AP Psychology Part A (All Quizzes)

Retention is how the brain encodes information.

False

The misinformation effect is an example of a mnemonic device.

False

Humans are able to recognize about 100 basic phonemes.

True

One of the major advantages of language is its flexibility.

True

The misinformation effect occurs when people incorrectly recall an event they've witnessed due to misleading information about the event.

True

What should one do after the solution has been implemented? A. Monitor the solution's progress and make corrective adjustments if needed. B. Analyze and evaluate the solution's success by asking the Five W questions. C. Create a plan of action, detailing how the solution should be followed. D. Use the brainstorming process to create new and innovative solutions.

A. Monitor the solution's progress and make corrective adjustments if needed.

What does the subjective utility of a decision involve? A. The probability that the decision an individual makes will be the incorrect one. B. What the personal value of the outcome represents to an individual. C. Making a decision based on logical reasoning. D. Making a decision based on improbable experiences.

A. The probability that the decision an individual makes will be the incorrect one

When does the confirmation bias occur? A. When an individual only researches information that is consistent with personal beliefs. B. When an individual only makes a decision after all perspectives have been evaluated. C. When an individual becomes more confident in one's judgments after researching alternative perspectives. D. When an individual believes that the odds of an event occurring increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.

A. When an individual only researches information that is consistent with personal beliefs.

How many phonemes are there in the word "dogs"? A. four B. three C. two D. one

A. four

One advantage of the __________ model is quick recognition. A. prototype B. exemplar C. language D. concept

A. prototype

Some studies have shown that children with a "weak" memory are more likely to engage in __________ activities. A. risky B. short-term C. adventurous D. volunteer

A. risky

What are the two types of long-term memory? A. sensory and short-term B. iconic and echoic C. explicit and implicit D. recency and primacy

C. explicit and implicit

When a person's first language affects the pronunciation and grammatical pattern of the second language, it is called __________. A. underextension B. bilingualism C. linguistic interference D. overregularization

C. linguistic interference

Which of the following statements about language is true? A. Languages have a set of rules that determine how sentences can be written. B. Language is structured and dictates which words can represent ideas. C. Only half of the world's languages have a set of rules or a set structure. D. The structure of a language is meant to limit the creation of unique phrases.

A. Languages have a set of rules that determine how sentences can be written.

When Maria's friend mentioned an upcoming concert, Maria quickly thought about the new CD that was supposed to come out that day. This connection that occurred as a result of the word "concert" is an example of a __________. A. semantic network B. hierarchy C. concept D. schema

A. semantic network

Which of the following statements is true about prairie dogs? A. Prairie dogs have a specific call to indicate the intelligence of the predator. B. Prairie dogs vary their call depending on the characteristics of a predator. C. Prairie dogs vary their call only when their community is out of danger. D. Prairie dogs have one basic call that indicates the presence of predators.

B. Prairie dogs vary their call depending on the characteristics of a predator

How could semantics be defined? A. as a set of rules that studies how words are broken down into morphemes B. as a set of rules that is concerned with understanding the meaning of words C. as a set of rules that dictates how vowels and consonants are pronounced D. as a set of rules that determines how words can be arranged into sentences

B. as a set of rules that is concerned with understanding the meaning of words

The ability to alternate between languages during a conversation, such as, "I like los dulces," is __________. A. overextension B. bilingualism C. code switching D. underextension

B. bilingualism

Gettier contributed to what we know about the __________ model, while Rosch contributed to what we know about the __________ model. A. prototype . . . concept B. exemplar . . . prototype C. character . . . exemplar D. prototype . . . exemplar

B. exemplar . . . prototype

Eliza remembers her grandfather telling the story of how he met her grandmother 50 years ago. Eliza's grandpa has these memories stored in his __________ memory. A. short-term B. long-term C. implicit D. echoic

B. long-term

Risky decision making occurs when an individual makes a decision __________. A. among preferences B. under uncertain conditions C. based on a known outcome D. by eliminating unwanted outcomes

B. under uncertain conditions

Semantics deals with understanding the meaning of __________ and __________. A. speech units . . . language structure B. words . . . word combinations C. language rules . . . development D. language skills . . . development

B. words . . . word combinations

At what age can a child begin to form large concepts such as objects, people, animals, and events? A. 2 years B. 6 months C. 10 months D. 7 years

C. 10 months

As Penny read a book about horses, she applied the information to her experience at her uncle's farm last summer. This is an example of __________. A. rehearsal B. visual imagery C. elaboration D. short-term memory

C. elaboration

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Randy was in an earthquake. Afterwards she talked to her neighbors, who explained the earthquake as "destructive" and "scary." When asked by another person if anything had fallen during the earthquake, Randy said something did fall when, in fact, nothing had fallen. Her factual error is most likely due to which of the following? A. reality monitoring B. schemas C. misinformation effect D. source-monitoring error

C. misinformation effect

Problem solving is an active effort to attain a goal that is __________. A. physically but not cognitively attainable B. impossible to solve C. not readily attainable D. easily attainable

C. not readily attainable

A child who says, "My toy car breaked," or "I runned up the hill," is demonstrating __________. A. overextension B. telegraphic speech C. overregularization D. fast mapping

C. overregularization

In which step of the problem solving process are all of the solutions evaluated and prioritized against a set of criteria, such as time and resources? A. analyze the solution B. identify and define the solution C. select and plan the solution D. implement the solution

C. select and plan the solution

In the decision-making process, the last step is to __________. A. brainstorm options B. analyze each option C. select the option D. eliminate options

C. select the option

Using a new word in a sentence for deeper understanding is an example of __________. A. shallow processing B. phonemic encoding C. semantic encoding D. structural encoding

C. semantic encoding

According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), the three levels of processing are __________, _________, and _________. A. sensory . . . shallow . . . deep B. sensory . . . short . . . long C. shallow . . . intermediate . . . deep D. short . . . deep . . . long

C. shallow . . . intermediate . . . deep

Phonology is the study of __________. A. words B. syllables C. sounds D. punctuation

C. sounds

The singular thing or event that catches one's attention is called __________. A. sensory B. attention C. stimulus D. memory

C. stimulus

Mark is 6'4, weighs 200 pounds, and is very muscular. People who think that Mark is more likely to be a football player than an engineer are victims of __________. A. the recognition heuristic B. confirmation bias C. the representativeness heuristic D. belief bias

C. the representativeness heuristic

By imagining where she was when she last walked in the door, Marla retraced her steps to find her keys. This is an example of a __________ dependent memory. A. mood B. echoic C. state of being D. context

D. context

In which step of the problem solving process should you write a concise statement about the problem? A. analyzing the problem B. selecting and planning the solution C. implementing the solution D. identifying and defining the problem

D. identifying and defining the problem

What does iconic memory store? A. mental traces of things we hear B. mental traces of things we feel C. mental traces of things we smell D. mental traces of things we see

D. mental traces of things we see

According to "New ISU Study Finds Eyewitness Memory Susceptible to Misinformation After Testing," eyewitness testimonies can be inaccurate due to intentioned or unintentional __________. A. repression B. pseudoforgetting C. judgment D. misinformation

D. misinformation

Which of the following suggests that forgetting occurs due to not wanting to remember unpleasant information? A. decay memory B. retrieval failure C. ineffective encoding D. motivated forgetting

D. motivated forgetting

Which type of thinking uses creativity and yields solutions that are original and creative? A. directed B. undirected C. reproductive D. productive

D. productive

The arcade looked nothing like how Cory had imagined. It did not match his __________ for an arcade. A. memory B. hierarchy C. semantic network D. schema

D. schema

All of the following are categories used to classify problems except problems of __________. A. arrangement B. inducing structure C. transformation D. schematic completion

D. schematic completion

A person is born with concepts already formed.

False

A person who is good at multitasking can effectively focus one's attention on driving while talking on the cell phone.

False

A phoneme is the largest unit of sound in a word.

False

All languages are comprised of the same phonemes.

False

Evaluating alternative options and choosing one option among them is called the theory of bounded rationality.

False

Forgetting takes place only in short-term memory.

False

Humans are the only animals capable of communication.

False

Iconic memory is used when a loud thunderclap occurs during a storm.

False

If someone is making a decision using the additive strategy, he or she would eliminate alternatives based on their attributes.

False

Memories of specific personal events are examples of semantic long-term memories.

False

Memory reconstructions are extremely accurate reproductions of information from one's long-term memory.

False

Phonemic encoding, where word sounds are emphasized, has proven to lead to less forgetting.

False

Primates are able to acquire language about as fast as speaking children can.

False

Research seems to indicate that using a narrative to recall information leads to decreased levels of recall.

False

Semantic encoding is emphasizing the physical structure of a word, such as its length or how it is printed.

False

Short-term memory holds an unlimited amount of information.

False

The availability and representativeness heuristics are not useful and should be entirely avoided.

False

The mean length of utterance (MLU) decreases with age.

False

There are 26 phonemes in the English language, one for each letter of the alphabet.

False

W. C. F. Krueger's study, which involved students memorizing a list of nouns they had already mastered, contributed to studying the effects of which of the following? A. narratives B. interference C. overlearning D. organization

NOT A or B (Other sources say not D)

Read the example below and answer the question that follows. Recent scientific research was released about global warming and climate change. Both defendents and opponents of the theory of global warming saw the information as supporting their own beliefs. Both sides fell victim to __________. A. availability heuristic B. loss aversion C. confirmation bias D. belief bias

NOT B

A mnemonic device is a strategy used to improve memory.

True

A one-year-old child can classify animals and people.

True

A schema may be the reason that one doesn't remember items that are out of place.

True

A theory is a way of explaining observations.

True

An individual who is bilingual is able to speak two different languages.

True

Belief bias may cause one to make invalid conclusions seem valid or vice versa.

True

Changing how a problem is represented can assist in overcoming problem solving issues.

True

Concepts allow someone to organize information and avoid relearning.

True

Deciding whether or not something occurred is a process called reality monitoring.

True

Dementia refers to a loss of brain function that usually first appears as forgetfulness.

True

Experiences and language skills lead to more complex concepts.

True

Fast and frugal heuristics allow one to make quick decisions with limited information.

True

For deep processing to occur, it is best to study information in several smaller sessions than in one long session.

True

How an issue is framed has an effect on decision making.

True

If someone is attempting to focus on multiple tasks at one time, it could be said that they have divided attention.

True

In the "analyzing the problem" step in the problem solving process, one should evaluate the causes, effects, and symptoms of the problem.

True

Information can be overlearned if one continues to practice it after it has been mastered.

True

It is possible for a mix up to occur between fictitious and factual information.

True

One barrier to problem solving is the tendency to impose constraints that don't exist.

True

One way that a memory could be distorted is if it includes information that did not actually occur.

True

One way to enhance deep processing is to make the information personal.

True

Recall requires a person to reproduce information on one's own.

True

Relearning requires one to memorize information a second time.

True

Repression refers to the idea that unpleasant thoughts and feelings are buried in our subconscious.

True

Research indicates that infants can distinguish more phonemes from languages all over the world than adults.

True

Sensory memory lasts a fraction of a second before the information is lost.

True

Some researchers assert that the evolution of language is a result of natural selection.

True

Source-monitoring error is one explanation for unintentional plagiarism.

True

The English language has about 40 distinct phonemes.

True

The ability to recognize faces remains lasting and strong, while the ability to remember names doesn't last as long.

True

The abundance of choices available to people when making a decision can cause them to feel overwhelmed.

True

The human brain can handle only one attention-consuming task at a time.

True

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a type of retrieval failure.

True

Two ways to transfer a memory into long-term memory are maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal.

True

When someone says the word "jewelry," the concept includes bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and pins.

True