AP Psychology Unit 2 Test

The three stage processing model suggests that we register information in __________ memory before it is __________ into short-term memory. a. Sensory; retrieved b. long-term; retrieved c. sensory; encoded d. long-term; encoded

C

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity? a. Echoic memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. State-dependent memory e. Sensory memory

C

Highly emotional memories, such as those which many prisoners of war have experienced, may cause posttraumatic stress disorder. Recent research has identified which brain structure as playing a significant role in these emotional memories? a. Reticular formation b. Pituitary c. Hypothalamus d. Amygdala e. Pons

D

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to: a. Motivated forgetting. b. The misinformation effect. c. Retroactive interference. d. Encoding failure. e. Long-term potentiation.

D

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called: a. Priming. b. Encoding. c. Relearning. d. Retrieval. e. Rehearsal.

D

A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in __________ memory. a. Iconic b. Implicit c. Short-term d. State-dependent e. Long-term

E

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term storage involves what is known as: a. Automatic processing. b. Implicit memory. c. Semantic encoding. d. Long-term potentiation. e. Working memory.

E

In order to transfer information from short-term memory to long term memory one must use

Elaborative rehearsal

Eye Witness Testimony

Elizabeth Loftus: showed what people see and hear about an event after the fact can affect accuracy of their memories of that event (testimony isn't always reliable)

Anterograde amnesia results from damage to cerebellum

False

Maintenance rehearsal allows for the most information to be retained in long term memory

False

Semantic and episodic are two types of sensory memory

False

Shallow processing of information helps you retain more of that information

False

Absent Mindedness

Forgetting caused by lapses in attention

Sensory is broken down into which two specific types

Iconic and echoic

Models of Memory

Info processing model: processing info is similar to a computer processing memory into 3 stages Levels of processing model: deeply processed, processed according to meaning, remembered for longer Parallel distributed processing: processed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections

Encoding,storage,retrieval are the stages of which model of memory?

Information processing model

Which type of memory is relatively permanent and unlimited in capacity?

Long-term

In iconic memory, what term is used to describe the process of old visual stimuli being pushed out by new visual stimuli?

Masking

Who researched short term memory and determined it has a capacity of 7 items plus or minus 2?

Miller

Suggestibility

Process of memory distribution as a result of deliberation or inadvertent suggestion

Repetition on day one increases

Relearning decreases

Getting info out of memory best describes what memory process?

Retrieval

Second stage of memory

Short term memory

Retrieving explicit memories?

Stored in LTM must be filed according to its pattern or meaning

Expectancy bias

Tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations

Cocktail party effect refers to ability to focus on one conversation while in a room filled with noise

True

Procedural memory is known as non declarative memory

True

Blocking

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Persistence

a memory problem where unwanted memories cannot be put out of our mind

Disuse

assuming non used memories will disappear

Getting info into brain is a simplified definition of

encoding

False positive

error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus not in memory

Amygdala

experiencing and interpreting emotion (more glucose in the bloodstream)

Transience

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time; long term memories gradually fade

Forgetting curve

graph plotting amount of retention and forgetting over time for a batch of material

TOT phenomenon

inability to recall a word while knowing it is still in memory

Infantile amnesia

inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

Decay

loss of memory due to passage of time

State Dep. Learning

memories formed during a specific state will be easier to recall while in that similar state

Autobiographical memory

memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story (usually after 3)

Encoding specificity principle

more closely the retrieval clues match the form when info was encoded, the better the info will be

Memory trace

phys. change in brain that occurs when a memory is formed

Engram

physical change that takes place in brain when a memory is formed

Retrieval failure

recall has temporarily failed

Factors Affecting Eye Witness

recollections less influenced by leading questions if possibility of memory bias is forewarned Passage of time equals increase in misremember info. Age matters and confidence in memory isn't a sign of accuracy

Consolidiation

short term memories change to long term memories

Self-consistency bias

we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are

Human memory is good at

which attention is focused , in which we are interested, arouses us emotionally, fits with our previous experiences that we rehearse (info)

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of __________ memory. a. Short-term b. Explicit c. Flashbulb d. Implicit e. Sensory

A

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to __________ memory. a. Sensory b. Short-term c. Flashbulb d. Implicit e. State-dependent

A

In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges, and potatoes the next time he goes grocery shopping, Nabil forms the word "shop" with the first letters of each item. He is using the memory aid known as: a. Chunking. b. The spacing effect. c. The serial position effect. d. The method of loci. e. The next-in-line-effect.

A

Kathy performs better on a Psychology test if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as: a. The spacing effect. b. The serial position effect. c. Mood-congruent memory. d. Chunking. e. Automatic processing.

A

The famous Ebbinghaus "forgetting curve" indicates that how well we remember information depends on: a. How long ago we learned the information. b. The nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval. c. Whether the information is part of our explicit memory. d. Whether the information is part of our implicit memory. e. Whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded.

A

When you hear a phone number and are able to recall it for a brief period, the phone number is thought to reside within __________ memory. a. Sensory b. Working c. Gustatory d. Procedural e. Long-term

A

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called: a. Retrieval cues. b. Déjà vu. c. Iconic traces. d. Context effects. e. Schemas.

A

Misattribution

A memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person.

Wilhelm Wundt used the research method known as: a. Neuroscience. b. Introspection. c. Psychoanalysis. d. Massed practice. e. PRTR. 2. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of: a. Conscious and unconscious mental activity. b. Observable responses to the environment. c. Behavior and mental processes. d. Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. e. Maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. 3. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on: a. Natural selection. b. Brain chemistry. c. Social norms. d. Unconscious conflicts. e. Learned behavior. 4. Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the impact of learning on behavior? a. Evolutionary b. Neuroscience c. Behavioral d. Psychodynamic e. Cognitive 5. Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning? a. Cognitive b. Behavioral c. Neuroscience d. Social-cultural e. Psychodynamic 6. Dr. Wilson attributes the violence of criminal gang members to the norms and role expectations associated with gang membership. Her belief best illustrates a(n) __________ perspective. a. Psychodynamic b. Behavior genetics c. Social-cultural d. Neuroscience e. Evolutionary 7. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. Social b. Clinical c. Developmental d. Industrial/organizational e. Counseling 8. For no apparent reason, Jason has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Jason to contact a(n) __________ psychologist. a. Industrial/organization b. Clinical c. Personality d. Biological e. Community 9. In a written report of their research, psychologists specify exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers with a(n): a. Hypothesis. b. Independent variable. c. Operational definition. d. Standard deviation. e. Dependent variable. 10. Professor Saxton was very skeptical about the findings of a recently reported experiment on the effects of sleep deprivation. Which technique would best enable her to investigate the reliability of these findings? a. Naturalistic observation b. Negative correlation c. Random sampling d. Positive correlation e. Replication 11. In order to understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist has carefully investigated the client's current life situation and his physical, social, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist employed? a. The survey b. The case study c. Experimentation d. Naturalistic observation e. Psychological testing 12. The survey method is commonly used in: a. Correlational research. b. Double-blind studies. c. Case studies. d. Experiments. e. Mental institutions. 13. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion? a. Psychological testing b. Naturalistic observation c. The case study d. Experimentation e. The survey 14. Surveys indicate people are much less likely to support "government welfare" than "government aid to the needy". These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of: a. Random sampling. b. Wording effects. c. Hindsight bias. d. The false consensus effect. e. Naturalistic observation. 15. In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all children attending Oakbridge School, Professor Devrie randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n): a. Population. b. Representative sample. c. Case study. d. Independent variable. e. Control condition. 16. In order to assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Susan sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Susan employed the technique of: a. Random assignment. b. Naturalistic observation. c. Replication. d. Correlation. e. Random sampling. 17. Psychologists select a random sample of research participants in order to ensure that: a. Participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying. b. There will be a large number of participants in the research study. c. The study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values. d. The same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions. e. Discriminatory lawsuits are not filed against them. 18. Professor Ober carefully monitors and records the behaviors of children on school playgrounds in order to track the development of the physical skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in a. Survey research. b. Naturalistic observation. c. Experimentation. d. Replication. e. Case study research. 19. In order to represent graphically the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a: a. Skewed distribution. b. Scatterplot. c. Standard deviation. d. Bar graph. e. Pie chart. 20. A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between: a. Intelligence and academic success. b. Financial poverty and physical health. c. Self-esteem and depression. d. School grades and school absences. e. Obesity and hours spent exercising. 21. If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest that the two variables predicted are: a. Normally distributed. b. Positively correlated. c. Negatively correlated. d. Not correlated. e. Bimodal. 22. If psychologists discovered that intelligent parents have smarter children than unintelligent parents, this would demonstrate that: a. Intelligence is inherited. b. Intelligent parents provide their children greater educational opportunities than do unintelligent parents. c. The intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated. d. There is no correlation between parental intelligence and the intelligence of their children. e. All of the above are true. 23. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that: a. Poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders. b. The poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than the wealthy. c. Psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth. d. Wealthy people don't get psychological disorders. e. None of the above are true. 24. The perception that seemingly infertile couples who adopt a child are subsequently more likely to conceive a child themselves best illustrates: a. The hindsight bias. b. The false consensus effect. c. An illusory correlation. d. The placebo effect. e. No correlation. 25. Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing a cause-effect relationship? a. The survey b. The experiment c. Correlational research d. Naturalistic observation e. The case study 26. In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted alcoholic. This nonalcoholic drink was a : a. Dependent variable. b. Replication. c. Placebo. d. Random sample. e. Double blind. 27. Researchers and subjects in a drug-evaluation are both ignorant about which subjects have actually received an experimental drug and which were given a placebo. This investigation involves the use of: a. The false consensus effect. b. The hindsight bias. c. Random sampling. d. The double-blind procedure. e. The single-blind procedure. 28. In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the __________ variable. a. Experimental b. Dependent c. Correlational d. Independent e. Operational 29. In order to assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented college students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable consisted of: a. Insults or compliments. b. Physical appearance. c. Interpersonal attraction. d. Feelings of self-esteem. e. College students. 30. Gestalt psychologists are associated with which of the following statements? a. The pineal gland is the seat of the human soul. b. Psychology should reach into the soul of mankind. c. Behavior should be broken down into its individual components. d. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. e. Dreams are symbolic and should be interpreted. 31. A researcher who studies the chemical changes in the brains of patients with depression would be approaching psychology from which perspective? a. Behaviorist b. Psychodynamic c. Cognitive d. Socio-cultural e. Biological 32. A psychology professor feels that her students will do better on her exams if there is music playing while they take their exams. To test her hypothesis she divides her class in half. One half takes the exam in a room with music playing and the other half takes the exam in a similar room but without the music playing. In this case, the independent variable is a. The room the exam is taken in b. The absence or presence of music playing c. The exam d. The students' scores on the exam e. The students' random assignment 33. For the experiment described in question 35, the dependent variable is a. The room the exam is taken in b. The absence or presence of music playing c. The exam d. The students' scores on the exam e. the students' random assignment 34. The correlation coefficient is a _______________. a. Measure of variability. b. Measure of central tendency. c. Parameter. d. Measure of a relationship between two or more variables. e. Measure of skewness. 35. Dr. Santo has a practice in Texas. He can prescribe medications as well as diagnose psychological disorders. Dr. Santo is most likely a _______________. a. Psychologist b. Psychiatrist c. Social worker d. Researcher e. Psychiatric social worker 36. Which correlation coefficient indicates a negative relationship? a. +1.2 b. 0.8 c. -0.8 d. -1.96 e. 0.00 37. Which correlation coefficient demonstrates the strongest relationship? a. +0.5 b. -0.7 c. +1.2 d. -3.2 e. +0.6 38. Since Dr. Howard is a psychoanalyst, she relies mostly on _______________ principles. a. Freudian b. Humanistic c. Behavioristic d. Cognitive e. Social Learning 39. Jill is a psychiatric social worker in a large city. What can she NOT do in her job? a. Administer psychotherapy b. Talk with clients about drug abuse c. Prescribe medications d. Examine a client's living conditions to understand the cause of mental disorders e. Discuss a client's work related stress 40. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _______________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences. a. Intervention b. Introspection c. Insight inventory d. Induction e. Reflection 41. Who was an early proponent of functionalism? a. Ivan Pavlov b. William James c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Max Wertheimer e. Mary Cover Jones 42. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of _______________. a. Behaviorism b. Introspection c. Functionalism d. Psychoanalysis e. Gestalt psychologists 43. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? a. Free will b. Brain physiology c. External consequences d. Perception of wholes e. The unconscious mind 44. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities? a. A Gestalt psychologist b. A behaviorist c. Psychodynamic psychologist d. A functionalist e. A humanistic psychologist 45. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? a. Psychoanalysis b. Humanism c. Evolutionary psychology d. Cognitive perspective e. Behaviorism 46. "Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a _______________. a. Conclusion b. Result c. Hypothesis d. Fact e. Statistical result 47. Which of the following is not a common ethical rule of psychological research? a. Data must remain confidential. b. Participants must be given informed consent. c. Participants may withdraw from the study at any time. d. Deception cannot be used in any studies on human beings. e. The rights and well-being of the participants must come first. 48. According to the American Psychological Association's research guidelines, participants in an experiment must __________. a. Remain blind to their experimental condition b. Be debriefed about the purpose of the study c. Receive monetary payment in exchange for participation d. Complete the entire experiment once they have begun it e. Give a written endorsement of the study before results are published 49. In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from his hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H/M/'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation? a. Naturalistic observation b. Correlation c. Survey d. Experimentation e. Case study

Answer Key to Unit 1 Practice Test 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. E 11. B 12. A 13. E 14. B 15. A 16. E 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. D 28. D 29. C 30. D 31. E 32. B 33. D 34. D 35. B 36. C 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. B 41. B 42. E 43. E 44. B 45. B 46. C 47. D 48. B 49. E

Bias

Attitude, belief, emotion, or exp. that distorts memories

The more depressed Betty feels, the more easily she remembers many of the sad events in her life. This best illustrates: a. The self-reference effect. b. Mood-congruent memory. c. Retroactive interference. d. The spacing effect. e. Source amnesia.

B

Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues? a. Recognition b. Recall c. Relearning d. Rehearsal e. Reconstruction

B

What do we encode?

Based on what we already or imagine Visual encoding: appearance Semantic encoding: meaning of words Acoustic encoding: sound of words

Automatic processing occurs without: a. Visual imagery. b. Semantic encoding. c. Conscious awareness. d. Sensory memory. e. All of the above.

C

Cerebellum is to __________ memory as hippocampus is to __________ memory. a. Short-term; long-term b. Long-term; short-term c. Implicit; explicit d. Explicit; implicit e. Iconic; echoic

C

Knowing how to ride a bicycle is considered a(n) __________ memory, while knowing that Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States is a(n) __________ memory. a. Recognition; recall b. Encoding; rehearsal c. Procedural; declarative d. Semantic; episodic e. Explicit; implicit

C

The three memory stages, in order of processing, are a. Sensory, cognitive, and short term. b. Sensory, working, and short term. c. Sensory, working, and long term d. Working, long term, and short term. e. Recall, recognition, and rehearsal.

C