid. C. Different raters will rate his tests similarly. D. Different raters will demonstrate equal validity in their test rating. E. Questions on the test will assess similar concepts.

A. The results are likely to be similar. Test-retest reliability refers to whether a test gives similar results when taken multiple times.

A researcher wants to understand the personality characteristics and motivations that might help explain a famous political figure's rise to power. She studies his early childhood experiences and other formative events in his life. The method this researcher is using to study personality is known as A. a case study B. an experiment C. a survey D. an observational study E. a projective test

A. a case study

Every day, after a long day of work, Juan heads out to practice his sky-diving maneuvers. He often spends weekends jumping out of planes and bungee jumping. Which of the following motivation theories most correctly explains why Juan enjoys these risky behaviors? A. arousal theory B. evolution theory C. instinct theory D. incentive theory E. drive-reduction theory

A. arousal theory

Arun's coworkers regularly describe him as being very agreeable. According to the behavioral perspective of personality, Arun's agreeableness most likely comes from A. being rewarded for exhibiting agreeable behavior as a child B. witnessing agreeable behavior and wishing to mimic that behavior C. a character trait that he inherited from his family D. having a secure attachment with his parents E. the superego successfully controlling the impulses of the id

A. being rewarded for exhibiting agreeable behavior as a child The behavioral perspective posits that personality traits are formed as a result of conditioning, in which rewards lead to increased incidence of a behavior.

The best method to understand the causal effect of a reward on an intrinsically motivated behavior is to A. conduct an experiment in which intrinsic motivation for a behavior is tested prior to administering a reward for that same behavior in a random sample of the participants and then measure the motivation after the reward is taken away B. conduct a case study in which one individual is interviewed extensively about his or her intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards C. conduct a cross-sectional study in which a large sample of individuals are interviewed extensively about their intrinsic motivation for a behavior and the effect of rewards D. conduct an experiment where a random sample of the participants are given a reward for a given behavior and measure whether the behavior increases E. conduct a correlational study where the relationship between participants' self-reported intrinsic motivation for a behavior is correlated with the rewards they receive for that behavior

A. conduct an experiment in which intrinsic motivation for a behavior is tested prior to administering a reward for that same behavior in a random sample of the participants and then measure the motivation after the reward is taken away An experiment with random assignment is the only way to understand the causal relationship between a reward and intrinsic motivation, and you must measure the motivation after the reward is removed to understand the ultimate impact of the reward on intrinsic motivation.

Jenny and Anne are identical twins but were separated at birth and adopted by different families. When they meet each other as adults, they are interested to learn that they share some aspects of personality but differ in other aspects. Albert Bandura, known for the social learning theory of personality, would most likely attribute the differences in the twins' personalities to A. differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development B. subconscious desires to differentiate themselves from each other C. their substantial differences in genetic makeup D. the fact that genetic factors influence personality only in childhood E. the attachment style they developed during childhood

A. differences in the environmental stimuli they experienced and elicited from others during development Bandura believed that personality is determined by complex reciprocal interactions between individuals, their behavior, and the environmental stimuli.

When humans are able to establish social bonds with others, they are more likely to survive, reproduce, and nurture their offspring to maturity. These actions are most closely related to which psychological perspective? A. evolutionary B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. humanistic E. cognitive

A. evolutionary

Personality tests that use forced-choice questions are beneficial in identifying personality traits because they A. minimize desirability bias because test takers are choosing between two unrelated statements B. allow the psychologist to account for how the participant acts in a variety of different situations C. can test more personality facets than can other personality inventories D. allow test takers to give intermediate responses E. are subjective in nature, which allows a psychologist to draw more accurate conclusions from the data

A. minimize desirability bias because test takers are choosing between two unrelated statements Forced-choice questions provide the test takers with two statements and ask them to choose which statement they agree with the most. Because participants are comparing two unrelated statements for many trials, they find it more difficult to be concerned with the desirability of their responses.

An example of a primary drive is A. sleeping B. having a job C. earning money D. receiving grades E. owning a car

A. sleeping Sleeping is a primary drive—a biological need that does not require any learning or conditioning.

Which of the following is an example of a person experiencing ostracism? A. Will was selected by his school to participate in a district-wide seminar on bullying. B. Aaron was frequently ignored in the locker room by his teammates who were angry with him. C. Myron has been experiencing low self-esteem since he was not admitted to his favorite college. D. Sidra was upset since learning that she only has the fourth highest GPA in the senior class. E. Joan is being required by her parents to attend a summer camp she does not like.

B. Aaron was frequently ignored in the locker room by his teammates who were angry with him.

Priscilla has recently found diaries from her family dating back multiple generations. She has noticed that there are similarities in their life events and in the way they thought about things that happened to them. She believes that it has to do with the fact that they all have the same inherited instincts that drive their behavior and that these instincts exist in all humans. Priscilla's way of thinking is most in line with A. Sigmund Freud's superego B. Carl Jung's collective unconscious C. Abraham Maslow's self-actualization D. Alfred Adler's individual psychology E. Paul Costa's five-factory theory of personality

B. Carl Jung's collective unconscious The collective unconscious describes factors of unconscious thought that all beings of the same species inherit that drive their behavior.

When Jordan was one year old, he and his father were in a car accident. Neither he nor anyone else in the car was seriously injured, and as an adult he has no memory of the event, though his father developed anxiety around cars as a result. Jordan is now 26 years old. Despite not having been in any car accidents since he was one year old, Jordan has recently begun experiencing anxiety every time he gets in a car. According to psychoanalytic theories of personality, why is Jordan experiencing anxiety? A. His anxiety is likely genetic and not related to the accident at all. B. Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety. C. He has learned to be anxious regarding cars over time because he has witnessed his father being anxious. D. His anxiety was extinguished over time by not being reinforced by additional car accidents, but he is now experiencing spontaneous recovery of the anxiety. E. Anxiety most often begins to develop after the age of twenty-six.

B. Despite not having any conscious memory of the accident, he remembers it in his subconscious, and that has begun to cause his anxiety.

Giraldo is unhappy at work. One explanation that is consistent with psychoanalytic theories of personality is that A. Giraldo feels he cannot really be himself at work, and this lack of self-actualization causes his unhappiness B. Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness C. Giraldo feels he has no choice about his work duties, and this external locus of control leads to his unhappiness D. Giraldo thinks he is terrible at his job and everyone will soon find out, and this lack of self-efficacy leads to his unhappiness E. Giraldo is generally not a very friendly or happy person, and this trait of low agreeableness causes his unhappiness

B. Giraldo feels critical of his choice not to go to college, and his defense mechanism is to blame his job for his unhappiness

Larry wants to be more open to new experiences. According to a behaviorist, how could he teach himself to be more open? A. Give himself a reward every time he convinces himself to participate in a new experience. B. Mentally walk himself through what each potential new experience will be like to convince himself that it will be a positive experience. C. Force himself to engage in one new experience a day until it is second nature. D. Explore what happened in his childhood that makes him reluctant to try new things. E. See a therapist who will provide him with unconditional positive regard to help him lose his fear of new experiences.

B. Mentally walk himself through what each potential new experience will be like to convince himself that it will be a positive experience. Behaviorists believe that behaviors change through a system of rewards and punishments.

Rolf is beginning to learn to ski, but he is nervous about going down some of the steeper slopes. Which of the following potential explanatory factors would theorist Alfred Adler be most interested in exploring to understand Rolf's concerns? A. Rolf's need to overcome his feelings of isolation in the world B. Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing C. Rolf's need to achieve self-actualization D. Rolf's neurotic personality E. Rolf's desire to prove to himself that he is capable of skiing down the steeper slopes, and his certainty that he has observed sufficient skilled skiers to emulate them

B. Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing Psychoanalytic theorist Alfred Adler stressed the desire to achieve superiority and underlying worries about inferiority.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the validity of the Big Five personality traits in describing human personality? A. Many companies have embraced testing the Big Five personality traits in order to screen applicants. B. The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy. C. Low conscientiousness predicts high job performance. D. Individuals from some cultures (e.g., the Tsimané, members of a small tribe of hunter-gatherers in the Bolivian lowlands) do not show the typical pattern of results. E. The Big Five do not explain all aspects of human personality (e.g., religiosity).

B. The Big Five have been shown to apply to individuals in many countries, including, but not limited to, Hungary, Turkey, China, Japan, and Italy. Evidence that the same set of personality traits are found in distinct cultures supports the validity of the Big Five because they are intended to measure a generalizable set of human traits.

Which of the following scenarios most directly refutes trait theories of psychology? A. Benjamin takes a personality inventory and feels that it describes him very well. B. Victoria goes to the same restaurant and orders the same meal every day, but when she goes out to eat with friends, she likes to order the most interesting thing on the menu. C. Cristobal is habitually easily frustrated when he does not get his way. D. Assaf keeps his house very organized. E. Franklin gets along with just about everyone he meets and makes friends wherever he goes.

B. Victoria goes to the same restaurant and orders the same meal every day, but when she goes out to eat with friends, she likes to order the most interesting thing on the menu. Trait theory suggests that people low in openness to experience (e.g., ordering the same meal all the time), prefer to repeat experiences.

Hans grew up in Germany and later moved to Japan for a job opportunity. Back at home, he never had issues making friends or had interpersonal issues with colleagues at work, but in his new home, Hans is having difficulty interacting with his colleagues. According to psychologists who study how culture influences behavior, his difficulties most likely stem from A. Hans's prior colleagues and friends having been overly accommodating of his rude tendencies B. cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany C. Japan having a more individualistic culture than Germany D. Hans interacting with an abnormally large number of individuals with socio-emotional or personality disorders E. Hans having developed a brain tumor that has changed his personality

B. cultural differences in emotional expression and body language between Japan and Germany Cultures differ in their emotional expressions and body language. For example, Japan and Germany differ in their typical eye contact patterns.

Studies that have shown that newborn waterfowl, when presented with a model of a bird with a short neck like a hawk, who are a threat to them, were more prone to try to escape from the area than when they were shown a bird model with a long neck like that of a goose. The young waterfowl's motivation to try to flee from this natural predator is best explained by which theory? A. arousal theory B. instinct theory C. drive-reduction theory D. incentive theory E. homeostasis theory

B. instinct theory

Domy was raised in a collectivistic culture, while Naureen was raised in an individualistic culture. Based on their upbringings, it is most safe to conclude that compared to Naureen, Domy is more likely to A. keep a journal in which she highlights the ways that she is special and unique B. skip going to a concert so she can have dinner with her family C. tell her boss that a coworker did not contribute to a project so that she could get full credit for the work D. speak up at a meeting to make sure her ideas are heard E. try to run faster on the treadmill at the gym than the person on the treadmill next to her

B. skip going to a concert so she can have dinner with her family Choosing to be involved in a group at the expense of following one's own interests is characteristic of a person raised in a collectivistic society.

Tahani is hiking in the woods and sees some movement in the trees. She immediately tenses up. A few moments later, after she realizes that the trees were just rustling in the wind, she calms down. According to Joseph LeDoux, Tahani's reaction is due to the fact that A. emotions are irrational and bear no relation to the stimuli we perceive B. there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response C. what we perceive automatically triggers physiological arousal, like Tahani's fear response, but the actual emotion we experience depends on the label we assign to the physiological arousal, like when Tahani realized her fear response was irrational D. emotions are not long-lasting E. the emotions we feel, like fear, are interpretations of our bodily arousal, which is triggered automatically after processing a stimulus

B. there is a fast processing path that sends sensory information directly to the amygdala, causing Tahani's initial fear response, and a slower processing path that processes the content of sensory information first, which overrode Tahani's fear response LeDoux argued that organisms developed, through evolution, an adaptive fast emotional processing path for threat. Such a path would explain Tahani's initial response. He also postulated that we have an additional slower processing path that explains why she relaxed once she had a moment to fully process the stimulus.

While Luke is interviewing for a job, he takes a personality test measuring the five-factor personality model. This test is designed to be consistent with a A. behaviorist theory of personality B. trait theory of personality C. psychoanalytic theory of personality D. humanistic theory of personality E. social cognitive theory of personality

B. trait theory of personality One common trait theory is that there are five primary underlying personality traits called the Big Five personality traits. These can be measured using standard personality surveys.

Diane is very disciplined and usually completes the goals she sets for herself. How would a trait theory of personality and a social cognitive theory of personality differ in their explanations of Diane's behavior? A. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set. B. A trait theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences. C. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior. D. A trait theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious. E. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly open to experiences, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane has a fixed mind-set.

C. A trait theory might say that Diane is highly conscientious, whereas a social cognitive theory might say that Diane's belief about her own self-efficacy drives her behavior. Diane's behavior is consistent with the trait of conscientiousness and with the belief in her own self-efficacy, which would cause her to perform well and not give up on tasks.

Which of the following statements about mobile networks and social media is accurate? A. Texting has declined in Canada and elsewhere because of email. B. Phone calling has displaced texting. C. Cell phones have been history's most rapidly adopted technology. D. Fewer than 75% of American youth are cellphone users. E. There are more home toilets in India than there are cell phones.

C. Cell phones have been history's most rapidly adopted technology.

Which of the following correctly explains the evidence (as well as the person responsible for the discovery) that stress leads to three distinct stages of physiological change: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion? A. Hans Selye conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions. B. Hans Selye conducted a study comparing the cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats before and during a stressful situation. C. Hans Selye conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. D. Richard Lazarus conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. E. Richard Lazarus conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions.

C. Hans Selye conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. Hans Selye measured cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats over time to understand the role of stress on physiology.

Exposure to stressors decreases the effectiveness of lymphocytes in the blood stream, which perform the function of A. reducing the stress response B. sending hormones through the body C. defending the body from viruses D. delivering oxygen to the body E. promoting a feeling of pleasure

C. defending the body from viruses Lymphocytes (white blood cells) attach to viruses to mark them for destruction, and are part of the body's immune system.

Alison is completing a practicum in a psychiatric clinic, and her supervisor has asked her to select an appropriate test for a patient she suspects has a personality disorder but who is otherwise within the normal range for IQ and does not appear to have other cognitive issues. Of the following measures, which would be the most appropriate choice? A. The Rorschach test B. The Stanford-Binet test C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) D. The HEXACO Personality Inventory Revised (HEXACO PI - R) E. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®)

C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®) This measure has good psychometric properties and is useful for assessing personality disorders.

Dr. Brenner works with people to help them decide what jobs would be most suitable for them. She wants her clients to take a personality inventory and believes that the five-factor model of personality is the best model to use to determine job fit. The test that will give her reliable results and best fit her view of personality is the A. Draw-A-Person test (DAP) B. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet C. NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale®—Fourth Edition (WAIS®-IV) E. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

C. NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) The NEO™-PI-3 is a highly reliable personality inventory that is based on the five-factor model.

Dr. Emerson is seeing a patient named Nandini who is currently going through a divorce. She has moved out of her house and is staying on a friend's couch. While she is going through this, Nandini is struggling to find meaning in her life. Humanist theorist Abraham Maslow's explanation for Nandini's dissatisfaction with life would most likely be that A. Nandini's id, ego, and superego are imbalanced, and that imbalance is leading to psychological distress B. Nandini has unresolved issues with her parents, which are preventing her from feeling fulfilled C. Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs D. Nandini has a personality disorder, which is harming both her satisfaction with life and her marriage E. Nandini must overcome the feelings of isolation and anxiety she has held since childhood

C. Nandini has not fulfilled basic needs (shelter, relationships, love), and thus cannot fulfill higher levels of needs Nandini does not have a stable living situation, and this paired with her difficulties with her marriage would make it challenging to satisfy higher levels of the pyramid, according to Maslow.

Dr. Maisel is creating a new personality test. The test is a self-report measure in which participants answer questions on a scale from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree" about how they would respond to particular situations. He then uses the responses to place participants along a spectrum in a number of different traits. He compares the results of the test to reports from the participants' managers at work on their working styles and ability to work within their team and finds that the test results are highly positively correlated with managers' reports. What type of test is he developing, and what type of validity or reliability can be determined from his work on the test? A. Projective; test-retest reliability B. Projective; construct validity C. Objective; construct validity D. Objective; test-retest reliability E. Objective; internal consistency reliability

C. Objective; construct validity The test is objective and the study is testing construct validity by comparing the test results with an independent measure of personality, manager reports.

A researcher wants to test whether increasing the size of a monetary incentive will motivate a person to perform better on a skill-based task. Which of the following methods is the best way to test this question, and what result will the researcher most likely find? A. Have one group of participants complete three different tasks, offering them three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) for each one, based on the participants' performance. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most. B. Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on three different tasks, one task per group. The researcher will likely find that participants perform the same regardless of pay. C. Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most. D. Have one group of participants complete a task and offer the subjects payment based on their performance. Then, ask the participants how much the payment influenced their effort. The researcher will likely find that participants perform the worst on the task that pays the most. E. Have one group of participants complete the same task three times, offering the subjects three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) each time, based on their performance. The researcher will likely find that participants perform the worst on the task that pays the most.

C. Offer three different groups of participants three different payment amounts (small, medium, or large) based on their performance on a single task. The researcher will likely find that participants perform best on the task that pays the most. Of these methods, this is the best option, because it does the best job of isolating the key independent variable (payment amount), while eliminating potential sources of bias in the results, like practice effects that might result from having the same subjects repeat the task. It is also most likely that participants will perform best on the task that pays the most.

To develop his theory about personality, Freud interviewed his patients during therapy sessions, typically multiple sessions per week. The patients laid on a couch while Freud asked questions and listened to the patients' responses. What was one of Freud's main contributions to personality theory, and which method did he use? A. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; case studies B. The existence of archetypes and the collective unconscious; personality inventories C. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies D. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; personality inventories E. Many individuals are plagued by inferiority complexes that can develop into psychological issues; case studies

C. Personality is related to balance among the id, the ego, and the superego; case studies Freud believed a healthy personality was related to a healthy balance among these components, and psychoses and disorders occurred when imbalances occurred; Freud developed these ideas through case studies of his patients during therapy.

Russ went for a run, and Nelly took a nap. They then watched a horror movie together. Usually, Russ and Nelly are about equally scared when they watch horror movies. In this situation, Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion predicts that A. Nelly will be more scared of the movie because she is well rested from the nap B. Nelly will find the movie funny because she is well rested from the nap C. Russ will be more scared of the movie because he is aroused from the run D. Russ will find the movie funny because he is aroused from the run E. Russ and Nelly will be equally scared of the movie

C. Russ will be more scared of the movie because he is aroused from the run Schachter's theory predicts that the degree of arousal is correlated with the degree of emotion felt, so high arousal would predict high fear.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Food variety generally decreases appetite. B. Serving sizes in France are generally larger than those in the United States. C. We eat more when we're around others. D. We eat less dessert when there are 3 different ones available. E. Offered a supersized portion, most of us consume fewer calories.

C. We eat more when we're around others.

Alfred Kinsey used a method that allowed for extensive information to be collected from discussions with individual participants. The research method that he used, and his research contributions, were A. personal interviews; the human response to stress B. experiments; sexual behavior in women C. personal interviews; sexual behavior in women D. experiments; the human response to stress E. experiments; female eating behavior

C. personal interviews; sexual behavior in women Alfred Kinsey used personal interviews, and his second book of the Kinsey Reports was focused on female sexual behavior (the first book focused on male sexuality).

Paris tends to view personality as fairly stable and therefore her personality is more stable, whereas Lane tends to view personality as fairly changeable and therefore her personality is more changeable. These differences in attitudes and personality are most consistent with the A. psychoanalytic view of personality B. humanistic view of personality C. social cognitive view of personality D. behaviorist view of personality E. evolutionary view of personality

C. social cognitive view of personality The social cognitive view of personality focuses primarily on how people's beliefs about the world shape their personality, like Paris's and Lane's beliefs about their own personalities and abilities.

Researchers conduct a study in which university students are asked to solve puzzles, a task that all students in the experiment report enjoying before the study. They split the students into two groups: a group that is paid money for doing the puzzles, and a group that is not. The researchers then observe how often students in each group complete puzzles during their break time when they are allowed to do whatever they want. Assuming that their results are consistent with previous findings, the researchers are most likely to find that A. the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has no effect on whether students complete puzzles during their break time B. the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that the students in the paid group spend more time doing puzzles during their break time C. the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time D. the dependent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time E. the dependent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has no effect on whether students complete puzzles during their break time

C. the independent variable—whether or not the students receive money for doing puzzles—has a significant effect, such that students in the paid group spend less time doing puzzles during their break time This study should demonstrate the overjustification effect, which predicts that students who are rewarded for doing something they already enjoy (puzzles) should do it less if they are rewarded for doing it.

The period of time following orgasm in which a man cannot achieve another orgasm is referred to as A. a sexual dysfunction. B. a platuea. C. the refractory period. D. the exhibition phase. E. the sexual response cycle.

C. the refractory period.

Dr. Dameron wants to test whether the Yerkes-Dodson law holds true for the players on a college basketball team. Dr. Dameron will manipulate arousal in the players by giving them different doses of caffeine. Which method would best allow Dr. Dameron to test the causal effects of arousal on performance in the players, and what results should he expect to find? A. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the high-dose group is predicted to be best. B. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the low dose is predicted to be best. C. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the high dose is predicted to be best. D. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the medium-dose group is predicted to be best. E. Give each player a low dose, then a medium dose, then a high dose of caffeine during three consecutive practice games. Their performance while on the medium dose is predicted to be best.

D. Give three different groups of players low, medium, and high doses of caffeine during a practice game. The performance of the medium-dose group is predicted to be best. It makes sense to give different doses to different groups of players so that there are no practice or fatigue effects that might occur if the experiment were to be within-subjects. Additionally, the Yerkes-Dodson law predicts that performance is best when arousal is neither high nor low.

If a personality survey with high internal consistency includes two different questions related to the personality dimension of agreeableness, then which of the following is true? A. It is impossible to predict how people will answer the second question based on how they answered the first question. B. If people give an extreme answer to the first question, they will tend to give the opposite extreme answer to the second question. C. People will tend to give dissimilar answers to both questions. D. People will tend to give similar answers to both questions. E. If people give a moderate answer to the first question, they will tend to give an extreme answer to the second question.

D. People will tend to give similar answers to both questions. Internal consistency reliability refers to the fact that questions that measure the same construct should produce similar results.

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson law? A. Performance on easy tasks is best when arousal is low. B. Performance is best when arousal is extremely high. C. Performance on difficult tasks is best when arousal is high. D. Performance is best when arousal is moderate. E. Performance is best when arousal is extremely low.

D. Performance is best when arousal is moderate.

Which of the following summations most accurately depicts the psychoanalytic theory of personality? A. Whenever young Garrett smiled and acted happy, his parents gave him lots of attention and praise. As a result, Garrett grew up to be a happy person. B. When she was a child, Fairuza was given a test to see if she could wait for fifteen minutes without eating a marshmallow. She was able to do so, and this self-control exhibited itself later in life. C. Dwayne prefers to spend time reading or drawing instead of going to parties; his therapist describes him as introverted. D. Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority. E. Niveah strives to reach self-actualization, as all of her basic needs have been met.

D. Rory has a deep-seated sense of inferiority and compensates by constantly trying to prove she is better than everyone else. Some would say that Rory is compensating for her inferiority complex by striving for superiority. Psychoanalytic theories of personality partly focus on defense mechanisms that shape personality. In this case, Rory's need to prove herself can be viewed as a kind of defense mechanism.

Dr. Howard wants to evaluate a patient's personality with respect to motivation. The patient does not read very well and does not have a very long attention span. Which of the following tests will provide reliable results in the most practical manner? A. The Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire® (16PF®) B. The NEO™ Personality Inventory-3 (NEO™-PI-3) C. The Freudian Personality Type Test D. The Thematic Apperception Test E. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®)

D. The Thematic Apperception Test The Thematic Apperception Test, in which a patient is asked to tell a story about a picture, scores motivational themes. The test is reliable when used properly.

A therapist who is an adherent of the humanistic personality theory would most likely focus on which of the following? A. The underlying and consistent behavioral traits that differ across individuals B. Differences in rewards and punishments as the source of behavioral differences C. Unconscious motives guiding people's behavior D. The pursuit of self-actualization E. The influence of the beliefs about the self on behavior

D. The pursuit of self-actualization Humanistic theories are focused on the self and the process of self-actualization, or the process of becoming one's full potential self.

Every time Antonio fails a test he attributes his failure to a lack of sufficient intelligence, even though he rarely studies. According to the sociocultural theory of personality, Antonio is experiencing A. an identity crisis B. egocentrism C. high self-efficacy D. an external locus of control E. an internal locus of control

D. an external locus of control Antonio attributes his failure on factors he does not believe he can control rather than focusing on the fact that if he studied more he might perform better on his exams.

Chronic stress is most likely to lead to A. increased cognitive function B. increased tolerance for stressful situations C. decreased blood pressure D. decreased functioning of the immune system E. decreased production of cortisol

D. decreased functioning of the immune system

Chidi is very selfless, cooperative, and trusting of other people. According to the Big Five model of personality, these characteristics make him A. low in agreeableness B. high in extroversion C. low in neuroticism D. high in agreeableness E. low in extroversion

D. high in agreeableness People who are high in agreeableness tend to be very prosocial and optimistic with regards to others.

According to the drive-reduction theory of motivation, drives arise because of physiological imbalances in A. the gonads B. the cochleae C. the parathyroid glands D. homeostasis E. the synapses

D. homeostasis

One feature that distinguishes Carl Rogers' person-centered approach to personality development from behaviorist approaches to personality development is that the person-centered approach suggests that A. personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments B. personality is an innate characteristic, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that it is not C. personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is shaped by unconscious defense mechanisms D. personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments E. personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments, whereas behaviorist approaches endorse unconditional love and support for children's behavior

D. personality is shaped by unconditional love and support for children's behavior, whereas behaviorist approaches suggest that personality is conditioned through rewards and punishments

The neurotransmitter dopamine is most closely associated with A. alertness B. obsession and compulsion C. irritability D. reward-seeking behavior E. appetite

D. reward-seeking behavior The brain area associated with motivating a person to seek a reward when dopamine is released is the nucleus accumbens.

Before starting her day working at a day-care center, Meredith takes a few moments to smile at herself in the mirror. No matter how she is feeling before she comes in, she finds that smiling helps her feel happier before beginning her day. Meredith's experience is evidence for A. general adaptation theory B. cognitive dissonance theory C. unconditional positive regard D. the facial feedback hypothesis E. desirability bias

D. the facial feedback hypothesis The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that Meredith moving her facial muscles the way she does smiles is triggering a feeling of happiness.

Bella takes a test to develop an inventory of different aspects of her personality. She hopes to better understand herself and the kind of person she is. The test is most in line with a A. social cognitive theory of personality B. behaviorist theory of personality C. psychoanalytic theory of personality D. trait theory of personality E. humanistic theory of personality

D. trait theory of personality A personality inventory like the one Bella took is most in line with trait theories of personality.

Findings regarding men's and women's interest in sexually explicit materials shows that A. women report twice as much arousal to the materials as men. B. women experience no arousal while men experience high arousal. C. women experience only half as much arousal as men. D. women report nearly as much arousal to the materials as men. E. women report men experience decreased arousal when viewing materials.

D. women report nearly as much arousal to the materials as men.

Shanni loves to travel internationally, owns many unusual pieces of art from local artists, and enjoys attending concerts featuring an eclectic collection of musicians. According to theorists Paul Costa and Robert McRae, Shanni's personality is likely high on A. neuroticism B. conscientiousness C. extraversion D. agreeableness E. openness to experience

E. openness to experience

Which of the following word best identifies our gauge of how valued and accepted we feel? A. hope B. ostracism C. competence. D. autonomy E. self-esteem

E. self-esteem

Which of the following is considered the most basic of needs? A. Physical safety B. Belonging to a community C. Procreation D. Gaining respect and admiration E. Obtaining food and water

E. Obtaining food and water

Dr. Santiago administers a test to a patient in which she asks him to provide an interpretation of a meaningless inkblot on a piece of paper. Several weeks later, she administers the test again and is surprised to find that the results are quite different from the first administration. What type of personality test is Dr. Santiago using, and based on her experience, what level of reliability does it have? A. Thematic Apperception Test; low reliability B. Thematic Apperception Test; high reliability C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form® (MMPI-2-RF®); high reliability D. The Rorschach test; high reliability E. The Rorschach test; low reliability

E. The Rorschach test; low reliability

Rufus wanted to go to college after high school, but he did not go because he was afraid it would be too much work. For years he has considered going to college but he still fears that it will be too hard. Eventually he feels so unhappy that he goes to see a therapist, who follows Carl Rogers's theory of humanistic personality. The therapist is most likely to explain Rufus's unhappiness as being a result of A. his undiagnosed generalized anxiety disorder B. his inability to properly resolve the identity versus role confusion stage of development C. his fixed mindset D. having repressed his memories of failing tests as a child E. a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self

E. a mismatch between his ideal self and his real self Carl Rogers believed that a person's self-actualization and happiness were dependent on congruity between the person's ideal self and real self.

According to Kurt Lewin's motivational conflict theory, approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a situation has A. only neutral aspects B. only a strong negative aspect C. only a mildly negative aspect D. only a strong positive aspect E. both positive and negative aspects

E. both positive and negative aspects Lewin postulated that a goal or event with characteristics that make it simultaneously appealing and unappealing leads to approach-avoidance conflicts.

According to Kurt Lewin, an approach-approach conflict occurs when a person has to A. overcome inertia in order to make a decision to act B. choose an outcome that has both positive and negative aspects C. decide whether to offer help when there are other people around who they feel are better suited to help D. change interaction styles depending on the audience E. choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

E. choose between two outcomes that are both desirable

Stress can most likely contribute to heart disease because A. heart medication is very expensive, so having heart disease increases stress B. stress blocks stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, so blood pressure goes up C. too much stress has an effect on inherited risk factors D. the fight-or-flight reaction stops food digestion, so people gain weight E. cortisol released during stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, so the heart has to work harder

E. cortisol released during stress reduces the flexibility of blood vessels, so the heart has to work harder Stress leads to the release of cortisol. Excess cortisol can prevent blood vessels from dilating, which makes the heart work harder. Over time, this can lead to heart disease.

Which of the following is the correct relationship between the sex hormone and its effect on sexual behavior? A. testosterones peak during ovulation B. estrogens decline right before ovulation C. women's sexual interest rises as testosterone levels decrease D. lower testosterone levels result in increased interest in sex E. estrogens peak during ovulation

E. estrogens peak during ovulation

In 1 experiment, professional actors played the role of either normal-weight or overweight job applicants. Research participants' willingness to hire the applicants revealed A. no discrimination against either normal-weight individuals or overweight individuals. B. equal levels of discrimination against both overweight men and overweight women. C. greater discrimination against normal-weight women than against normal-weight men. D. greater discrimination against overweight men than against normal-weight women. E. greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.

E. greater discrimination against overweight women than against overweight men.

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet A. became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues. B. remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it. C. became apathetic and lost interest in food. D. shifted cognitive focus away from food toward more accessible goals. E. lost interest in sex and social activities.

E. lost interest in sex and social activities.

People who spend time on social networking sites focused on their own desires and needs may be more likely to be viewed as A. a low need for affiliation. B. pessimistic. C. being part of a collectivist culture. D. having low self-esteem. E. narcissistic.

E. narcissistic.

What is the major source of energy in your body?

Glucose

Monica is kicking a soccer ball with her brother in her front yard. When the ball rolls into the street, Monica runs into the street to retrieve it, and her father yells at her from the window. Monica becomes upset when her father raises his voice. How do the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion differ in explaining Monica's response to her father's raised voice? A. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. B. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. C. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. D. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. E. The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from cognitive appraisal factors.

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state.

Emotions are controlled primarily. by the

limibic system.

Which of the following brain structures is most involved in the reduction of hunger?

ventromedial hypothalamus