AP Psychology: Unit 9 --- Clinical Psychology
Why is the name "antidepressant" a somewhat incorrect name for these drugs?
"Antidepressants" are now mostly used in treating anxiety disorders and PTSD.
ANY THEORY OF DEPRESSION MUST EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING (pg. 689):
- Behavioral and cognitive changes accompanied by depression, including other disorders - Depression is widespread - Women's risk of MDD is nearly double men's
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA (Added on to typical behavior) (an addition of inappropriate behavior)
- Delusions: false beliefs - Hallucinations: incorrect auditory, taste, visual, etc. perceptions. - Inappropriate emotions: emotions totally contrary or irrelevant to a topic can be expressed.
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA(Taken away from typical behavior) (a lack of appropriate behaviors)
- Disorganized Thinking: inability to engage in selective attention and focus on one specific set of stimuli - Disorganized Speech: speech comes out in illogical orders - Diminished emotions: flat affect state in which a patient will give no indication of feeling any emotions whatsoever. - Impaired Theory of Mind: difficulty in reading others' facial expressions and perceiving states of minds. - Catatonia: abnormal motor behaviors ranging from physical immobility, to compulsive and impulsive actions.
Explain how medications and therapy are bottom-up and top-down approaches to treating depression.
- Medications are bottom up approaches to treatment because they start by physically altering aspects of your brain/body, specifically the limbic system. Therapies are top-down approaches to treatment because they target the cognitive aspect of depression by changing thought processes through the frontal lobe activity.
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE (be sure to include a discussion of explanatory style)
- One origin of depression is self defeating beliefs and negative/pessimistic explanatory styles. Two Explanatory Styles: - pessimistic/negative - optimistic/positive
What does SSRI mean? How do SSRIs like Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil work?
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors - They essentially block sending neurons from reuptaking excessive serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmitters by acting as antagonists and blocking those reuptake sites.
How do behavior therapies differ from the insight therapies?
- Traditional psychoanalysts expect problems to subside as people gain insight/awareness into their unresolved and unconscious tensions. Humanistic therapists expect problems to diminish as people get in touch with their feelings. - Behavior therapists assume that problem behaviors are the problem and apply learning principles to eliminate them.
There are 3 clusters of personality disorders. Describe each:
- anxiety based personality disorders, like fear of rejection that may predispose those with avoidant personality disorder to withdraw. - eccentric or abnormal behaviors. - emotional disengagement of schizotypal personality disorder - dramatic or impulsive behaviors - attention-getting BPD - self-focused and inflating narcissistic personality disorder - callous and typically dangerous antisocial personality disorder
What are the PRIMARY AIMS of a client-centered therapist like Carl Rogers (there are 3 aims)?
- boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them increase self-awareness and self-acceptance. - exploring feelings and taking immediate responsibility for them as well as actions as they occur rather than delving into the past - promoting growth, not curing illness
CAUSES FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE (Based on what you know already, what would a Freudian psychologist, a psychoanalyst, say causes anxiety disorders?)
- child abuse and different effects from that resurfacing. - fears that may have been "unfavorable" boiling up and exposing themselves.
CAUSES FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
- genes can play a role in the development of anxiety disorders due to variations in hormone production due to them serotonin is a chemical that regulates sleep, mood and threat attendance - glutamate is a neurotransmitter that heightens brain activity in the alarm centers. - gene expression may also be affected by experiences. neural pathways may be formed for fears that allow for easier arousal. - the anterior cingulate cortex is a brain region that monitors actions and checks for errors can be hyperactive in those who have anxiety disorders. - natural selection
What are the goals of psychodynamic therapy?
- provide understanding for their patients by exploring their symptoms through the focused analysis of relationships like childhood experiences and that of the therapist and client. - gain perspective on one's symptoms by analyzing defended-against thoughts and feelings. - increase self-awareness concerning thoughts and feelings and wishes and their reactions towards such.
CAUSES FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS LEARNING PERSPECTIVE (conditioning)
- the conception that through classical conditioning, an individual can develop an anxiety disorder that links feelings of distress with previously neutral stimuli. - disorders can be strengthened due to stimulus generalization and operant conditioning reinforcement. - anxiety disorders can develop after traumatic events (such as PTSD)
CAUSES FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
- through observation, we can develop fears due to vicarious learning - the tendency to perceive stimuli as threatening is a form of cognitive influence on fear. - compulsions can also strengthen fears by removing the negative stimulus for a period of time
Describe the two parts of systematic desensitization.
1. you must be exposed to the triggering/anxiety-provoking stimulus 2. you must relax your body, at least gradually, until feelings of anxiety are eliminated.
What is tardive dyskinesia?
A parkinson's-like disease that's consequential to taking antipsychotics and features tremors/involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue and limbs.
Describe free association.
A patient will freely speak of whatever comes to mind, which will typically lead to a train of thought.
Describe Aaron Beck's cognitive approach to treating an individual with depression
Aaron Beck's approach focuses on revealing irrational and negative thinking to the client and the way it negatively affects them in the hopes of changing those thought processes to be more constructive, which then might make their behavior more constructive.
What are other NON-DRUG interventions that can improve depression?
Aerobic exercise, cognitive therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
antianxiety drugs (Brand names: Xanax and Ativan) Benzodiazapines
Bind to receptor sites of neurotransmitters that become overactive during anxiety; depress central nervous system activity How will you remember the brand names and the effect on the CNS? You are so comfy in your mercedes benz, that you start to die of fatigue and start to dream of being in a forest of pine trees. Ativan starts with "A" Xanax has "x" in it
How does chronic (process) schizophrenia differ from acute (reactive)?
Chronic (process) schizophrenia develops slowly over time and is unlikely to be recovered from and typically has patients displaying negative symptoms, at least in men. Acute (reactive) schizophrenia is typically suddenly developed after a stressful life event and is likely to be recovered from and patients typically display positive symptoms that are reactive to medications.
Deep Brain Stimulation
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): - scientists are trying to do the same treatment with parkinson's disease (electrode in motor cortex controls shaking), but they are having an issue with determining what part of the brain controls mood. - However, you can become tolerant to the electricity.
CYCLE OF DEPRESSION
Depression is a self perpetuating cycle. When someone goes through a distressing event, then their perspective and thought processes are likely to change, then that may lead to another stressful event due to those changes, which can then further change thought processes and perspectives.
Summarize the position of those who see ADHD as a disorder AND skeptics.
Disorder: - Many see ADHD as a valid disorder, for it can be debilitating to those who have it, and medications can be beneficial. Skeptics: - Many believe that children with ADHD diagnoses may be victims to overmedication and actually merely have the overactivity physically and creatively that comes with being a child.
BIOMEDICAL TREATMENTS FOR DEPRESSION
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - Patient is not responding to medication - patients are anesthetized and given a strong muscle relaxant, a 100 volt shock is administered and depressive symptoms are typically relieved. - One electrode sends a current through the brain, whereas one monitors activity in the brain. - They are essentially creating a seizure. - Muscle relaxant prevents convulsions. - Not permanent - Big Side Effect: almost always, patient experiences memory loss within the time period of the treatment. can even span from the day before onward. - Among the most effective treatments. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - pulsating magnetic coil is placed over prefrontal regions of brain Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): - scientists are trying to do the same treatment with parkinson's disease (electrode in motor cortex controls shaking), but they are having an issue with determining what part of the brain controls mood. - However, you can become tolerant to the electricity.
Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - Patient is not responding to medication patients are anesthetized and given a strong muscle relaxant, a 100 volt shock is administered and depressive symptoms are typically relieved. - One electrode sends a current through the brain, whereas one monitors activity in the brain. - They are essentially creating a seizure. - Muscle relaxant prevents convulsions. - Not permanent Big Side Effect: almost always, patient experiences memory loss within the time period of the treatment. can even span from the day before onward. Among the most effective treatments.
What is a meta-analysis?
Essentially combines the results from multiple varying studies to produce a comprehensive result.
Explain how the following brain regions differ in those with schizophrenia:
Frontal lobes Brain activity in the frontal lobes is significantly diminished, and brain waves that reflect synchronized neural firing are decreased in the frontal lobes as well. Thalamus During hallucinations, the thalamus (filters and transmits incoming sensory signals) is overly active. Amygdala People experiencing paranoia have a hyperactive amygdala. Ventricles (fluid-filled areas in the brain) and shrinkage The ventricles in the brain are typically enlarged in people with schizophrenia. These people have also lost more cerebral tissue. The more the shrinkage, the more intense the disorder. Areas in the brain that are also typically smaller in people who have schizophrenia include: the cortex the hippocampus the corpus callosum (connects two brain hemispheres) the thalamus Neural pathways are also scarcer in brains with schizophrenia
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
General Description: - Sufferer experiences at least five of the following symptoms are experienced for more than two weeks. Specific Symptoms: - Depressed mood for majority of the time reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time - significant challenges regulating appetite and weight - significant challenges regulating sleep, physical agitation or - - lethargy - feeling like you have no energy - feeling worthless, problems in concentrating or making decisions - thinking repetitively of death and suicide
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER/SOCIAL PHOBIA
General Description: - a condition in which a patient experiences excessive anxiety in social situations and may develop maladaptive behaviors to avoid said anxiety. Specific Symptoms: - excessive anxiety in social situations where they may face judgement - maladaptive anxiety reducing behaviors
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
General Description: - a condition in which someone continuously feels stressed, apprehensive, anxious, tense, and in a state of autonomic and sympathetic nervous system arousal. Specific Symptoms: - fatigue - excessive and continuous anxiety - tenseness - physical tension and hyperactivity (sweating, etc) - persistent worry - has to last for 6 months - often not from an identifiable source
PANIC DISORDER
General Description: - a condition in which someone experiences recurrent and extreme panic attacks that may worsen over time due to their fear of anxiety itself. - May develop into agoraphobia: a condition in which people fear and avoid situations in which they may not be able to escape easily. - large component is fear of another attack - panic attacks must be recurrent - dont have to be related to anything, usually just happen - agoraphobia is commonly developed in conjunction Specific Symptoms: - recurrent panic attacks - trembling, shortness of breath, choking, dizziness, post-attack fatigue, etc.
BIPOLAR DISORDER
General Description: - an individual has alternating periods of depression and mania. Specific Symptoms (be sure to define mania): Depressive: - gloomy - withdrawn - inability to make decisions - fatigue - slowness of thought Manic: - Elation - Euphoria - Desire for action - Hyperactive - Múltiple ideas Onset typically in late teens-early twenties Mania can often be treated with lithium.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
General Description: - characterized by excessively and debilitatingly obsessive thoughts and generally consequent compulsions that are irrational. - Generally suffered by younger individuals from teenage years onward. Specific Symptoms: - intense obsessive thoughts - uncontrollable compulsions - symptoms interfering with everyday life - understanding of irrationality still proving ineffective in stopping the behavior/symptoms.
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
General Description: - characterized by the lingering effects of a traumatic event that may even prove debilitating. - women are more likely to develop PTSD - genes and hormones can affect rates of PTSD Specific Symptoms: - recurring flashbacks and dreams of events - strong avoidance of any possibly related stimuli - social withdrawal/isolation - jumpiness - trouble sleeping/insomnia - numbness of feeling
BINGE-EATING DISORDER
General Description: a condition characterized by binge-eating, yet not followed by purging, over exercising or other weight control methods, which typically leads to obesity. Specific Symptoms: - binge-eating - feelings of guilt after binges - lack of fasting, over exercising, or purging despite guilt - Possible obesity
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID)
General Description: a condition in which a patient's conscious is separated from reality, typically due to incredibly stressful situations/memories, and features two or more distinct personalities that can have varied voices and mannerisms that take control of a person's behavior for periods of time. Specific Symptoms: memory loss significant changes in personality for periods of time original identity typically denies being aware of other personalities. Causes: physical, sexual, or emotional childhood abuse "desperate effort to detach from horrific existence"
ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER (previously Hypochondriasis)
General Description: a condition in which normal sensations like stomach aches, cramps and headaches, are interpreted/perceived/feared to be symptoms of a serious illness. the patient may consult a physician, but will not be reassured by their assessment and consequently move on to another physician. Specific Symptoms: - distrust in physician's reassuring diagnoses - interpretation of normal bodily functions/pains/ect as symptoms of a serious illness.distrust in physician's reassuring diagnoses - interpretation of normal bodily functions/pains/ect as symptoms of a serious illness.
SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER
General Description: a condition in which psychological distress/symptoms take somatic/body-affecting forms with no physically originating causes.
BULIMIA NERVOSA
General Description: a condition that may also start with weight-loss dieting and features a relatively normal weight fluctuation, but eating in binge-like spurts that may be followed by vomiting, the use of laxatives, excessive exercise, or fasting with depression, guilt, and anxiety as well. Specific Symptoms: - binge-like eating in spurts - obsessions about controlling weight including behaviors that may do so - fear of becoming overweight - craving high sugar and fat foods - feelings of depression, guilt, and anxiety during and following binges
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
General Description: a condition that typically starts with weight-loss dieting that leads to an obsession with losing weight to the point of being unhealthy, yet still features feelings of being fat or fears of being such. Specific Symptoms: - fear of being fat - body weight lower than normal - feelings of being fat - obsessive and excessive dieting - obsessive and excessive exercise - possible body dysmorphia
CONVERSION DISORDER (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
General Description: anxiety is converted into a physical form/disorder/symptom that is typically not compatible/does not coincide with the recognized medical or neurological conditions. Examples: a patient may lose sensation in a way that makes no neurological sense. Inexplicable paralysis, blindness, or inability to swallow. Causes (from a psychodynamic perspective): childhood trauma/abuse stemming from other psychological disorders maybe even the id's desires being acted out in consciously inexplicable ways. they may be overflows of pent up anxiety about internal and repressed desires
PHOBIAS
General Description： - characterized by irrational and sometimes debilitating fears of a certain thing accompanied by the avoidance of the trigger. - This condition is persistent. Symptoms for specific phobias: - arachnophobia is characterized by an intense and irrational fear of spiders which leads to the avoidance of them. This fear can be debilitating - Astraphobia is characterized by an intense, irrational fear of lighting which can lead to extreme methods of avoiding this stimulus like hiding from windows and under blankets. This fear can be debilitating. Symptoms for agoraphobia: - characterized by an irrational and often intense fear of situations, typically social, that one might find difficult to escape from. can lead to social isolation and general social anxiety.
Biological Perspective on Depression/MDD
Genetic Considerations: - 40% Heritability - Increased risk with relative diagnosis - Many genes work together to account for MDD - Linkage analysis: scientists compare a family's members genes with those of their relatives who have been diagnosed with MDD to identify links/genes. Neurological Correlations: - Reward centers less active - Generally less brain activity Biochemical/Nutritional Correlations: - Norepinephrine, the neurotransmitter for arousal and mood regulation, is scarce during depressive episodes. - Serotonin imbalances - Healthy diet can decrease depressive symptoms - Strong correlations with alcoholism.
How do hallucinations and delusions differ?
Hallucinations are false perceptions, whereas delusions are false beliefs.
criteria for determining disorder
If abnormal symptoms interfere with normal and healthy behavior, then they may be diagnosable as clinical disorders. maladaptive distressful atypical disturbing unjustifiable disproportionate The difference between being sad because you failed a test, but still being able to go out with friends and being depressed and not being able to move out of bed.
How does the biopsychological approach help us understand psychological disorders?
It takes a more comprehensive stance on what may cause psychological disorders. It looks at possible cultural/social aspects/contributors, biological aspects/contributors, and psychological/cognitive aspects/contributors to mental illnesses to gain a wider understanding of what causes them and how they can be treated.
What is lithium? What disorder is it prescribed to treat?
Lithium is an element on the periodic table that has proven effective in treating mania in bi-polar disorder, but also, to a degree, symptoms of depression.
Give an example of what CBT therapy might look like.
People with OCD may be asked to relabel their obsessions as what they are, obsessive irrational thoughts, and redirect their attention elsewhere to help the brain create new pathways.
What is Joseph Wolpe's exposure therapy? Give an example.
Repetitively exposing a sufferer to a triggering stimulus to force them to adapt to that stimulus and therefore decrease their reaction to it. an example of this may be someone moving into an apartment and disliking loud traffic noises, but eventually getting used to it.
Describe resistance. Why does a psychoanalyst find instances of resistance useful?
Resistance is any hesitation or editing before verbally revealing one's thoughts and feelings due to shame or some other aversive feelings. The psychoanalyst finds instances of resistance useful, for they reveal what subjects may have detriments tied to them and can therefore be revealed and analysed/interpreted for construction.
Explain researchers' speculation about the involvement of dopamine in schizophrenia (the dopamine hypothesis).
Schizophrenic brains are found to have excessive dopamine receptors, in some cases six-fold, and dopamine blocking drugs can lessen symptoms. Also, drugs that increase dopamine levels have proven to worsen symptoms.
Who is Mary Cover Jones? How did she help Peter with his fear of rabbits?
She slowly exposed peter to a rabbit while he was engaging in a positive stimulus (eating) and increased the rabbit's proximity to peter until he was even able to have the rabbit sit in his lap and stroke it.
Explain some of the views and treatments of psychological disorders in earlier history.
Some cultures believed that mental illnesses were symptoms of possession, and would therefore attempt to exorcise the beings within these people's bodies by drilling holes into skulls and whatnot. Many institutes would essentially let their mentally ill rot in restraints and perform/administer other grotesque treatments.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Symptoms: - inattention and distractibility - hyperactivity - impulsivity Causes: - Co-exists with learning disorders or defiant and temper-prone behavior - Genetic Treatments: - stimulant drugs - Behavior therapy - Aerobic exercises - Psychological therapies. my d&d group not gonna lie.
DSM-5
The APA's guide to diagnosing, studying, and predicting the prognoses of psychological disorders called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The number is just the edition. Also includes prevalences of different disorders. Autism Spectrum Disorder is formerly known as Autism and Asperger's Syndrome in the DSM-5.
Describe the viral flu theory of schizophrenia. Give one research finding that supports this theory.
The Viral Flu Theory states that if a mother is infected with a viral flu during pregnancy, her child is at greater risk of developing schizophrenia. One research finding involved 8000 women who reported whether or not they got sick. The rate of schizophrenia rose from one percent to two, but only for those whose mothers were infected during the second trimester. another research study had the blood of 2000 women collected and tested for antibodies that indicated a viral infection, and the rates were still increased.
What is the bottom line about the effectiveness of psychotherapy, based on meta-analysis?
The average treated person is better off than 80% of untreated people. Essentially, those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy improve more often and at a greater speed and lesser risk of relapse.
3. What are the benefits of having the DSM? What are the criticisms of the DSM?
The benefits are that, with a DSM, you would be able to have operational definitions to different diseases' measurements of symptoms, but the widening of the considerations of behaviors as mental illnesses is disputed to be too comprehensive and can lead to false diagnoses.
medical model
The conception that psychological disorders are illnesses not unlike physical ones that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured typically in hospitals. we should understand a disorder in the same way we understand health issues.
Explain the goal of Albert Ellis's Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy.
The goal of Albert Ellis's Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy is to expose irrational and destructive thinking to the sufferer in order to eliminate that mode of thinking.
What do cognitive therapists believes "lies between" an event and our response to it? What does this mean?
The mind; essentially how you will perceive and process a situation and move forward
How are those with antisocial personality disorder biologically different from the general population?
There are genes associated with antisocial personality disorder. They may display lower arousal and autonomic nervous system activity even when in anticipation of an aversive event. they may also have lower levels of stress hormones, like cortisol, and a slowness in developing conditioned fears. They may even have smaller amygdalas that are meant to regulate emotions. The frontal lobes, which control impulses, are also less active in those with antisocial personality disorder, and they may even have less frontal lobe tissue. Their brains also respond less to others' facial expressions that would typically display distress. They may also have larger and more active dopamine reward systems.
What are some potential issues with the use of antianxiety drugs? What conditioning term relates to this?
There is great potential for addiction due to the immediate gratification of taking benzodiazepines due to their immediate tranquilizing effects, which will then condition the patient to take the medication whenever they are stressed, and they can end up relying on it. ***Operant Conditioning.
What does it mean if a client is catastrophizing?
They are anticipating the worst possible outcome and overanalyzing what could go wrong and generally being caught in a negative thought process in the face of adversity.
How do these drugs work in the brain? What theory of schizophrenia does this support?
They are close enough to the chemical structure of dopamine, enabling them to block receptor sites and decrease the neurotransmitter's effect on the brain. The theory that excessive dopamine and its receptor sites is a contributor to schizophrenia.
What is the PRIMARY AIM of cognitive therapies?
To alter the ways we process different events and just generally think throughout varying situations.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - pulsating magnetic coil is placed over prefrontal regions of brain
First-generation antipsychotic drugs (Drug names: chlorpromazine/ Thorazine)
What symptoms of schizophrenia are affected by these drugs? Hallucinations Delusions Paranoia Schizophrenia, Chlorpromazine, and Thorazine all have "z" in them.
What are some negatives to labeling someone with a psychological disorder? Be thorough in your answer.
With a diagnosis, someone may start to use their mental illness as an excuse in a way. They may start to be condemned/ostracized by their community because of that label. They may perceive that diagnosis as there being something fundamentally wrong with them and view it in a negative/destructive manner and more.
What does a client-centered therapist provide that helps their clients feel accepted and valued? What does Rogers believe this does for a client?
a caring, nonjudgmental attitude on the client's feelings that may help them increase self-awareness and self-acceptance. They may also feel valued and truly human.
stress vulnerability/ diathesis-stress model
a conception that an individual's characteristics combine with differing environmental stressors that can lead to the increase or decrease in symptoms of a disorder or the likelihood of developing one. One twin out of two may be more likely to be diagnosed with a mental illness due to differing childhood development/experiences.
What is a personality disorder?
a condition characterized by inflexible, disruptive, and enduring pattern in behavior that impair social and other functioning whether the person recognizes the behavior has detrimental or not.
What is a psychotic disorder (psychosis)?
a condition characterized by irrationality, altered perceptions, and a general loss of contact with reality.
psychological disorder
a condition in which a patient is suffering clinically significant cognitive, emotion regulatory, or behavioral abnormalities/disturbances that interfere with healthy behavior. Vincent has clinical depression which makes it difficult for him to be a productive member of society.
Explain what counterconditioning is.
a trigger stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with a stimulus that is incompatible with fear, such as relaxation, effectively counteracting that initial conditioning.
Cognitive therapies appear to be most effective in treating:
anxiety depression PTSD insomnia .
How long does it take for the effects of an antidepressant to be felt? Why is this thought to be the case? (Use and explain the term neurogenesis in your answer.)
around four weeks due to the theory that these drugs actually promote increased effects of serotonin, which in-turn promotes neurogenesis (the generation of new neurons) to counteract depressed moods due to a stress-induced decrease in neurons.
Behavioral therapies appear to be most effective in treating specific behavioral problems such as:
bedwetting phobias compulsions marital problems sexual dysfunctions
Describe the symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.
disruptive, typically malignant behavior that may take form of criminal acts, a lack of conscience, lying, stealing, fighting, unrestrained sexual behavior, inappropriate behavior towards spouses and children, inability to keep a job, impulsivity, and a generally lower emotional intelligence. Yet, they may prove to be socially adept and constructive individuals through unconventional means such as callousness.
What is the common problem of anxiety, depressive disorders, and bipolar?
emotion regulation and the aim of CBT is to help people develop modes of thinking and altered behavior to help combat that emotional instability.
Why are humanistic therapies also considered insight therapy?
humanistic therapy can help people gain insight into how they may engage in personal fulfillment and potential and what growth-impeders they may have.
Give an example of a token economy.
in elementary schools, desired behavior is rewarded with different forms of fake currency which can later be exchanged for more intrinsic rewards.
Why does systematic desensitization work to reduce the fear associated with phobias?
it exposes people to anxiety-provoking stimuli, but also pairs it that anxiety and trigger with relaxation in order to change the conditioned response from one of anxiety to one of relaxation or indifference.
Give 1 research finding that demonstrates a genetic cause for schizophrenia.
scientists from 35 countries pooled together genomes from 37,000 people with schizophrenia and 113,000 people without and isolated 103 gene correspondances. some affected the production of dopamine, and some affected the production of myelin.`
cognitive restructuring
the basic goal of Ellis and Beck's therapies. They want you to learn to reinterpret your negative thoughts in a positive way. (
What is the goal of aversive conditioning? Give an example.
the goal of aversive conditioning is to pair a harmful stimulus with an aversive stimulus/response that can then show the client what not to do/what to avoid. an example of this conditioning is giving an alcoholic a typically enjoyable drink and lacing it with a drug that causes severe nausea, consequently creating an aversion to the alcohol.
Explain what is meant by behavior modification.
the reinforcement of desirable behavior and punish or fail to reinforce undesirable behavior.
Why are these disorders called "dissociative"? What does it mean to dissociate?
they are called "dissociative" because patients typically separate themselves from reality/painful memories/events in an attempt to protect themselves. This can result in a switch in personality and even loss of memory.
Describe the active-listening technique in general, and explain the 3 specific steps to active listening.
to actively listen, one must echo, restate, and seek clarification on what the person being listened to has expressed, as well as acknowledge those expressed feelings.
What is the PRIMARY AIM of psychoanalysis?
to relieve stress from internal, unconscious conflicts by bringing them into the conscious and provide insight into anxious feelings that may arise from said conflicts to provide the patient with a happier life by reducing growth-impeding stressors.
