AP Psychology Unit 8 Test

Schachter's Two Factor Theory of emotion

(by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer) theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused a d 2) *cognitively label* the arousal; for example having an external reaction such as shaking or crying, and an internal reaction of quickened heart rate, and being able to label this emotion as experiencing fear. (Pg. 422)

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

(by Walter Cannon & Philip Bard) the theory that emotion-arousing stimulus *simultaneously* triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion; for example emotion-triggering traveled to sympathetic nervous system, causing body's arousal, and at the same time travels to the brains cortex causing awareness of emotion. (P. 422)

James-Lange Theory of emotion

(by William James & Carl Lange) the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli; for example the feeling of fear *follows* body response

Note: ____ in male hormones are partly a response to sexual stimulation

fluctuations

Arousal theory:

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

Instinct theory/evolutionary perspective:

focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors; failed to explain most human motives

Drive-reduction theory:

focuses on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact

Note: when ____ levels drop, your stomach, intestines, and liver will signal your brain to ______ eating, and then your brain will trigger hunger

glucose motivate

Note: with difficult tasks, there's a ____ level of performance and a ____ level of arousal, and with easy tasks there's a ____ level of performance and a _____ level of arousal

high low high high

Note: the psychological aim of drive reduction is _____

homeostasis

Ghrelin

hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain

Insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose

Social facilitation

improvement or decreasing of individual performance when working with other people rather than alone

Note: when researchers tested two patients who had no memory for events occurring more than a minute ago, they offered meal after meal within minutes, and both patients readily consumed each consecutive meal, without being hungry, because they did not remember the last time they had eaten. This suggests that part of our decision to eat is our____ of the time of our last meal

memory

Note: ______ matter mightily

motives

Arcuate nucleus

neural arc that has a center that secretes appetite stimulating hormones, and another center that secretes appetite suppressing hormones. When the appetite enhancing center is stimulated electrically in neural areas, well-fed animals begin to eat. If the area is destroyed, even starving animals have no interest in food. The opposite occurs when an appetite suppressing area is stimulated: animals will stop eating. Destroy this area and animals will eat and eat, and become extremely fat.

Affiliation need

our deep need to belong—a basic human motivation it seems

Social comparison

our measuring ourselves against others

Note: _____ increases sexual desire

ovulation

Note: when a psychological need increases, so does a _______ —an aroused, motivated state

psychological drive

Note: when asked to describe personal episodes that made them feel especially bad about themselves, people will —about 4 times in 5—describe a ____ difficulty

relationship

Narcissism

self-esteem gone awry; narcissistic people are self important, self focused, and self promoting. Many of the times they like to be the center of attention

Note: Because of the drop in our basal metabolic rate, and change in weight, scientists prefer the looser term_____ or _____to indicate the level at which a persons weight settles in response to caloric intake and energy use, rather than set point

settling point set range

Estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. And nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Note: male _____ often take Depo Provera, a drug that reduces testosterone levels to that of a pre-pubertal boy, and similarly lose much of their sexual urge

sex offenders

Note: the pain-reliever acetaminophen (as in Tylenol and Anacin) lessons _____ as well as physical pain

social

Note: psychologically, we seem to experience _____ pain with the same emotional unpleasantness that marks _____ pain

social physical

Ostracism

social exclusion

Cyber ostracism

social exclusion via social media and networking sites

Note: lacking stimulation, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level. However, with too much stimulation come _____ , and we can look for a way to decrease arousal.

stress

Note: when women's ______ levels drop, as happens with the removal of the ovaries or adrenal glands, but her sexual interest may wane

testosterone

Basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure or in other words a measure of how much energy we use to maintain basic body functions when our body is at rest

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissue. When its level is low we feel hunger

Sexual Response Cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

drive-reduction theory & example

the idea that a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (a Drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Ex. eating or drinking

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males simulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. (Influenced in part by hereditary)

Optimal arousal theory and example

the theory that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal Ex. well-fed animals will leave their shelter to explore and get information, seemingly in the absence of any need-based drive. Ex2. would be curiosity drives monkeys to monkey around trying to figure out how a latch opens

Definition of Multiple Approach-Avoidance & Example

A choice between alternatives that have both good and bad aspects Ex. Deciding whether to stay at home to study for a test or go out to the movies with friends

Definition of Approach-Approach & Example

A choice between two equally attractive alternatives Ex. Choosing between cake and ice cream for dessert

Definition of Avoidance-Avoidance & Example

A choice between two equally unattractive alternatives Ex. Going to the dentist or letting a toothache get worse

Definition of Approach-Avoidance & Example

A choice of whether or not to do something when part of the situation is attractive but the other is not Ex. Deciding whether to buy a new DVD player that would cost a lot of money

World Health Organization (WHO)

A national organization that deals with the health and condition of the people, including matters of weight, and obesity.

incentive & example

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Ex. depending on our learning, the aroma of good food, whether freshly baked pizza or freshly toasted ants can motivate our behavior

Competence

A set of demonstrable characteristics and skills that enable and improve the efficiency or performance of a job

heirarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with psychological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

What are some active ways to cope with stress?

Changing stressful thoughts, meditation, exercise, breathing activation

Hierarchy of needs:

Describes how some of our needs take priority over others

What is and example of a priority created by the hierarchy of needs?

Example of priority: some needs take priority over others. Let your need for water go unsatisfied and your thirst will preoccupy you. Deprived of air, your thirst would disappear

Is bodyweight mostly genetic or environmental?

Genetic

Orexin

Hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

Note: our _______ arise from the interplay between nature and nurture.

Motivations

Leptin

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

From bottom up, the hierarchy of needs goes as

Psychological needs (food, water) Safety needs (shelter) Belongingness and love needs (friends/family) Esteem needs (recognition/respect/achievement/independence) Self-actualization needs (reach our fullest potential) Self-transcendence needs (find meaning/purpose in life)

Yerkes-Dodson Law & example

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases Ex. when taking an exam, it pays to be modestly aroused—alert but not trembling with nervousness

instinct & example

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species Ex. an infants' innate reflexes for rooting and sucking

Self-esteem

a gauge of how valued and excepted we feel

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior

Ecology of eating

a phenomenon discovered by psychologists in which situations can and do control our eating

Sexual dysfunction & example

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning Ex. sexual dysfunction in men include, erectile disorder (inability to have or maintain an erection), and premature ejaculation Ex. sexual dysfunction in women include pain or female orgasmic disorder (distress over and frequently or never experiencing orgasm

Emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience; a mix of bodily arousal (heart pounding) and expressive behaviors (quickened pace) and conscious experience including thoughts and feelings (panic; joy)

Refractory period

a resting period After orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

Autonomy

a sense of personal control

Homeostasis & example

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Ex. the body's temperature regulation system, which works like a room thermostat

Mass Body Index (BMI)

a test used to measure a persons body weight to the ratio of fat on their body, and compare it to a protested average group. The BMI of a clinically obese person is set at 30.

According to the American psychiatric Association, what are the two criterion to be met in order to determine if a behavior is considered paraphilia or not?

a. A person experiences distress from their unusual sexual interest b. The sexual desire or behavior entails harm or risk of harm to others

What kinds of foods do you crave when depressed or stressed and why?

a. Carbohydrates such as pasta, chips, and sweets bc they help boost levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has calming effects

What are some risks for significantly obese individuals?

a. Diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer, all of which increase healthcare costs and shorten life expectancy. Additionally, research has shown that obesity can be linked to late life cognitive decline, and poor memory recall

How do these three pieces fit together? They must answer two questions.

a. Does bodily arousal come before, after, or at the same times as emotions? b. How do thinking (congnition) and feeling interact?

Describe the four stages (in order) of the sexual response cycle.

a. Excitement phase: men's and women's genital areas become in gorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge b. Plateau phase: Excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. The penis comes fully engorged and some fluid frequently containing live sperm may appear at the tip. Virginal secretion continues to increase c. orgasm phase: muscle contractions all over the body companied by further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates d. Resolution: the body returns to its unaroused state as the engorged genital blood vessels released their accumulated blood relatively quickly if orgasm has occurred, relatively slowly otherwise. During this phase the male enters a refractory period, during which he is in capable of another orgasm. Females much shorter refractory period may enable her to have more orgasms if restimulated during or soon after.

What happens in our brains when we feel love?

a. Feelings of love activate brain reward and safety systems b. Pictures of our loved ones activate a brain region associated with safety—the prefrontal cortex—that dampens feelings of physical pain. Love is a natural pain killer

What are the four perspectives for viewing motivated behaviors?

a. Instinct theory/evolutionary perspective: focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors b. Drive-reduction theory: focuses on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact c. Arousal theory: focuses on finding the right level of stimulation d. Hierarchy of needs: describes how some of our needs take priority over others

List five hormones involved in hunger.

a. Insulin b. Ghrelin c. Orexin d. Leptin e. PYY

Why can being ostracized lead to experiencing real physical pain?

a. It's elicits increased activity in brain areas, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (which is responsible for a host of cognitive functions, including emotional expression, attention allocation, and mood regulation) that also activate in response to physical pain.

Explain Ancel keys' hunger experiment.

a. Keys fed 36 make volunteers just enough to maintain their initial weight, then for six months they cut his food level in half. They then tested the effects of hunger. People became less social.

What are some ways to maintain a healthy balance between online connecting and real world responsibilities?

a. Monitor your time b. Monitor your feelings c. "Hide" your more distracting online friends d. Try turning off your mobile devices or leaving them elsewhere e. Try a social networking fast or time-controlled social media diet f. Replenish your focus with a nature walk

Name three different situational influences on eating.

a. Most of us eat more when eating with others, because the presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies b. When offered a supersized standard portion, people put away more calories, and choose the larger option. Portion size matters c. Food variety also stimulates eating. A behavior that is adaptive from our ancestors; when foods were abundant and varied eating more provided a wide range of vitamins and minerals and produced fat that protected them during winter or famine

Is your stomach the only place where the feelings of hunger come from? Explain how this discovery was made.

a. No, the pangs of an empty stomach are not the only source of hunger. Researchers discovered this by removing some rats' stomachs and created a direct path to their small intestines, and they continued to eat.

From an evolutionarily perspective, why is it important that we have a strong affiliation need?

a. One, adults who formed attachments were more likely to reproduce and to co-nurture their offspring to maturity, and attachment bonds helped to keep those children close to their caregivers b. Two, cooperation also enhanced survival, and those who felt a need to belong survived and protected themselves in groups

What happens to our basal metabolic rate in response to decreased food intake?

a. Our basal metabolic rate drops

Give examples of how conditioning can intensify food preferences.

a. People given highly salted foods may develop a liking for excess salt. b. People sickened by food may develop an aversion to it

What is the Lateral Hypothalamus' job? (mnemonic device Large Hungry)

a. Releases the hormone Orexin—A hunger triggering hormone (when orexin goes up, you are hungry)

What are some ways that environmental factors contribute to obesity?

a. Sleep loss—if you are sleep deprived it can lead to obesity because of two hormones. Your ghrelin increases telling you are hungry, and your leptin decreases making you hungry. b. Social influence

Feeling insecurely attached to others during childhood can persist into adulthood, in two main forms, what are they?

a. Some display insecure anxious attachment—constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of possible rejection b. Others are trapped in insecure avoidant attachment—feeling such discomfort over getting close to others that they employ avoidance strategies to maintain their distance

What is the underlying assumption of evolutionary psychology's motivation theory?

a. That genes predispose species-typical behavior

What part of the brain integrates glucose messages and hunger pains?

a. The work is done by several neural areas, some housed deep in the brain within the hypothalamus.

What are the two effects of sex hormones?

a. They direct the physical development of male and female sex characteristics b. (especially in nonhuman animals) they activate sexual behavior

What is the connection with social media and narcissism?

a. Those who score high on narcissism are especially active on social media sites. They collect more superficial "friends". They offer more staged, glamorous photos. And not surprisingly, they seem more narcissistic to strangers viewing the pages

What is one of the main tasks of the hypothalamus?

a. To monitor levels of appetite hormones in the bloodstream

Explain how A. L. Washburn and Walter Cannon tested the physiological effects of hunger.

a. Washburn agreed to swallow a balloon attached to a recording device. When inflated to fill his stomach, the balloon transmitted his stomach contractions. Washburn supplied information about his feelings of hunger by pressing a key each time he felt a hunger pang. The discovery: Washburn was indeed having stomach contractions whenever he felt hungry.

Is it true or false that our preferences for sweet and salty tastes are genetic and universal?

a. Yes, but conditioning can intensify or alter those preferences

What does the Ventromedial hypothalamus do?

a. tells you when you are full and have had enough

Note: men have a more active _____ when viewing erotica

amygdala

Note: pain, whatever its source, focuses our tension and motivates ____ action. for example, rejected and unable to remedy the situation between friends in a social circle, an individual may seek new friends or relieve stress in a strengthened religious faith. OR they may turn nasty.

corrective

Note: food preferences widely depend on ___ & ___ Give and example

culture location Ex. Example: Bedouins enjoy eating the eye of a camel, which most north Americans would find repulsive. North Americans and Europeans also shun horse, dog, and rat meat, all of which are prized elsewhere

PYY

digestive track hormone; sends "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain

Neophobia

dislike of unfamiliar things, like certain foods. It was adapted by our ancestors to protect them from potentially toxic substances

Note: when there's both in need and incentive, we feel strongly ____

driven

Paraphilia

experiencing sexual arousal in an unusual way, such as resulting from exhibitionism, fetishism, and pedophilia

Note: Maslow's hierarchy is somewhat arbitrary; the order of such needs is not universally _____. People have starved themselves to make a political statement

fixed