Ap pyschology unit 5 practice test

Which of the following examples best illustrates the defense mechanism of regression?

After failing an exam, a college student has a temper tantrum and tears up his books and notes.

If students get approximately the same score on the second administration of a test as they did on the first, then the test is

reliable

When the stimuli in a task occur in highly predictable ways, an individual is often able to attend to both that task and another one at the same time. When this occurs, the processing of the first task is

automatic

A female student was rejected by a college because her score on a test used by the college to predict performance there was below the college's cutoff score. An influential alumnus of the college intervened on the student's behalf and the student was admitted. Four years later the student graduated with honors. The most likely explanation of this outcome is that the test

had less than perfect validity

A researcher interested in finding a simple way to estimate intelligence decides to evaluate skull circumference as a possible indicator of intelligence. He finds that the size of an adult's skull remains the same from one measurementto the next, but he finds that skull circumference is not a very good predictor of intelligence. In this example, skull circumference as a measure of intelligence is

reliable but not valid

A young child says, "Where did you goed?" Which of the following psychologists would most likely argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule?

Noam Chomsky

A group of friends watched a recent episode of a crime investigation show and concluded that they would have been able to figure out who was responsible for a crime more proficiently than did the television investigators. The friends' overestimation of their ability to determine who committed the crime is most likely due to a reasoning error known as

hindsight bias

Studying by focusing on the facts and not the meaning of information that has to be remembered involves

shallow processing

The ratio of mental age to chronological age for a child of average intelligence is

1:1

Kathy is learning how to cook. She follows every direction on each recipe step by step to make sure her food tastes good. Which of the following describes the problem-solving approach that Kathy is using?

Algorithm

Which of the following refers to the potential of an individual to perform an as-yet-unlearned task?

Aptitude

The results depicted in which segment are inconsistent with the serial position effect?

C

Dr. Kucinski developed an English aptitude test to give to students who wish to register for his advanced English course. Which of the following is the best way to determine if his test has predictive validity?

Comparing students' scores on the test with their final grades in his class

The two sentences "Elena won the race" and "The race was won by Elena" share which of the following structures?

Deep

Marie has to assemble a shelf but cannot find her screwdriver. Which of the following would help her complete this task?

Divergent thought

The component of intelligence described by Raymond Cattell as involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following?

Fluid intelligence

A dog bit Sam when he was a small child and now Sam believes all dogs bite. Which of the following is a type of reasoning that Sam is using to come to this conclusion?

Inductive

Serena is in a hotel room with a cake that needs slicing, but she does not have a knife. She goes to the bathroom and comes back with a long strand of dental floss, which she uses to cut the cake. Serena has overcome which barrier to problem solving?

Functional fixedness

General intelligence test scores obtained during adolescence best predict which of the following?

Grades in school

During a quiz, a student is asked, "Which is more common in the English language, the letter "k" as the first letter in a word or the letter "k" as the third letter in a word?" Which of the following would be the student's likely response if he relied on the availability heuristic to answer the question?

He would say that "k" is more likely as the first letter of words because those are the first words that come to his mind.

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

Hippocampus

The Flynn effect is best illustrated by which of the following statements?

Intelligence scores increase from generation to generation.

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, what is the relation between language and cognition?

Language shapes a culture's concepts and thought processes.

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Priming

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?

Procedural

Kay's ability to ride a bicycle reflects which of the following types of memory?

Procedural - ability

Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period?

Rehearsal

Michael, who has an IQ of 60, is able to do complex calculations in his head, regardless of the size of the numbers. When he is with his family and friends, he does not engage socially; he focuses on his numerical calculations. Which of the following best describes these characteristics?

Savant syndrome

An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to which of the following phenomena?

Self-reference effect

Which of the following kinds of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order?

Serial

The chart above illustrates which of the following psychological concepts?

Serial position effect

Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names?

She never encoded the names into long-term memory

Barbara is a talented architect. On which type of intelligence will she most heavily rely to complete her next building design?

Spatial

The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quite recall it, is an example of

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

On an intelligence test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly is meaningless without which of the following?

Standardization

According to Noam Chomsky, understanding a sentence involves which of the following transformations between structures?

Surface to deep

Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that which of the following statements is true?

The older an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation.

When confronted with the sequence "__N __" at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters "I" and "G" in the two blanks because that procedure has often led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of

a heuristic

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?

They will be unable to learn a maze.

Which of the following is the best example of fluid intelligence?

Using cubes to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle

Which of the following is the most useful study strategy to help a student retain the words in a vocabulary list?

Using each word in a sentence

Heidi was trying to solve the anagram TORYS by rearranging every letter one at a time until she was able to identify the correct word: STORY. She could have attempted to solve the anagram more quickly by pairing common letters, like ST, but she did not do so. Her approach to solving the anagram involved

an algorithm

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing

anterograde amnesia

A teacher creates a test that will predict how well a student will do as a commercial airline pilot. The test is taken before the training, and then the teacher correlates the test score to the number of safe flying hours. The teacher is trying to determine whether the test has

criterion-related validity

Gabby uses a coin to tighten a screw on a faucet handle. This action shows that Gabby has overcome

functional fixedness

In memory experiments on free recall, the recency effect refers specifically to the

enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words

A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked: "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall?

framing

An individual uses a paper clip to unlock the door to her house because she has misplaced her key. This individual's approach to solving the problem avoids

functional fixedness

Joseph thinks he does worse on tests when the weather is bad. In reality, his test scores are not influenced by weather conditions. This situation exemplifies

illusory correlation

When Judy is asked how many windows are in her home, she figures out the exact answer by mentally walking through her house and taking a count. This retrieval technique relies most heavily on

imagery

Although she has not sustained any injuries, Riley cannot remember anything before the age of three. She is most likely experiencing

infantile amnesia

A disadvantage of using Alfred Binet's concept of mental age in assessing intelligence is that

it is inappropriate for adults

When Sophie reads her history assignments, she goes over them very carefully and tries to memorize each fact. Emma, on the other hand, studies by trying to relate the new information to things she has experienced, been told about by others, or seen in movies and on television. Emma's performance on history tests will probably be better than Sophie's due to differences in

levels of processing

A standardized test must have all of the following EXCEPT

multiple-choice questions

Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children

overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules

Yun was learning English as an adult. She found that she had trouble with some of the sounds in English because those sounds were not part of her native Chinese. The difficulty she was having involved

phonemes

A researcher asks participants to identify red shapes presented on a video screen. Following this, novel objects of various colors are depicted on the screen. Participants correctly identify red objects more quickly than objects of a different color. The result illustrates

priming

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates

proactive interference

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

proactive interference

Memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as

procedural - Learn

A test is administered to 1,000 fourth graders across the country, and then it is readministered to the same children 90 days later. The test-retest results will yield an evaluation of the test's

reliability

Henry took an intelligence test and scored lower than he thought he should. He kept retaking the test, but he kept getting about the same score each time. This series of events indicates that the test was

reliable

A teacher has to learn 170 new student names every year and finds it difficult to remember the names of former students. The teacher's memory problem most likely results from

retroactive interference

The Flynn effect refers to the

rise in average IQ scores over time

Jim has seen reports of a number of cases of Ebola on the news. He is more afraid of contracting Ebola than tuberculosis, even though the risk of infection of tuberculosis is greater than that of Ebola. Jim's fear would most likely be attributed to

the availability heuristic

Tom believes he performed poorly on his last three history exams because of bad luck. As a result, he believes he is due for a good score on the next exam and does not study because he is sure he will perform well. The error in his thinking is most likely attributable to

the gambler's fallacy

A list of the presidents of the United States in chronological order up through the year 2000 is presented in the exact same manner to two classes of students, and they are then asked to recall them. A fourth-grade class is tested in the morning and a sixth-grade class is tested in the afternoon. The percent recall for both classes was combined and is presented in the figure above.

the primacy effect

In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the

wording of questions the students were asked about the accident