AP United States History (1607-Present)

Auburn System

Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day

Declaration of Sentiments

Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.

Holding Company

Same thing as a trust.

Bland Allison Act, 1878

Says that we will go back to a bimetallism standard, which is a little more inflationary. The range that we can buy up, is between 1 and 2.5 million in silver to convert into dollars, but the government always chooses the low end of 1 million, so it is a little bit of inflation to appease the poor people.

Union Pacific

Secret owner of the fake Credit Mobillier railroad company and were the company in charge of building the transcontinental railroad from St. Louis out to Utah.

Helen Hunt Jackson

She writes a book in 1881, called A Century of Dishonor, that focused on how America for the past century have been screwing the Indians: every treaty we've signed has been violated, we've gone after their women and children, etc., and she states that we claim to be a country of freedom and we shouldn't mistreat the Indians like this.

Adventists

Started by William Miller, believe in imminent second coming of Christ, that a literal, physical kingdom of God will be made on Earth, and in Soul sleep.

Republican Party

Starts to appear because many people were very unsatisfied with the Democrats and the Whigs, and the people wanted a party that only represented them. The Republicans took many ideals from the Whigs such as the American System and Free Soil (no expansion of slavery) which appeals to abolitionists.

tutor system

Students are taught by faculty fellows in groups of one to three on a weekly basis

Appeasement

Term for the British-French policy of attempting to prevent war by granting German demands.

A. Mitchell Palmer

The "Fighting Quaker", used a series of raids to arrest 6,000 suspected communists during the Red Scare

Second Bank of US

The Bank, chartered in 1816, served as a depository for federal funds and a creditor for state banks. It became unpopular after the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption haunted it under its charter expired in 1836.

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

CCC

The Civil Construction Corps - 1933. This unemployment relief act hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;

Fidel Castro

The Communist leader of Cuba.

Five Power Treaty

The Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922 embodied Charles Hughes's ideas on ships ratios. The British and Americans both conceded that they would refrain from fortifying their Far Eastern possessions, including the Philippines. The Japanese were not subjected to such restraints in their possessions.

Stalingrad

The Germans slowly get pushed back east.

GAR

The Grand Army of the Republic; an organization of Civil War veterans.

McCarran Acts

The McCarran Internal Security Act passed in 1950, says that anyone who is a member of the Communist Party or is a Communist sympathetic, must register with the Department of Justice, where the Attorney General keeps track of all these people. If you don't, you are violating this law and you would go to jail. This looks like a violation of freedom of speech, but this was the Cold War. The McCarran-Walter Immigration Act passed in 1952, adds to our quota system, by allowing us to keep people out of our country due to political views. If you ever supported a totalitarian or Communist government now you are on the quota list.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Wendell Wilkie

The Republican candidate during the election of 1940, who was a Democrat (fairly liberal) that just became a Republican.

William McKinley

The Republicans nominate him during the Election of 1896, who was a guy from Ohio, that everyone agreed he was a decent person and a nice guy. We know that the McKinley Tariff is named after him, so he is a Gilded Age Republican through and through. He wins the election, and his administration promoted the idea of "standpattism," passed the Dingley Tariff and the Gold Standard Act of 1900.

Benjamin Harrison

The Republicans nominee during the Election of 1888, who had no personality at all, no real views and is just kind of there. Republicans like that because the people who run the party, can run him. Also during an era of corruption, he was a licensed reverend and during that time people looked at the clergy as nice, honest, people. He wins the election, even though he had way less popular vote, but wins the electoral vote. During his presidency, the country gets the Billion Dollar Congress which is in session from 1889 to 1891, which passes the McKinley Tariff, The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, and The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.

Proclamation Act, 1763

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America it forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

The Sioux tribes divides between two leaders, one who says he will fight forever but flees to Canada and another who submits and gives up.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

George Meade

The Union general during the Battle of Gettysburg, where even though a Union victory occurs, he refuses Lincoln's want to chase Lee (due to too many deaths) and is not fired but is also not promoted.

Egalitarianism

The belief in equal political, economic, social and civil rights for all people

Social Contract Theory

The belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes.

Wright Brothers

The brothers whose experiments with heavier-than-air craft finally succeeded in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17th, 1903

"Tom Thumb"

The first locomotive

National Labor Union

The first national union that was founded in 1866 by William Sylvus. He viewed this labor union as a Utopian society that would be beneficial to all workers.

Edwin Drake

The guy guy who discovers how to drill and use oil, but never makes much money on it.

Trench Warfare

The main tactic of World War I.

Clement Vallandigham

The most famous of the Copperheads, who is a Southern sympathizer that even secretly helped people find money and weapons to secretly ship to the South. Lincoln throws him in prison and sues the government in the court case Ex parte Vallandigham, where Lincoln ships him to the South, but the South thinks that this guy could become president, so they ship him to Canada and he runs for governor of Ohio but loses.

Jeanette Rankin

The most famous skeptic and the first US Congresswoman. She was a pacifist who opposed Wilson steering us into war.

Greenbacks

The name for the paper currency issued during the Civil War, because it was printed in green on the back.

Redeemers

The nickname for Southern Democrats that want to retake power in the South (also the fire eaters from before the Civil War) who start to succeed when North support for reconstruction wanes and are led by the Bourbons.

Seward's Folly

The only bit of foreign policy during Grant's presidency, where Secretary of State, William Henry Seward, buys Alaska. It is called this, because at the time people thought it was a waste of money, because it was not an easily habitable place.

Second New Deal

The second part of Roosevelt's economic policy, this took more drastic action and was more pro-labor/anti-business.

Guadalcanal

The start of island hopping and our first victory.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

George Creel Committee (CPI)

This committee, headed by George Creel (famous in Hollywood), used propaganda to brainwash the country into believing we need this war. There tactics included: books, speeches, films, short clips, etc.

Compromise of 1877

This compromise ends reconstruction, by pulling out federal troops, and the reason why Rutherford Hayes wins the presidency.

Free Soilers

This group shows up during the Election of 1848, who are comprised of the Liberty Party, northern Democrats and Whigs who opposed slavery, so they create a larger following than the Liberty Party. The party grows because the issue of slavery grew.

Pragmatism

This idea to hold no beliefs and just adapt your views to the changing world phenomenons. In contrast to dogmatism, where you hold a single belief and see everything through the lens of that belief.

Samuel Colt

This inventor patented the six-shooter pistol, which was used often during the Mexican war. He later used the concept of mass production in his factory to produce them more quickly.

Cairo Conference

This is where the US meets with Chiang Kai-Shek.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

This law empowered people to beat up those that aren't patriotic, by making it illegal to speak against the government. If you were found to break this law, you would be fined $10,000 and had to serve 20 years in jail.

Volstead Act

This law established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department. It was under-budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Russian Revolution

This started out as a democratic revolution, but within one year turned into the Bolshevik Revolution (whites vs. red). When the reds start winning, they withdraw from the war against Germany under the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. This encourages the US to join the war for two reasons: 1) Without Russia in the war, Germany might win. 2) Wilson can now say that this is a war about

RFC

This was a government agency that was designed to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses. In 1932, it had a budget of $1.5 billion for public works alone.

American Zionism

This was a movement that started in the mid to late-1800's in Europe where they thought that Jews wanted to go back to the holy land 2000 years later (Jerusalem). This idea comes to America in the early 1900's which then spikes during WWII which after the war leads to the establishment of Israel.

Hoovervilles

This was the name given to the shantytowns that were established on the outskirts of cities during the Depression.

Irreconcilables

This was the smallest opposition group to the Treaty of Versailles that said they would never sign the treaty under any circumstances. This group will be about 15 Senators, so not enough to stop it from passing, but enough to be a very vocal opposition. The two guys that led this group were Senator Hiram Johnson (CA) and Senator William Borah (ID), and their nickname became the Legion of Doom.

Eisenhower Doctrine

This will build upon the Truman Doctrine by adding troops on the ground, which will lead to several ground wars all around the world. He implements this because of what was going on in the Middle East, the Middle East being the first region to draw his attention.

Nikita Khrushchev

When Stalin dies in 1953, this gives us hope because he is now in charge. Even though we will learn to not always get along with this person, at the time he seemed like a significant improvement from Stalin, which he was.

WACS

Women in the army.

Kellogg Briand Pact

an agreement between 15 nations outlawing war; eventually 48 other nations joined the pact; had no way of enforcing peace

3 R's

by FDR; a plan to bring about the recovery of the United States from the effects of the Great Depression: Relief-relieve the suffering of those hit by the depression, Recovery- help the economy recover, and Reform-reforms areas that caused the depression

F. Scott Fitzgerald

de facto spokesman for the Jazz Age (his term); gained fame with "This Side of Paradise" (partying college kids) and "The Great Gatsby" (a ruined WWI vet)

Treaty of Greenville, 1795

ended the Battle of Fallen Timbers; 12 Indian tribes agreed to give up their land that consisted of most of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government

Webster/Haynes Debate

famous debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 on the topic of protectionist tariffs

William Miller

farmer, predicted end of world, first said in 1831, was a Deist, war of 1812 convinced him God was on America's side, read and interpreted the bible

Lucy Stone

formed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches, disagreed with Susan Anthony, did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement.

Encroachment

gradual intrusion

Knickerbocker School

group of writers active in and around New York City during the first half of the 19th century. Taking its name from Washington Irving's Knickerbocker's History of New York (1809), the group, whose affiliation was more a regional than an aesthetic matter, sought to promote a genuinely American national culture and establish New York City as its literary center. The most important members of the group were Irving, his friend the novelist J.K. Paulding, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant.

Veteran's Administration

helped servicemen readjust after the war... gave them unemployment pay for a year, generous subsidies for education, cheap mortgages for homes, etc

John Singleton Copley

known for the great detail in his paintings and extraordinary realism; acclaimed nationally for his artistry and elected into the society of artists in New England

Blue Laws

laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality

Ellas Howe

lockstich machine: automatic sewing machine, decreased need for women and children in factories

Thomas MacDonough

naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; He saved the upper New York from conquest.

Carrie Nation

nicknamed the "Kansas Cyclone"; 1st husband died of alchoholism and so she took a hatchet and single-handedly destroyed saloons.

George Catlin

painter and student of the Native American life who helped advocate for the preservation of nature and proposed the idea of National Parks. The first being Yellowstone in 1872

Trade and Navigation Acts

series of laws passed by england's parliament to regulate trade in colonies and ensured a favorable balance of trade for england

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

John Noyes

started the oneida community

Revenue tariff

tax on imports used primarily to raise government revenue without restricting imports

Austerlitz

the greatest French victory during the Napoleonic era in which both Austria and Prussia are defeated

States' rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

Pump priming

the spending of government funds in commercial enterprises, to stimulate the national economy

Regulators

vigilance society dedicated to fighting exorbitant legal fees and the corruption of appointed officials in the frontier counties of North Carolina.

Annapolis Convention

was a national political convention held September 11-14, 1786 at Mann's Tavern in Annapolis, Maryland, in which twelve delegates from five states-New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia-gathered to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected.

The Association

was a system created by the First Continental Congress in 1774 for implementing a trade boycott with Great Britain.

Speakeasies

"Bars" of the prohibition era; these were illicit places of social gathering.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Indian Reorganization Act.

"Indian New Deal" 1934 partially reserved the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of indian life, Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Carrie Nation

"Kansas Cyclone"; 1st husband died of alcoholism and so she took a hatchet and single-handedly destroyed saloons

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Phyllis Wheatley

(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

John Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. First VP for andrew Jackson.

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Precedent

(civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions

"The Jazz Singer" , 1927

-1927 -american musical film -marked the decline of the silent film era -produced by warner bros -first feature length motion picture w/ synchronized dialogue sequences

Margaret Sanger

-american birth control activist, sex educator, + nurse -opened 1st birth control clinic in the US -Planned Parenthood -fought to legalize contraception

Coercive Acts, 1774

1. Closed Boston port until destroyed tea paid for. 2. stopped town meetings. 3. Appointed a military government for Massachusetts. 4. Trials of government officials will be in England.

Fireside chats

12 radio broadcasts spanning the 12 years, 3 full terms and 1 partial term of FDR's presidency, during which FDR would speak to the entire nation and explained his administrations policies and the battles of WWII in a casual style while calming the nerves of 60 million anxious Americans during the worst two times in American history: The Great Depression and World War Two

Walter Raleigh

1585 Founder of England's first American colony. The colony was named Roanoke, but this attempt to establish a colony in the new world failed.

House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Kings Mountain

1780 battle in NC where Patriots defeated Loyalist militia; many neutral citizens swung over to patriot side and there was increased dislike of the British

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrendered

Treaty of Paris, 1783

1783 February 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jay; they were instructed to follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US End of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Land Ordinance, 1785

1785- A policy created so that settlers and investors could buy formerly public lands.

Great Compromise ( Connecticut)

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

French Revolution

1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

XYZ Affair

1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Non-intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Martin Luther

16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith; 95 Thesis

King George's War

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

Declaration of independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Federalist Party

1792-1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted strong nationalistic government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states couldn't regulate commerce on interstate waterways

Jacksonian Democrats

1828-1848; Jeffersonian traditions/ideas; Supporters: small farmers & mechanics; Anti-National Bank; States control/build roads & canals; Pro Slavery; Pro-Mexican War; Strong executive; Laissez-faire

Gag rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

Standard Oil vs. US, 1911

A 1911 antitrust case in which Standard Oil was found guilty of violating the Sherman Act by illegally monopolizing the petroleum industry. As remedy the company was divided into several competing firms. The Supreme Court allowed restrictions on competition through the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Spanish Armada

A Spanish fleet attempted to attack England and to overflow Elizabeth I, primarily to eliminate Protestantism. They failed epically, partly because of the weather., the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spain's Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Little Big Horn

A battle in the Sioux Wars where Custer attempts to surround the Sioux tribe in 1876, but he and all of his men are slaughtered.

Assumption

A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.

John Smith

A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter. He also initiated attacks on Natives. He was the council president of Jamestown beginning in 1608

Overspeculation

A cause of the stock market crash in 1929; buying stocks with borrowed money.

Congregational Church

A church grown out of the Puritan church, was established in all New England colonies but Rhode Island. It was based on the belief that individual churches should govern themselves

Preemption

A doctrine under which certain federal laws preempt, or take precedence over, conflicting state or local laws.

Republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

Nullification

A legal theory that a state in the US has the right to invalidate any federal law that the state deems unconstitutional. John C Calhoun was the foremost proponent.

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Radical Abolitionists

Abolitionists that aimed to end slavery all together; an example would William Seward.

Moderate Abolitionists

Abolitionists that believed in ending slavery but through a gradual process, the first step being the end of slavery in new territories; an example would be Abraham Lincoln.

"salvation by works"

Achieved in some religions by moral and ritual action, keeping the law and purifying the soul

Gentlemen's Agreement

After an earthquake hits San Francisco, Roosevelt makes an agreement in 1906, where San Francisco will have to make a different school for the Japanese, but Japan has to pledge to not send Japanese immigrants to America anymore.

Jingoism

Aggressive, nationalistic and patriotic expansion; Theodore Roosevelt believed in this extreme form of expansionism.

Half-way covenants

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; get people back into church; erosion of Puritanism (1660)

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Albert Gallatin

Albert Gallatin was the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury," and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget.

Pinckney Treaty, 1795

Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo, it established friendly relations between US and Spain. Established colonial borders in Florida. Spain reopened its ports in New Orleans to allow US trade through the Mississippi River.

Gag Resolution

Also seen in the last unit, where Congress bans the talk about slavery on the floor.

Nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

Closed Shop

An arrangement where membership in a union is a condition for being hired.

Treaty of Paris, 1899

At the end of the war, we sign a very important treaty, which required 2/3 vote in the Senate, so it was hard to pass. The treaty, ends the war, gives us Guam and Puerto Rico and includes the Platt Amendment.

"Soft Underbelly

Attacking through the Mediterranean.

Orders in Council

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

Gaspee Affair

British ship stationed off the coast of Rhode Island to intercept smugglers. Burned by the colonists who were tried in England. Established the Committees of Correspondence.

old field schools

Built on land worn out from tobacco, charged small fee

"Positive Good"

Calhoun's view on slavery claiming that it is better and "good" for white people to be owners of blacks.

royal colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Carlisle Indian School

Created by the Dawes Severalty Act, to Americanize the Indians, whose motto was "kill the Indian, save the man."

Union Party

Created during the Election of 1864, where Lincoln, a Republican, runs on the same ticket with Johnson, a Democrat, to show that with the war ending, the country is capable to reunite.

John Jacob Astor

Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him.

Sequoyah

Created written language for the Cherokee; the Syllabary.

Cash Crop

Crops grown with the intent of exporting them to generate cash as opposed to staple crops which produce food needed locally

Clarence Darrow

Defended John Scopes in the Scopes Monkey Trial; supported teaching evolution in schools

Election of 1841

Election where William Henry Harrison, a Whig, wins. Dies of pneumonia a month after taking office. VP John Tyler, a former Democrat, assumes presidency. Tyler pushes for states' rights- which annoyed the Whig party- "president without a party"

Red Scare

Erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US. Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes.

Australian Ballot

Every state in the US by 1892 will adopt this, which we call the secret ballot. Now people won't get fired by their boss, beat up by a political boss, deported, etc., because people can't use the vote over our heads anymore.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Electric Trolley

Helped increase Gilded Age urbanization, as this new transportation moved cities outwards, creating suburban areas.

"Golden Age of Hollywood"

Hollywood became the movie capital of the world

Containment

How we deal with Communism is going to be known as ____________, where Communism is a disease and will not work in the long run, so the best way to stop it is to contain it. Just like Hitler, his system should not have worked, except for the fact that he kept expanding. What the US needs to do is contain them, and over time their economy will collapse, which did happen after about 40 years. This idea was created by George Kennan and is what Truman is going to implement. When we look at the Communists trying to infiltrate four extra countries, Kennan is saying to stop them. They are like a virus, and the best way to kill a virus is to kill the host.

Congressional Reconstruction

In 1866, in response to Johnson's failed plan, Congress takes over reconstruction by making Johnson's Plan harsher, extending the Freedmen's Bureau, passing the Civil Rights Act and proposing the 14th amendment that would protect the Civil Rights Act.

Ex Parte Milligan

In 1866, when the war is over and Lincoln is dead, the Supreme Court says that the president shouldn't have suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

Whiskey Ring

In Grant's second term, we see this scandal from 1874-1875, where a group of Congressmen in Missouri and federal alcohol agents were taking bribes and stealing from the collection of the federal whiskey tax. When the media starts to report, Grant pledged to punish everyone, but again forgives them all.

Circular letter

In reaction to the 1767 Townshend Acts, the Massachusetts assembly circulated a letter to the other colonies, asking that they work together and jointly issue a petition of protest. Strong-willed response of British authorities to the letter influenced the colonial assemblies to work together on a closer basis

Writs of assistance

It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

Election of 1832

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

Great White Fleet

Japan continues to make speeches claiming they won't put up with the disrespect from America, so Roosevelt realizes that Japan is a country that is going to start World War I. What he needs to do now is restrain them, which he does. In 1907 he sends one of the most advanced fleet's in the world, around the world, with its final stop in Tokyo, showing the Japanese what they are messing with. The problem is that when Japan see this, they will begin to start building up their own navy, which will eventually lead to Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt took a lot of criticism for this, as critics said he could lose the fleet in a storm, the intimidation could start the war, etc.

Jane Addams

Leader of the Settlement House Movement in Chicago.

Nueces River

Mexico thought this river was the border between Texas and Mexico

Thomas Edison

Most famous for inventing the light bulb, but also invented the X-ray machine, the microphone, the copy machine, the record player, the movie camera, etc.

Social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

General Court

a Puritan representative assembly elected by the freemen; they assisted the governor; this was the early form of Puritan democracy in the 1600's

Huey Long

a Senator of Louisiana; a Democrat; Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid for 1936; he started the "Share Our Wealth" program which promised to make "Every Man A King". Was later assasinated

Installment plans

a credit system by which goods already acquired are paid for in a series of payments at specified intervals.

Schechter vs. US (Sick chicken case)

a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the non-delegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress' power under the commerce clause. Notably, this was a unanimous decision that declared unconstitutional the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal.

Nation of Islam

a group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Strict vs. loose construction

a literal interpretation of a statute or document by a court vs a loose interpretation

"Share the wealth"

a program advocated by Louisiana Senator Huey P. Long that appealed to desperate lower middle class Americans during the Great Depression. One version proposed confiscating large personal fortunes, guaranteeing every family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,5000, providing pensions to the aged, reducing work hours, paying veterans' bonuses and ensuring college education for every qualified student. The figures didn't add up and offered little to promote economic recovery.

New Deal

a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They were passed by the U.S. Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were Roosevelt's responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

Jay Treaty, 1794

a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians. Jay was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. Because of this, many Southerners especially, were angry and rioted and called John Jay the "Damn'd Arch traitor." (176)

Pontiac's Rebellion

a war that was launched by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War. The war began in May 1763 when Native Americans, offended by the policies of British General Jeffrey Amherst, attacked a number of British forts and settlements.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

"54'40" or fight!"

and aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This is also pokes campaign slogan - the Democrats wanted the United States border drawn at the 5440 latitude. (Polk's Slogan)

Waltham System

another name for the Lowell system

Wildcat banks

banks that sprung up and issued paper money without hesitation or "hard currency" to back it up after jackson killed the Bank of the United States

Mercantilism

centered on belief that international powers and influences depended upon a nation's wealth and its ability to become self-efficient

Seminole War

conflict that began in florida in 1817 between the seminole indians and the us army when the seminoles resisted removal

First Continental Congress

convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. Endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Sugar Act, 1764

cut the duty on molasses in half; from the Molasses Act of 1733; Grenville realized that molasses tax; if enforced, would devastate a major colonial industry; levied new duties on imports into America of textiles, wine, coffee, indigo, and sugar.

Spoils system

is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

"The Holy Experiment"

name for William Penn's idea that people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could live peacefully together in his Pennsylvania colony

HL Mencken

one of the most important authors in american literature, not afraid to express his anti semitism, Directs American Mercury magazine ridiculing small-town values (initials for first two words)

Committees of Correspondence

organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

"wildcats banks"

private banks that made loose speculative loans to land seeking farmer Cameron.

parochial education

private, church supported schools

Protective Tariff vs. Revenue Tariff

revenue tariff imposed principally to raise government revenue rather than to protect domestic industries.

Massachusetts Government Act

said that members of the Massachusetts assembly would no longer be elected, but instead would be appointed by the king. In response, the colonists elected a their own legislature which met in the interior of the colony.

Sigmund Freud

said that sexual repression was responsible for most of society's ills, and that pleasure and health demanded sexual gratification and liberation.

Election of 1808

the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.

Mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Harlem Renaissance

the flourishing of African-American literature and art in the 1920's, mostly in urban centers across America. Prominent figures: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, W.E.B. DuBois

Natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Cult of Domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Soil butchery

the plantation colonies were in some degree expansionary because of this; by excessively growing tobacco, the settlers deprived the soil of nutrients, which became known as this; they could not plant tobacco there anymore and so had to move elsewhere (to land with more nutrients); they are destroying the soil by continuously growing the same crop

"City of God"

the unity between the Holy Roman Empire and the Church in the Middle Ages

Entail

to put a burden on, impose, require, involve; to restrict ownership of property by limiting inheritance; (n.) such a restriction

Teetotalism

total abstinence from alcohol

John Trumbull

two sets of red curtains appear on each side of the room in which one of his works is set and four captured military flags wrapped around spears hang on the back wall,

Ponce de Loen

was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. He is associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth, reputed to be in Florida.

Albert Fall

was a United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal. This was when he profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves.

Suffolks Resolves

was a declaration made on September 9, 1774 by the leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, of which Boston is the major city. The declaration rejected the Massachusetts Government Act and resolved on a boycott of imported goods from Britain unless the Intolerable Acts were repealed.

Ernest Hemingway

was among the writers most affected by the war (he had seen action on the Italian front in 1917); he responded to pernicious propaganda and the overblown appeal to patriotism by devising his own lean, word-sparing but word-perfect style; in The Sun Also Rises (1926), he told of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe; in A Farewell to Arms (1929), he crafted one of the finest novels in any language about the war experience; a troubled soul, he committed suicide

Thomas Cole

was an American artist. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century. Cole's Hudson River School, as well as his own work, was known for its realistic and detailed portrayal of American landscape and wilderness, which feature themes of romanticism.

Jerome Case

was an early American manufacturer of threshing machines. He founded the J.I. Case Company which has gone through many mergers and name changes to today's Case Corporation[1] and raised champion race horses. He was a mayor of Racine, Wisconsin, and a member of the Wisconsin State Senate.

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

Protestant work ethic

way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

TS Eliot

wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

William Faulkner

wrote hauntingly about the Southern experience in novels such as "The Sound and the Fury," "As I lay Dying," and "Absolom, Absolom!"; books sometimes stunned or confused readers with new choppy "stream of consciousness" writing technique

ee cummings

wrote playful poetry, wrote about how everyone needs to take responsibility for themselves

Texas War of Independence

1836, Mexican dictator Santa Anna marched a Mexican army into Texas. March 2, 1836 Texas declares independence. Feb 23rd to March 6th at the alamo, 187 Texans, David Crockett and Jim Bowie, hold off 3,000 mexicans troops. March 6 Santa Anna's troop overwhelm the Texans killing all of them. April 21, 1836 at San Jacinto, Sam Houston's army defeats Santa Anna and forces him to recognize the independence of Texas

Webster Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

WIlmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Desert Land Act (Carey Act)

1877; first feeble step toward conservation; the federal government sold arid land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser irrigate the thirsty soil within three years.

Nine Power Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

NLRA (Wagner Act)

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, he was mortally wounded.

James B Weaver

A Civil War General who led the Greenback Labor Party.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.

Washington Naval Conference

A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British defortification of Far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament.

Ben Franklin

A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies and diplomat sent to france to get help during revolution

William Walker

A famous filibusterer, (who originally tried to conquer Baja in California, but the Mexicans ran him out) in 1856-1860 when he, under support from the Vanderbilts (wealthy family building railroads), he takes over and conquers Nicaragua and rules for 2 years. The Vanderbilts supported him because they thought if they supported Walker, he would allow them to build railroads across Nicaragua. The South were happy and supported conquering Nicaragua because the territory had agriculture and therefore the need for slavery. Eventually Honduras, Costa Rica, and El Salvador raise up their militaries and throw him out of power. Many Southerners wanted an American military intervention to save Nicaragua, but the North will not let it happen. This once again shows that manifest destiny in the era is dying due to sectionalism.

Thomas Nast

A famous political cartoonist that started printing cartoons about Boss Tweed and his corruption.

"Over There"

A famous song, written by George Cohen, used by the AEF to get people to fight in World War I; the lyrics were aimed for people to hate the Germans.

Interstate Commerce Act

A federal law that outlaws discriminatory practices (gets rid of pooling, rebates, long haul/short haul and free passes) and sets up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which is a group of people that ensure railroads are following the law. The one problem with the law is that business is allowed to appeal everyone of their decisions to the Supreme Court, which due to the Wabash case, the railroads owned. Critics say that it was only passed to make people think the government was regulating, when in reality they weren't. Important because it is the first time Congress takes the step to regulate business.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

A leader of the Populist Party, who said that "farmers should raise less corn and raise more hell." She was famous for her inspirational speeches, that would get the farmers rowed up.

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

A lobbyist hired by the DeLesseps Association; He goes to America and tries to convince the American Senate that Panama is a better situation. The problem is that Panama is part of Columbia, and Columbia only wanted to sell it to us at an insane price. We had agreed to $10 million upfront and then $250,000 a year, but then they turn around and ask for $25 million plus the $250,000 a year. We say no and start pushing more for Nicaragua. It looks like Varilla failed, but then in the Nicaragua canal zone, a volcano erupts and decimates the area. After that, Varilla sends a postcard to every American Senator with a postage stamp celebrating the Volcano. Now we are interested in Panama, but we still have to deal with the Colombian government.

Northwest Ordinance, 1787

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood

Compromise Tariff of 1833

A new tariff proposed by Henry Clay & John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the tariff of 1816; avoided civil war & prolonged the union for another 30 years.

Brain Trust

A panel of specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal.

Settlement Movement

A part of the Social Gospel movement, led by Jane Addams, where in Chicago, she purchased an old mansion and turned it into a social service center. So when immigrants got to the city, instead of being preyed upon by politicians and business owners, they could go to the settlement house, where she would help them settle into America, by providing shelter, training for jobs, basic education, food, daycare for kids, etc.

"How The Other Half Lives"

A piece by Jacob Riis, describing the horrible conditions of the poor parts of New York City.

Sojourner Truth

A runaway slave who goes around making speeches about slavery. She eventually moves to Britain, who banned slavery long before we did, because their Second Great Awakening happened earlier and economically, they didn't need slavery.

Ethnic Self-Determination

A section of Wilson's 14 Points that said people figure out, based on ethnic identity, their own borders.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Christian Science

A set of beliefs and practices founded by Mary Baker Eddy, that promoted the idea that only God and the mind are reality, and that sin and illness are illusions that can be overcome through prayer and faith.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

A small Senate race breaks out in Illinois leading to 8 debates in 1858 that were based on the slavery issue. The Republicans, who don't think they would beat Douglas (because he was like Henry Clay), decided to run Abraham Lincoln. Stephen Douglas also runs in this election and stupidly agrees to the debate, because he thought he would own Lincoln because he was Henry Clay. Douglas was in a tough spot, because he had to appeal to the people of Illinois, but also had to watch what he was going to say for the upcoming election of 1860. He needed to make sure not to offend the nation, while trying to appeal to a local audience. Lincoln takes advantage of this and puts him into a bind, when asking him whether he supports popular sovereignty or the Dred Scott Case (where he would lose the moderates and gain the South). The problem is Illinois votes in this election, not the South. To deal with this situation, he comes up with the Freeport Doctrine. This is a terrible answer, because each side chooses what they want to hear. The South hears about this and doesn't like it which abates Douglas' chance for presidency but instead, he continues to hold the senate seat, even though Lincoln won the popular vote, due to gerrymandering. It is important that Lincoln did not become a first term Senator, because 2 years later he would be free and more likely to win the presidential election. Lincoln also becomes a celebrity around the nation (especially in the North). Also note that the debates were NOT a national event.

William McGuffey

A teacher-preacher of rare power. His grade-school readers, first published in 1830s, sold 122 million copies in the following decades. McGuffey's Readers hammered home lasting lessons in morality, patriotism, and idealism.

Collective Bargaining

A technique of labor unions, where one negotiates on the behalf of all.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Convention of 1800

Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Election of 1892

Almost identical to the Election of 1888, where the Republicans run Benjamin Harrison and the Democrats, Cleveland. The one major difference, is that during this election, we see the rise of the Populist (People's) Party. In the end, Cleveland wins the election for his second term.

Edward Doheny

Along with Sinclair, bribed Fall in Teapot Dome scandal.

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the this would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The ___________, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Hawaiian revolution, 1893

Americans wanted the Hawaiian islands because it was a stepping stone towards East Asia. So by the 1820's missionaries go over there and by the 1870's businesses, especially sugar industries, start to go there. During this time period, the King allows this to happen because, similar to the Gilded Age, he lets big business takeover, as he was corrupt and accepted bribes. But when the King dies, his Nationalist sister takes over. When she becomes Queen, she tells the rich businesses that Hawaii is for Hawaiians, and the Chinese and Japanese need to be removed. One of the big business owners, Sanford B. Dole, bribes several U.S. marines and naval officers to take the queen prisoner. He is successful and theoretically is in charge of Hawaii. Dole then tells Grover Cleveland in 1895 that Hawaii could easily be under US ownership, but Cleveland says no. In 1896, McKinley becomes president and eventually finds a reason to annex Hawaii.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

William Randolph Hearst

An American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chains.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Freedmen's Bureau

An aspect of Congressional Reconstruction, where Congress decides to extend this, which was an organization sent to help freed men adjust to freedom (blacks and poor whites). It was like a welfare organization that provided food, clothing, temporary shelter, began to build public schools to give people a proper education to be self-sufficient, and provided legal services, because the Southerners would hire lawyers to try and convince the uneducated that they were still slaves.

Buffalo

An aspect of the War of the West , that the US killed, because the Indian tribes living in the Great Plains needed this animal and used every aspect of the animal. Literally, men would ride a train back in forth and slaughter entire herds of them.

Ostend Manifesto

An attempt for post-Mexican War expansion, where a group of American diplomats meet in Belgium in 1854 and come up with a plan, which says that we should offer Spain $120 million for Cuba. They know Spain will say no because Cuba is there most important colony for SUGAR, producing 90% of the Earth's sugar, thinking that the rejection will allow Pierce to call war. They used a plan very similar to the successful Mexican War, but it didn't work in 1854 because Northerners are angry and the government must shut it down.

Nominating conventions

An official public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office

Vertical Integration (Consolidation)

Andrew Carnegie is the first to use this and helped him dominate the steel industry. This looks at the inputs, where Carnegie would own all of the supplies he needs, creating a reliable supply chain. He eliminates all the middlemen and therefore gains more profit. Carnegie ended up buying almost all of the inputs that his competition had to buy them from him, creating another profit stream. McDonald's is a company today that practices this.

Grimke Sisters

Angela and Sarah: South Carolina; represented a generation of women, white or black, who became involved in the antislavery cause; initiating the American Movement for equal rights for all women

Removal of deposits

Angry because Biddle used bank funds to support anti-Jacksonian candidates, Jackson removed federal deposits from the bank in 1833, firing the secretaries of treasury who wouldn't comply, and was charged with abuse of power. Pet banks were state banks into which Jackson deposited federal funds in 1833, after he vetoed the re-charter of the Second Bank of the U.S

The Grange

Another farmer's organization, where originally it was supposed to set up little grange shops all across America in farmer's towns, that would become federal government headquarters where farmer's could stop in and there would be a federal agent waiting to teach you how to farm better. In reality what starts to happen is, the grange offices start to become placed where the farmers meet and eventually organize, because when they talk they realize they all have the same problems. Then when the economy drops due to the Panic of 1873, all the farmers who were already starting to talk about problems, start to become active politically, and the results are the Granger Laws

Sun Belt

Another thing that is going to change in our workforce that will hurt unions is the country starts moving to this in large numbers; so away from the Rust Belt. This is the section of the country from California to about Virginia, and is called this for obvious reasons. A lot of people are moving away from the industrial sectors of our nation to the this for many different reasons (the war, expanding industries, etc.) The problem with all of these companies moving to this is that a lot of the jobs are service sector jobs, and even if industry moves to the south (textile), the South is not used to unions and will pass Right To Work Acts to keep people from unionizing.

ASL

Anti-Saloon League - The most successful political action group that forced the prohibition issue into the forefront of state and local elections and pioneered the strategy of the single-issue pressure group.

ASL

Anti-Saloon League; the most successful political action group that forced the prohibition issue into the forefront of state and local elections and pioneered the strategy of the single-issue pressure group.

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

William Sidney Mount

Artist of the Hudson Valley School whose paintings portrayed everyday life, exemplifying the egalitarian sentiment of the Jacksonian period.

Zoot Suit Riots

As Mexicans come over, we don't like them which leads to the this in 1943. In Los Angeles there were Mexicans which we already didn't like because of their suits (they were kind of baggy and some claimed they were taking up too much fabric for themselves). One day there were a couple of military personals that were off duty who made fun of and the Mexicans beat them up. Not long after there were many race riots going around where military personnel would go and grab people that looked brown and beat them up. A couple die.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

Great Uprooting

As an effect of the development of the cotton gin, the two big slave regions (Chesapeake and Carolina Coast) became an important source of valuable slaves, not for crop tending but for having children to send "down river" or to the Cotton Kingdom, after acquiring slaves from Africa was banned.

Lend Lease Act

As soon as FDR gets re-elected, he views that as a mandate. The mandate is to start quickly supporting the British more. He starts with passing House Bill 1776, in March of 1941. This bill completely changes the cash and carry program to the loan and deliver program.

Panamanian Revolution

As we start to deal with Columbia, they are unwilling to back off of their insane price. Then Varilla comes up with an idea; to create a revolution, where Panama would lose unless the US supported. Roosevelt said it was an interesting idea, but was unsure if we could really do it, and Varilla interpreted that as "do it, and we'll see how it plays out." Varilla hires 500 mercenaries and in 1903, all of them raise their guns and shout "Panama is free," which started the Panamanian Revolution. So, Columbia says "ok, let's do this" (unwanting tone), but due to a mountain chain, they had to send their army by sea. When they are about to pull up to Panama, low and behold, the U.S. navy happened to be sailing by at that moment (on their tour of The Gulf of Mexico). The Columbia navy sends one shot over the American ships, which meant "we are not hitting you on purpose, but get out of the way, or we'll start aiming at you." The Americans responded by just sitting there. The Columbian response? They turned around and went back to Columbia. So Panama wins. There were only 2 casualties, a China man and a donkey, according to newspapers. Long story short, Roosevelt is not killing anyone, he is showing Columbia that we are just going to take the canal, and it would be better if Columbia just backed off and let it happen, which they did.

Franz Ferdinand

Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914, because his dad was unhappy he married a commoner instead of royalty and wanted a reason to takeover Serbia. His death was the excuse a bunch of countries were waiting for so that they could all get into a war they were itching for, especially Germany, knowing they would win and would shift the balance of power.

Berlin Airlift

At the end of the day, they blockade, but we don't want to go to war or let the people starve, so we do the this, where we bring food, supplies, etc. to West Berlin. Stalin can't shoot down the planes, because if he does, he starts the Cold War and not us. After a year, he realized this just made the Soviets look bad, and backs off. From that point, the Soviets will not directly challenge us, because they start to realize that the US is stronger and generally has better leadership.

Dien Bien Phu

At this battle, the French collapse and the Vietnamese think they have established their independence and love Ho Chi Minh.

Portsmouth Conference

At this conference, Japan and Russia decide on the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, that says the war is over, Japan gets a lot of stuff (Korea mostly), they both decide to uphold China's territorial authority, and the Open Door will be maintained. By the next year, the world is so ecstatic that World War I did not start, that Teddy Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize, being the first U.S. president to ever get it, while in office.

Gabriel Prosser

Attempted to lead a slave rebellion, after hearing about a successful one in Haiti, by assassinating Monroe (governor of Virginia) and then stealing a boat and moving to Haiti. They got rained out and the rebellion never materialized, but it freaked out Southerners and led to the decrease of manumission.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Author of the essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" whose ideas created the Frontier Thesis.

Bank Runs

Banks could no longer meet the demands of their depositors. People rushed to withdraw money at the same time, since they were losing confidence in the banking system. This accounted for a shrinking money supply, as circulation of currency slowed.

Keating-Owen Act

Bans the Interstate Commerce of anything produced by child labor.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Battle of Lake Erie

Battle where a Naval force led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British and secured Lake Erie

Panic of 1857

Because England noticed that the US would enter a civil war, they decided to stockpile cotton. So during this event, the South actually benefited, not the North and the West, because even during panic, England continued to purchase cotton.

Force Acts

Because the KKK targets Republicans, Grant steps in and passes two of these laws that authorizes the military to go around the South, ignoring civil liberties, figure out who these people are, and throw them into jail.

"salvation by faith"

Belief held by Luther and Protestants that man can only be saved by faith alone; man is evil and none of his works can be good without grace of God, therefore only faith can save them

Divisions of powers

Between the national government and the states was spelled out in the bill of rights

Zora Neale Hurston

Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.

Charles Townshend

British chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British American colonies intensified the hostilities that eventually led to the American Revolution.

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George 1 and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Admiralty Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

By 1944 we see that the war is about to end, so a bunch of industrialized countries meet again at this conference. There, they hash out even more ideas about the UN. At this conference they planned out the first actual meeting of the UN, which happens at the San Francisco Conference.

Jim Crow Laws

By definition they are not violating the 14th amendment (unlike black codes which did), that say separate but equal. They arise, because the Democrats want to take advantage of every loophole they have, and they are eventually upheld in the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. The main point is that because of reconstruction, we start to see the rise of segregation.

Non-consumption

Calvin duties, daughters of liberty; boycott lasts 1768-1770. Agreement encouraged home manufacturing. Boycott successful parliament lost money.

US Steel

Carnegie Steel after JP Morgan is the owner.

Reparations

Central-nation compensation that weakened the US economy and left countries without source with which to repay loans

Charles Willson Peale

Charles Willson Peale became best-known for portraits of George Washington. He also was curator of a museum, a taxidermist of birds, and a dentist.

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Cherokee Indians Sued the National Government to keep their land. The courts declared that the Indian Removal Act was Unconstitutional. Andrew Jackson ignored the courts' decision and forced the Indians off their land anyways.

Five civilized tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the United States Supreme court in the 1830s. He ruled in favor of the Cherokee during the case of Worchester vs. Georgia citing Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee land.

CWA

Civil Works Administration - 1st New Deal agency created by FDR to reduce unemployment during the cold winter months of 1933; it spent $1 billion on short-term projects for unemployed manual laborers but was abolished in the spring of '34

Rio Grande

Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas.

charter colonies

Colonies in which freely elected legislatures chose the governor and the king could not veto laws; Connecticut and Rhode Island

proprietary colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

Marquis de Montcalm

Commander of the French forces at Quebec who saw Quebec fall under smaller forces under the command of Gen. Wolfe. He died during the Battle of Quebec.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

John Collier

Commissioner of Indian Affairs; wanted to reverse what was done by the Dawes Act; promoted the Indian Reorganization Act

Mao Zedong

Communist leader of China.

Spanish Civil War

Conflict between the rebel Fascist forces of General Francisco Franco and the Loyalist government that severely tested U. S. Neutrality legislation.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights.

"Old Guard"

Controlled the Republican National Committee, viewed Taft as the candidate of the conservatives, and gave him all but 19 of the delegates. Since Roosevelt did not get the delegates he needed he encouraged his progressive. supporters at a rally to follow him and leave the party.

"The Birth of a Nation" , 1915

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Postwar Conventions

Conventions where Britain and the Us met to discuss affairs

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Court Case: Determined that while the Cherokee people were an independent nation, they were still a "denominated domestic dependent nation".

Bank of the US

Created by Alexander Hamilton, 20% would be owned by government, helped stimulate economy; caused conflict in Washington's cabinet

"Massive Retaliation"

Created by John Foster Dulles, which is his direct response to the arms race. The arms race has just started to tick up here in the last year and a half. Truman has already announced that we should build a hydrogen bomb, but it will be Dulles who says that we should build thousands of them with better delivery devices for them. With this we are trying to make our arsenal so powerful that it will cause the Soviets to back off. Dulles also convinces Eisenhower that it will save money, because a weapon is cheaper than a large standing army. Truman escalated the military, but Eisenhower is going to escalate our weaponry while slowly trying to scale back the military. This plan in the end doesn't work and doesn't save money, it gets to the point where he spends almost 50% of the budget on the military.

Treaty of Versailles

Created in 1919, the most important parts of the treaty were: the 14 Points were only applied to the Central Powers, where their empires are broken up due to ethnic self-determination, Germany is forced to sign the war guilt clause which means they have to pay reparations, Germany is demilitarized (no navy), etc. Basically Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey are turned into nothing.

SEATO

Created in 1954, the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization is NATO for the Southeast.

Social Gospel

Dealing with poverty was not the Gilded Age mindset until, in 1900 the next era sees the rise of a new movement. It is a little like the Second Great Awakening, where churches start to fix society's problems, but in this case this movement was looking to fix both social and economic (poverty) issues. As the middle class begins to worry about the social issues, they form new organizations (that are in essence churches), such as, the Salvation Army and the YMCA. Also a part of the movement was the Settlement House Movement led by Jane Addams.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Disenfranchisement

Defined as taking away someone's right to vote, in this era it meant the African Americans. Literacy tests, poll taxes and the grandfather clause were the common methods.

Alfred Smith

Democratic governor of New York and democratic presidential candidate in 1928 (lost against Hoover), represented Catholics, poor and working class, opposed Prohibition. As one of the best known spokesman for the American Liberty League he denounced many of FDR's plans and policies as socialist, fascist, or communist.

Initiative, referendum, recall

Democratization reforms of the Oregon System; the initiative (voters propose laws), the referendum (voters approve laws that have been passed), and the recall (vote corrupt people out of office).

14 Points

Designed by Wilson, where he believed that if we were to all follow these 14 plans, we could bring peace to the entire world and there wouldn't be a need for war anymore. They could hypothetically end wars, but the problem with them was that they were unrealistic. Some of the points were: no standing armies, no standing navies, ethnic self-determination, no tariff, free trade, world councils and the most important point, the League of Nations.

William Gorgas

Destroyed yellow fever in Havana and made construction of the canal safe and more sanitary.

Lowell System

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Dole/Direct Relief

Direct cash payments to individuals in need. The fastest way to relieve the poor and also the preferred method of state and local officials working in or with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).

Direct Representation

Direct representation is a proposed form of representative democracy where each representative's vote is weighted in proportion to the number of citizens who have chosen that candidate to represent them.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Reparations

Due to the war guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles, Germany has to pay these, which will decimate both there country and economy.

"Swing 'Round The Circle"

During the midterm elections of 1866, Johnson went out and did this, where he campaigned against all the Republicans, trying to get Democrats elected instead of Radical Republicans, but the plan backfired and in every single position, a Radical Republican won (Obama did the same thing in 2012). The impact is that even though Congress already hated Johnson his campaign across the country made Congress hate him even more.

John Calhoun

During this era, he created the idea of slavery as a "positive good" and helped create the Compromise of 1850, where he died 2 weeks after it passed.

"Modern Republicanism"

Eisenhower's domestic policy, also known as dynamic conservatism, and is basically defined as Eisenhower being a conservative, but also believing in the whig theory of the presidency, where the President should enforce whatever Congress does, even if he doesn't like it. Basically he works for the Congress, not the other way around.

Richard Nixon

Eisenhower's running mate during the election of 1952, because he was famous for rooting out Communists in America under HUAC and was the opposite of Eisenhower. He had a lot of experience, he comes across as a mean guy, etc.

Barbed Wire

End the era of the open range and long drive, where farmers would put up this stuff, and now the cattle can't be taken up to the transcontinentals. In response, the railroads come to the cattle.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

George Calvert

English noble who while Catholic, was also loyal to the crown. He received Maryland as a refuge for Catholics he is also known as the first Lord Baltimore

Barbados slave code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Ticonderoga and Crown Point

Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold took these British ports which were important because they controlled the north-south route through New England. That route went from Lake Champlain down the Hudson River to NYC.

Scotch-Irish

Ethnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western forntier of the middle and southern colonies

Munich Conference (Pact)

European diplomatic conference in 1938 where Britain and France conceded to Hitler's demands for Czechoslovakia

William Cody

Famous for going out and slaughtering herds of buffalo.

William Lloyd Garrison

Famous for writing abolitionist newspapers and was the first guy who said that slavery was a problem and provided that the solution be a gradual process where owners get compensation.

Middling class

Farmers and artisans. urban based. received their income as fees and salaries, rather than wages, and their paid workers held jobs that required mental rather than physical labor. Fought to distinguish from poor. Valued education, even for daughters.

Stamp Act, 1765

February 13.1765, Parliament passed Stamp Act, created revenue stamps to be purchased and affixed to every form of printed matter used in colonies (Affected all colonists). Seed of American independence was planted by the fiery debates over this act.

FERA

Federal Emergency Relief Administration - A relief effort for the unemployed with immediate relief goals rather than long-term alleviation, and was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins.

FHA

Federal Housing Administration - United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying. The goals of this organization are: to improve housing standards and conditions; to provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans; and to stabilize the mortgage market.

George McClellan

First appears during the initial Battle of Philippi where he wins, and Lincoln and the North start the think he might actually be a good general. After Irwin Dowell lost the First Battle of Bull Run, this man replaces him and he has a cocky and cautious ("case of the slows" according to Lincoln) personality, he was top of his class at West Point (in comparison to Grant who finished last), was thought to be a good general after an initial victory, and he openly hated Lincoln (but Lincoln tolerates him because he might be a good general). For the next nine months, McClellan begins to build up the army, by enlisting men for longer periods of time and actually trains them to be good soldiers. After failing to accomplish the Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln fires him, but after Pope fails at the First Battle of Bull Run, Lincoln puts him in charge of the Battle of Antietam, where he forces Lee to retreat, but won't chase after him, so Lincoln fires him again.

Harvard College

First college in New World. Established by Puritans to train ministers.

Fundamental Orders

First constitution in the colonies drafted that stated a government's authority rests upon the consent of the governed and expressed the will of the majority.

Ratification

Formal approval

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

Socialist Party of America

Formed by the united Bellamy club, and become the party of a group of people united to promote Karl Marx's ideas in our country. They run the candidate Eugene Debs (who joined almost immediately) for almost every election. They advocate that the economy is the government and that all means of production must be run by the federal government.

Fort McHenry

Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner".

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Germantown

Founded by a German Charter. Village base (good at making stuff) not all German. They intermarriage and spoke English. 70 percent of families didn't stay through generations, lots of movement.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1816, this was the most famous pre-Second Great Awakening attempt that found free slaves and sent them to Liberia. The plan didn't work because it was too expensive and most of the Africans didn't want to go back because they felt they were American.

Alice Paul

Founder of the Congressional Union and was a more radical suffragist.

William Sylvus

Founder of the National Labor Union.

Admiral de Grasse

French admiral who operated a powerful fleet in the West Indies, and advised the Americans that he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. During the battle, he blockaded the British by sea after beating off the British fleet.

Talleyrand

French statesman and diplomat noted for his capacity for political survival, who held high office during the French Revolution, under Napoleon, at the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, and under King Louis-Philippe.

Robert de la Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

Squatters

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.

Battle of New york

Gen. Howe and Brother Adm. Howe attack colonists in Long Island. So Washington's men march to LI. British drive Washington out of Brooklyn Heights. Washington tries to attack and is pushed back to white plains. Where he loses another attack. Until they retreat to Hudson River across to NJ.

George Rogers Clark

George Rogers Clark was a soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky militia throughout much of the war.

Fletcher vs. Peck

Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law. 1810

"Forty eighters"

German political refuges

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

Central Powers

Germany (90% of the fighting force), Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire/Turkey.

Quarantine Speech

Given by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 5, 1937 in Chicago calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention. The speech was a response to aggressive actions by Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression. To the American people it sounds like FDR is trying to prepare us for war.

Cross of Gold Speech

Given by William Jennings Bryan during the Election of 1896, which ran for an hour and a half. It had a powerful message that was speaking to these people, where free silver was promoted, and therefore huge amounts of inflation. Conservative Democrats are telling him that he cannot do this, because England runs the world economy and they are on the gold standard, so if we don't stay on the gold standard our international trade will be hurt. To that, Bryan says forget England, we will do the free silver thing and they will follow us.

Pilgrims

Group of Puritan separatists who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Anti-Imperialist League

Group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie.

Battle of the Bulge

Happens as we progress across France against the Germans where we win and keep going. This was the last attempt to push the Western allied off, but it doesn't work. (The song "I'll Be Home For Christmas" comes out).

Operation PBSuccess

Happens in 1954, which is when popular left leaning, President Guzman in Guatemala, starts nationalizing industries that previously had been controlled by American businesses. So the CIA gets him overthrown and a hardcore right-wing dictator rises up.

Andrew Mellon

Harding's Secretary of the Treasury. Firm believer in trickle down theory and reduced taxes or rich while cutting benefits for the poor. Trickle down theory does not work and actual concentrates the wealth in the few hands of the middle/upper class who buy stocks and in summary it contributes to the stock market crash of 1929. Also persuades congress to pass Budget and Accouting Act of 1921.

William Sherman

He led a campaign in the West, where his goal is to make the South howl, so he burns all the rich people's houses and takes all their supplies, not focusing on killing civilians. He is most known for his March to the Sea, where he burns almost all of Georgia.

Leon Czolgosz

He runs into McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on September 16th, 1901. Dressed up as a waiter, he walks over to McKinley and shot him. He was an anarchist that said McKinley represented the rich against working-class America. This event led Teddy Roosevelt to become president.

A. Philip Randolph

He was the head of the largest black organization in America, the Brotherhood of The Sleeping Car Porters (porters are the butlers who go to and from the train cars, which historically has been a black man's job), which had over 1 million black men which became a major civil rights organization. He speaks for the black community to FDR saying that black people are helping just as much as white people are and if FDR doesn't do anything then they were all going to march on Washington.

Edmund Andros

He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.

John Adams

He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

John Spargo

He writes a book called The Bitter Cry of Children in 1905 that details stories of little kids working in factories, explains how awful it is and how they don't develop. He is advocating an end to child labor.

Bernard Baruch

Headed the War Industries Board, who was the former GM of General Motors and one of the richest guys in America

Montevideo Conference

Held in 1933, Secretary of State Hull joined with other North and South American nations in accepting a pact that denied any country the right to intervene in the affairs of another country.

Universal white male suffrage

Idea that as US democracy progressed voting restrictions on white males were eased allowing Jackson's popularity in the election of 1824 and finally his victory in the Election of 1828

Interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

New Immigration

Immigrants from Southern/Central/Eastern Europe and Asia, who Americans felt threatened by because they were poorer, uneducated, had a different language, different religion etc.

Old Immigration

Immigrants from Western and Northern Europe who Americanized well.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Important New Deal labor legislation that regulated minimum wages and maximum hours for workers involved in interstate commerce. The law also outlawed labor by children under sixteen. The exclusion of agricultural, service, and domestic workers meant that many blacks, Mexican Americans, and women who were concentrated in these sectors—did not benefit from the act's protection.

Korean War

Immediately following the Chinese Communists, we see a situation arise in Korea. Korea had basically been a Japanese colony for about 50 years. Then we get to the end of WWII, where Japan collapses, so Korea seems to be free. Everyone meets and talks about what to do with Korea and what is decided is that we will split Korea at the 38th parallel, into a North and South, and it will be like that for about a year. After they get their feet under them, there will be an election, where if the Democratic Party wins the whole country will be a democracy, and the same thing if the Communist Party wins. After the election the country will be reunified. In late 1949 they are about to have their election, but right before the election the polls come out and it is clear that the Democracy is going to win by about an 80 to 20 margin. So the government of North Korea invades South Korea claiming a bunch of lies on June 25, 1950. The South Korean government was not very powerful or prepared for war, whereas dictators are very good at war. The South are getting destroyed and we keep moving down the peninsula until the democracies get cornered down near Busan. It looks like North Korea won, but while this is happening the Security Council is debating. In the Security Council debate it becomes clear that the US wants the UN to stop this, where Russia could veto this, but doesn't. Why? Because they are still upset about China because Chiang Kai-Shek's government was on the UN, not Mao Zedong's, so they aren't at the UN, so they can't veto. So the UN decides to authorize a "police action," because the UN is going to put Korea back in place so that in theory the election can occur. The US is going to control about 85% of this army, so it is really a US war, although technically it is not. Douglas MacArthur is put in charge of this UN police action and he goes to South Korea. On September 14. 1950 the army gets there and MacArthur invades Incheon, which was physically impossible, he did it anyway, the Koreans don't see it coming and MacArthur cuts off the entire North Korean army in South Korea, so they can start destroying them, and from that point they go all the way up to China. At that point, Mao's China has 850,000 Chinese soldiers lined up along the river and tells us to get out of North Korea and not approach our border. MacArthur says no and proceeds to approach the border and the 850,000 Chinese soldiers invade (we only had 150,000 soldiers). Quick summary of the Korean War: The North starts it, we help, the Chinese help, we recover, and it ends where the thing starts. MacArthur is furious because he likes winning, so he says what we need to do is nuke the 39 largest Chinese cities, while invading China with a million man army. MacArthur threatens to do this, but Truman, his boss, tells him to cease and desist. MacArthur's response is to go in front of Congress and give a speech, but in the end is fired. MacArthur goes to the Congress to convince them of his plan, and the Congress was half supportive (both houses were Republican), so Truman fires him. Now the war goes into a stalemate.

Elijah Lovejoy

In 1837 in Illinois, he published a newspaper promoting the idea of getting rid of slavery, leading angry Southerners to throw his newspaper press into a river, which he drags out and continues to publish. The next time, the Southerners kill him and he is nicknamed the "martyr abolitionist."

Theodore Dwight Weld

In 1839, he publishes a famous pamphlet called American Slavery As It Is, which talks about how bad slavery is and convinces people to join the abolitionist movement.

Trent Affair

In 1861, where the British were transporting two confederates to Britain, but the US stops the boat and takes the two confederate traitors as prisoners and put them in jail. The British says that we cannot stop their ships, so Lincoln lets them go and sends them off to England, because he only wants one war at a time.

Fetterman Massacre

In 1866, this takes place, where a trail was set to cut across the Lakota reservation to connect Kansas to Montana, so the Sioux tribe slaughters about 82 Americans in the army creating the trail. Americans are angry and want to go kill Indians, but the federal government said they can't, because technically it was on their land and they were in violation of the treaty. In effect, a new Treaty of Fort Laramie is created in 1868, that basically reasserts that the Indians have their autonomy and the government won't mess with it, until 6 years later, when the Sioux Wars broke out.

Gifford Pinchot

In 1905 Roosevelt appointed him to the head of The Department of Forestry, a new branch of the Department of The Interior. He was eventually fired after the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair.

Mann Act

In 1910, Roosevelt pushes for this act (not passed during his presidency), which banned the interstate traffic of "white slaves" (prostitutes). This becomes a federal crime, only when the "white slaves" are taken across state lines.

Insurgent's Revolt

In 1910, the Conservative Republican Speaker of the House, Joseph Cannon, was refusing to let Progressives in the House get special appointments on all the committees. So the Progressives went to Taft and said they were going to run in order for Cannon to lose his power which will lead to more Progressive power in the House. Taft says no, that it will divide the party further leading into the Midterm Elections of 1910 (House and ⅓ of the Senate are up for grabs). While all of the Republicans are fighting against each other, the Democrats quietly sneak into the office. Because of the insurgents revolt, the Democrats take the House and almost take the Senate. Now Taft's ability to pass Progressive laws is gone, and Republicans won't accomplish much for the next two years.

Operation Ajax

In 1953, in Iran the people popularly elected a very left leaning (like a New Deal Democrat) leader named Mohammad Mosaddegh. He wants to nationalize the oil industry, which up to this point was predominantly controlled by the US and Britain. The CIA will sneak in, infiltrate the Iranian government, and a military coup is triggered. When the coup rises, Mosaddegh is arrested and taken out and replaced by Reza Pahlavi who will be known as the Shah. He will rule for 26 years, maintaining his rule by brutal authoritarian force and being propped up by the US. Why? Because we get our oil very cheap. Down the road it will cause our relationship with Iran today, one where we don't really get along.

Interstate Highway Act

In 1956 this is passed, which created highways. We create the interstate to facilitate trade, but Eisenhower was able to sell it to Congress as military defense (get across the country in a couple of days, use the highways for runways for planes, etc.).It will obviously facilitate a lot more movement, where more people move to the sunbelt.

SCLC

In 1957 MLK, Jr. formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, because his group is going to be organized through churches.

Cuban Revolution, 1959

In Cuba, the dictator we had been backing for decades, Fulgencio Batista, gets overthrown by Fidel Castro and Che.

20-21st Amendments

In Order: -Shortened the lame duck period to 6 weeks/ set procedure for selecting a replacement any instance in which the President elect and/or Vice President elect were to die -Repealed the 18th Amendment (Prohibited Prohibition :D )

Lowell girls

In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regardiong their working conditions. Was one example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution.

Dumbbell Tenement

In attempt to solve the physical city problem of Gilded Age urbanization for the poor, these were the nation's first building codes in New York, where a new floor plan allowed for a more livable environment. In the end, the idea is a failed attempt, but the fact that it even happened shows that cities were trying to solve the problem.

Gold Standard

In contrast to Bimetallism was using only gold currency, favored by the Republicans and the wealthy due to it being deflationary, because less money was in circulation.

Bimetalism

In contrast to the Gold Standard was using both silver and gold currency, which was inflationary, and favored by the poor.

OAS

In late 1948, we form the Organization of American States which in essence was NATO for Latin America, it wasn't really that but for our mental purposes that's enough. By having a NATO for Latin America, we think we can back off and Latin American nations will police themselves.

New KKK

In the 1920s this group was very anti-foreign. It was against all groups which did not have a protestant background. They were most prevalent in the Midwest and the south. They eventually became less popular when Klan officials were caught embezzling money.

Yeoman farmers

Independent and hardworking farmers in the south, lived and worked on smaller-sized farms with their families. Plantation owners got food from Yeoman farmers to feed their slaves, but Yeomen did not have on slavery on their farms.

New Harmony

Indiana, 1824-1829, Robert Owen tires to set up a utopian (means "perfect society" and directly translates to "no place") society where property, child rearing and labor where all equally shared; beginning of socialism; main goal: create a self contained community

"Rape of Nanking"

Infamous genocidal war crime committed by Japanese military in Nanjing. started in 1937 and lasted a few weeks. The Japanese army raped, stole and killed prisoners of war and civilians.

factions

Interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist Paper No. 10. Today's parties or interest groups are what Madison had in mind when he warned of the instability in government caused by these.

London Conference

International economic conference on stabilizing currency that was sabotaged by FDR.

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Totalitarianism

Is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible; sone of the causes of WWII. Some leaders were Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-Shek, Joseph Stalin, Tojo Hideki and Adolf Hitler.

Five civilized tribes

It refers to five Native American nations—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. These are the first five tribes that Anglo-European settlers generally considered to be "civilized" according to their own world view, namely because these five tribes adopted attributes of the colonists' culture. For example, Christianity, centralized governments, literacy, market participation, written constitutions, intermarriage with white Americans, and plantation slavery practices. The Five "Civilized" Tribes tended to maintain stable political relations with the Europeans.

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

Second Bank of the US

John C. Calhoun introduced this to help the financial stability of the country by issuing national currency and regulating state banks

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

First Bull Run

July of 1861, was the first significant battle, which was Lincoln's first attempt to take over Richmond. He puts in charge Irvin McDowell, who told Lincoln that the army wasn't ready and advocated not attacking, but Lincoln says attack anyway. So they start marching towards Richmond and when they get to Bull Run (where the Confederates meet them) shooting begins. The battle was considered a humorous event, because a lot of Congressmen took picnics to watch the battle from a nearby hill. By 4 pm, the Union was retreating back to Washington D.C. After the South won Bull Run, they thought they would quickly win and didn't prepare for a long war, whereas the Union actually benefited, because they began to prepare, by selling things to Europe to build up their supplies and building weapons and factories that can produce things. Even though the battle somewhat benefited the North, they see Bull Run as a defeat and Irwin Dowell is fired and replaced with George McClellan.

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

William Jennings Bryan

Known as "The Boy Orator From The Platte," is a Democrat from Nebraska, who after giving the Cross of Gold Speech at the Chicago Convention became the Democrat as well as the Populist nominee during the Election of 1896. His promoted the free and unlimited coinage of silver, strict regulation of major industry, limit the use of the injunction (order labor unions to break up), a significantly reduced tariff, and an income tax, and strict regulation of big industries. During this election, he became the first person to campaign for himself, but in the end he lost the election, because big business backed McKinley.

James Hill

Known as "The Empire Builder" he was the head of the Great Northern Railway Company, which was responsible for huge railroad expansions in the Northeast.

Thomas Reed

Known as a Czar, he was head of the Billion Dollar Congress, who led with an iron fist.

National War Labor Board

Labor can not go on strikes a lot during the war, so this is the government agency set up to oversee labor disputes. It is headed by William Howard Taft and Samuel Gompers, and by bringing in Gompers it showed that it was pro-labor. Labor can use war to their advantage, because in war there is a shortage of labor, so organized labor should be able to get more rights, wages, etc. Basically this board works side by side with labor in order to get labor supportive of the war, and for the most part they were.

Unitarianism

Late-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.

Selective Service Act

Laws that create the draft that the AEF will use during World War I.

William McAdoo

Leader of The Railway Board, which they take over the nation's railroads to guarantee business profit.

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the AFL, who was a good leader, very shrewd politically, smart, aggressive, not crazy and not too idealistic. He will be in charge of the AFL for the next 24 out of 25 years.

Harriet Tubman

Leader of the Underground Railroad.

America First Committee

Leading isolationist group advocating that America focus on continental defense and non-involvement with the European war.

WCTU

Led by Frances Willard, the WCTU (Woman's Christian Temperance Union) was an organization of women intended to mold women into a political force. They vehemently opposed alcohol. They were largely unsuccessful in politics, however. CULTURAL & POLITICAL

Democratic Republican Party

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Chester Nimitz

Led island hopping in the north.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln issued this, that said that as of January 1, 1863, anybody still rebelling (phrased that way so that Border States won't be scared off), their slaves will be free. So he is basically telling the South that they have 3 months to end the war and if they do, they can keep their slaves, but if they don't, starting January 1, as the Union conquers the slaves will be freed. None of the states came back to the Union so as of January 1, he sticks to his proclamation and starts freeing slaves. The Emancipation Proclamation has a ton of impacts; it gave the war a moral cause and it had major foreign policy implications, because Britain and France (who had freed their slaves years ago and as a nation viewed slavery as morally wrong) would never support the South, because the war was no longer about states' rights vs. federal supremacy. What Lincoln did was make it impossible for the South to win the war, and easy for the Union as long as they find a good general.

Freeport Doctrine

Lincoln puts Douglas into a bind, when asking him whether he supports popular sovereignty or the Dred Scott Case. The problem is Illinois votes in this election, not the South. To deal with this situation, he comes up with this doctrine, which says that slavery is available in all the territories, but slavery cannot exist if local police regulations don't allow it to. This is a terrible answer, because each side chooses what they want to hear.

Ft. Sumter

Located on an island (reason why the South had not claimed yet) in Charleston SC (the unofficial capital of the Confederacy), in April 1861 is occupied by Major Robert Anderson who is running out of supplies and ammunition, so Lincoln sends boats, knowing that the South will either a) let them through or b) shoot at them, which are both good choices for the Union, because the South started the war. So when he sends the boats, the South fires on them and they turn around and go home. While they are shooting at the boats, they also shoot at the fort and the fort attempts to shoot a couple shots back. In the end, no one dies (one single casualty - a donkey) and is significant because the war has not officially begun and there was still room for peace. The impact is huge, because Lincoln views what happened as similar to the nullification crisis, with shooting...so he calls up 75,000 soldiers (compared to 30,000 during the nullification crisis). Immediately after he calls up the troops, 4 more states secede in the Upper South (Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia), because they view the army as an act of war against the South.

Clipper ships

Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. They were developed in the second quarter of the 1800s. These ships were unequaled in speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between the eastern and western U.S.

Great Puritan Migration

Many Puritans migrated from England to North America during the 1620s to the 1640s due to belief that the Church of England was beyond reform. Ended in 1642 when King Charles I effectively shut off emigration to the colonies with the start of the English Civil War.

Election of 1916

Many thought Wilson would lose, because a) it looks like he is steering us to war (a war that less than 20% of Americans want), b) he was elected as the lowest popular vote percentage (not well liked even before he was president) and c) his domestic policy (he focused only on taking down big business not social reform, so his party was run over by Republicans during the midterm, which many thought was a foretaste of what would happen in 1916). Many thought Roosevelt was run, many also thought that if Roosevelt was president, the US would go to war. The Republicans end up nominating Charles Evans Hughes. The Democrats were questioning whether they wanted Wilson, but they kept him, running on the campaign "he kept us out of war" The results were close, coming down to the state of California. In California, Hughes screwed up. California's progressive governor, Hiram Johnson, was very popular, and after Hughes gave a speech refused to shake his hand. After that, a lot of progressives were angry with him and Hughes ends up losing 4,000 votes in a state that should have gone Republican.

Election of 1836

Martin Van Buren v. WHIGS (William Henry Harrison, Daniel Webster, Hugh Lawson White). NEW PARTY - The Whigs (formed as opposition to Andrew Jackson); Whig strategy - by running several candidates, no one would receive a majority of the electoral vote sending it the House of Representatives (where they thought they could defeat Van Buren and the Democrats)! Martin Van Buren won big!

Naval stores

Materials used to build and maintain ships, such as tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine

Muckrakers

McClured Magazine coins the term and it was used by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. These investigative journalists were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the rulings of the Republican Party. These actions were viewed as traitorous to the country and had lost the Federalists much influence and respect (The practical end of the Federalist Party).

Pan-American Conference

Meetings of the Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues. They were first introduced by James G. Blaine of Maine in order to establish closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors, specifically Latin America. Blaine hoped that ties between the USA and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to U.S. trade.

"Suffragists"

Members of the suffrage movement, to get women the right to vote, so their abilities to fix society can expand.

Robber Barons

Men such as Carnegie or Rockefeller, who are so incredibly rich and powerful, but their wealth only comes from corrupt practices.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Countryside in arms

Military tactic practiced by patriots

New lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening

Temperance

Moderation, self-control, esp. regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol

Northern Securities Case

Morgan was dominating the railroad industry through the Northern Securities Trust. Roosevelt sends the Attorney General to JP Morgan saying that the US government is filing suit against your company in 1902. Morgan sends his sidekick, Charles Schwab to the White House in an attempt to bribe Roosevelt. Roosevelt says he doesn't want any bribe, pursues the lawsuit (which takes over a year to work its way through the court), but in the end Northern Securities is broken.

Red Scare

Most intense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses.

Social Darwinism

NOT COINED BY DARWIN; created by Herbert Spencer (all his research was paid for by robber barons) in his "Survival of the Fittest" in 1864, that says Darwinism isn't random, but there are those who are fit and those who are not. Basically, the wealthy people of the Gilded Age were just a better version of the human race.

Filibustering

NOT the kind of delay tactic in the Senate, but an aspect of post-Mexican War expansionism, which were expeditions, where individuals in the 1850s, that said that manifest destiny is NOT dead and if the government won't do it, we will as individuals. Basically they are individual Americans sponsored by private properties trying to conquer territory; many were Southerners because they wanted to conquer territory to expand slavery.

Atlanta Compromise

Name given by WEB Dubois, which was given by Booker T. Washington that advocated his views on civil rights. Both whites and blacks liked it, because he said that African Americans should expect the treatment of the 1890s because they were a lesser race. He says that the path to civil rights is gradual and that blacks must first form a culture similar to whites. So instead of demanding civil rights, we should demand education in vocational skills. Blacks liked this idea because it sounded plausible, that it could actually happen.

Berlin and Milan Decrees

Napoleon's Decrees ordering the seizure of neutral ships carrying British goods or stopping at British ports

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Nathaniel Greene

Nathanael Greene was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, known for his successful command in the Southern Campaign, forcing British general Charles Cornwallis to abandon the Carolinas and head for Virginia.

National Banking System

National Banking Acts created a new system that had the power to print paper money.

NIRA/NRA

National Industry Recovery Act - This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program. National Recovery Administration - Directed by Hugh John, this agency set up a system of codes of business practice, including giving fair wages and work hours. Businesses and labor unions who followed such codes could advertise as such (symbol: Blue Eagle) and thus gain more membership. Was limited in success.

Hurons

Native American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade.

Coral Sea

Naval battle between Japan and the US which halted the Japanese movement towards Australia, but resulted in heavy losses for the US.

Nicholas Trist

Negotiator for America during the Mexican-American War. Got in trouble for ignoring President's orders to return to the US. Managed to get the war ending treaty and most of the desired territory despite opposition from others.

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the __________________________ in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization.

Neoclassical Architecture

New Greece and roman architecture; highlighted pillars, triangles and domes.

"Trust Buster"

Nickname for Roosevelt's first progressive task of breaking up huge trusts. For example, he uses the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to go after the Northern Securities Trust.

Revolution of 1828

Nickname for the Election of 1828 when Andrew Jackson was elected President. Jackson's supporters saw themselves as overthrowing the old, aristocratic order in favor of rule by the common man. Jackson's victory was made possible, in part, by the elimination of property qualifications for voting in many states. Jackson was the first President who was not either from Virginia or Massachusetts.

Al Capone

Nicknamed "Scarface" and one of the most notorious gangsters in history, this man earned the title of "Public Enemy No. 1" for his many illegal exploits in Chicago.

Joseph Cannon

Nicknamed "Uncle Joe", he was a Conservative Republican Secretary of State involved in the Insurgent's Revolt.

Sacco- Vanzetti Trial

Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were xenophobic (afraid of foreigners).

Scottsboro Boys Case

Nine black young men who were accused of raping two white women in a railway boxcar in Scottsboro, AZ, in 1931. Quick trials, surpressed evidence, and inadequate legal council made them symbols of the discrimination that faced blacks on a daily basis during this era.

Quitrent

Nominal taxes collected by the crown in crown colonies, or by the proprietor(s) of proprietary colonies.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved South to vote Republican, many who were Union military generals, who liked the warm weather, or teachers, who worked in Freedmen's Bureau schools.

Home Rule

Not mentioned in the lecture, but was when the north ended military reconstruction and let the South control their own reconstruction.

Alabama Claims Crisis

Not mentioned in the lecture; a series of demands for damages sought by the US from Britain from the Confederate CSS Alabama, that was secretly built by the British, that sunk over 65 Union ships.

Benjamin Banneker

Not mentioned in the lecture; but he was a free black man who was largely self-educated in astronomy and mathematics. He was later called upon to assist in the surveying of territory for the construction of the nation's capital and became an active writer of almanacs.

Phyllis Wheatley

Not mentioned in the lecture; but she was the first published African-American female poet. She was sold into slavery at age 7 and purchased by the Wheatley family who taught her how to read and write and encouraged her poetry when they saw her talent.

The Liberator

Not mentioned in the lecture; but was a Boston-based abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison.

Earl Warren

Now we move to a very famous Supreme Court Justice, who served from 1953 to 1969. He was going to be one of the Republican front runners for the president in 1952, but then Eisenhower announced he was going to run for the Republican Party. So he, being a popular progressive California governor said that he might still run, which would break up the party. So to promote party unity, Eisenhower made a deal with him. He would not run for president, but Eisenhower would make him the Supreme Court Justice as long as he was a moderate. He didn't follow that; pretty much everything conservatives hate today he caused.

Nuremberg Trials

Occurred from 1945 to 1946, we put the 24 officers that were directly in charge of the Holocaust programs. 12 are executed, several go to jail and a couple are found innocent. All of them claim they were not guilty and just following orders, but we don't care.

Tokyo Trials

Occurred from 1946 to 1951, over 5,000 are going to be indicted and we executed 500, gave life sentences to about 500 and like 2,000 get long prison terms. The Cold War had an impact, because again we see the Japanese as a country we want to befriend.

Predestination

Often associated with Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation, it is the doctrine that God has already chosen who will be saved and become Christian and that people have no actual choice in the matter.

FDR

Often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.

John Wilkes Booth

On April 14, 1865, he shoots Lincoln in the back of the head at a theater, when he, Grant and their wives were out on a date celebrating the end of the war.

Vicksburg

On April-July 4, 1863, this battle takes place, where Grant sends his army to dig a trench, redirecting the flow of the Mississippi, and he puts his men on boats, go past Vicksburg (so they don't get shot), and come up around the back, where the Confederate army can't surprise them. Now that Grant has this town surrounded, he waits for them all to starve to death and that's what happens for the next couple of months, until July 4, 1863, when rumors of cannibalism get out of town, Grant realizes the city is about ready to fall, and marches down the road to Vicksburg and they put a minor fight and surrender. So Grant just took Vicksburg with hardly any casualties. Lincoln realizes that he has finally found a good general and Grant becomes a hero. It is important because another step of the anaconda plan is accomplished by cutting off the Mississippi.

Fredericksburg

On December 13, 1862, this battle takes place, where Ambrose Burnside makes the mistake to lead his army across a river, through a town, to an open field where the Confederate army can shoot down on them from a hill behind a stone wall. At the end of the battle, the Union army is massacred with 13,000 deaths and Burnside is fired.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Prohibitory Act

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed this, forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Chancellorsville

On May 1, 1863 the Battle of Chancellorsville takes place, where Lincoln finds General "Fighting Joe" Hooker (who openly said he wanted to be a military dictator) and he does what Ambrose should have done and went around the river, and actually surprises Lee. Lee freaks out and Hooker should squish them and the war would be over, but Hooker thinks that Lee is actually surprising him and stopped and made camp waiting for the counterattack. This again gave Lee time to gather his army and the Union army gets crushed. Another Union defeat and Hooker gets fired and Lee, who should have lost the war again, wins miraculously and gets really cocky, but he shouldn't have because as Stonewall Jackson's army was coming to the camp, the Confederates snip them and Jackson dies.

"Yellow Journalism"

One of the causes of the US becoming more imperialistic,where the media will actually play off political views and rile people up in order to gain viewership. Two of the biggest names were William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. This had a huge impact on how America viewed the Cuban Rebellion, because Americans now want a war and are convinced by the newspapers that not only would we be right in doing it, we would be wrong for not doing it. When the USS Maine blows up, even though it was just an accident, these journalists see the opportunity to say it was done intentionally.

Rosa Parks

One of the famous figures of the bus boycotts, who although was acting like a little old lady to gain sympathy, was the local secretary of the NAACP. She knew that the more public sympathy the better, because public sympathy sways juries, juries make court decisions, which makes public opinion change, which changes politics. She was imitating Ida Wells, who had done this 50 years ago, so she is doing this intentionally and interpreting the 1950s as a very different time period than the 1890s.

Thaddeus Stevens

One of the most famous Radical Republicans, from Pennsylvania, enemy of Johnson, who believed in black-white equality (married a black woman, was buried in a black cemetery, etc.).

Horace Greeley

One of the most famous media people of the day. He was an outspoken critic with very radical views on politics, but he is telling the truth. He was also a grahamite and wanted to end reconstruction because he felt that it was encouraging corruption. Even though this is a split from the Republican Party, the Democrats get behind him, because they are hoping for a fractured party.

William Randolph Hearst

One of the most famous yellow journalists; Author of the New York Journal, who during the Cuban Rebellion uses photography to get more sales. He was responsible for sending Frederic Remington to Cuba, who makes up the story about Evangelina Cisneros.

Daniel Webster

One of three men who met to create the Compromise of 1850 and eventually dies in this era.

Social stratification

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Copperheads

Opposed Lincoln and opposed the war; name comes from the venomous southern snakes .

New Jersey Plan

Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Niagara Movement

Organized by WEB Dubois, in 1905, where the first conference was at Niagara Falls because both blacks and whites could meet there. A group of leaders (both black and white) said that the approach to civil rights was to demand rights right now. They create the United Negro College Fund, which helps raise money for black people to go to college for a liberal arts training, because Dubois was trying to promote equality for the talented 10, which were black people like him.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

NSC-68

Our National Security Council (NSC) does some research and puts out a document, which becomes famous for becoming our statement of foreign policy for the future. Our previous foreign policy statement had been to use money to keep people from turning Communist, but now China is Communist, so the new strategy is to build up our army, along with the bombs, money to Europe, etc. Truman wasn't sure about this, but once the Korean War hits, he realizes we have to build up the military.

Headright System

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

NDEA

Part of Eisenhower's domestic policy; The National Defense Education Act was is the first time in history our federal government gets involved in education saying our students need to be smarter and more capable.

Richard Morris Hunt

Part of the City Beautiful Movement, who built city homes for the wealthy; built for the Vanderbilt's (Biltmore).

Louis Sullivan

Part of the City Beautiful Movement, who in 1871 designed the first skyscraper.

Frederick Law Olmstead

Part of the City Beautiful Movement, who was the designer of New York's Central Park.

Pendleton Act, 1883

Passed by Arthur which shocked the country, and was in response to Guiteau killing Garfield, because the spoils system caused Guiteau to think killing Garfield was a good idea. The law said that from now on many of the government jobs will be awarded on the civil service basis, instead of the spoils system/patronage system. Now you get your job if you merit a job, and they way earn this government job is by a) taking a civil service examination (very easy, just used to show that the individual has a general understanding of how the government works) and b) going through a series of interviews, so that even if you are friends with one of the interviewers, the others could weed you out.

Tydings McDuffie Act

Passed for the independence of the Philippines. This act let the Philippines become free after 12 year transition time.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

McKinley Tariff

Passed in 1890, named after William McKinley, is going to be the highest tariff in America up to that point (48.4%).

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Passed in 1890, where the government will buy more silver to promote more inflation, in order to throw the farmers a bone, after passing the McKinley Tariff. The problem with this act, is that the government won't buy enough silver to create the type inflation the farmers were calling for.

Elkins Act, 1903

Passed in 1903, this law basically strengthens the Interstate Commerce Commission so that it has more leverage to go after railroad companies, as well as it can go after people who benefited from corrupt railroad practices. The Interstate Commerce Act outlawed rebates, but the Elkins Act says that you can fine people for issues rebates and people for accepting rebates. It increases the government's power to regulate railroads.

Hepburn Act, 1906

Passed in 1906, this law significantly increases the power of the ICC, where now they can go into railroad companies and allow them to change company rates. The Supreme Court upholds this law, because even they realized that they can't mess with Roosevelt.

Antiquities Act, 1906

Passed in 1908, this is a law that Roosevelt pushes through Congress, that empowers the president to set aside anything that has historical value. Roosevelt wanted this in order to set aside the Grand Canyon, because he knew there were companies ready to go in and mine the whole thing.

Truman Doctrine

Passed in 1947 was aimed at keeping Greece and Turkey from collapsing. Truman pledges $400 million of military aid to Greece and Turkey, where we start sending them weapons and money. When these little civil wars start to occur, the democracies crush both of them. This allows democracy to survive and Communist not to spread, so Truman thinks this is a good plan and keeps doing it.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947, takes the former OSS (spy network during WWII) and makes it the full time CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). The act also changed the Department of War to the Department of Defense.

Taft-Hartley Act

Passed in 1947. This law did a ton of things, but long story short, it reversed the Wagner Act, which allowed unions to exist and everyone had the right to collectively bargain. This act allowed states to reverse the Wagner Act if they wanted.

Adamson Act

Passed in of 1916 which created an 8 hour workday in the railroad industry. This eventually got the ball rolling and was implemented universally.

Dingley Tariff

Passed under McKinley in 1897 and part of "standpattism", which was the highest tariff in American history so far (52%).

Liberty Party

People from the American Anti-Slavery Society who didn't want to work with moral 'suasion so they leave and form another party to try to end slavery, through a top down approach in government in contrast to a grassroots movement.

Food Administration Board

People liked this organization because it saved food for the war and people who participated in this felt like they played an important role in the war. Herbert Hoover ran this organization and the term "Hooverize" becomes known which basically means conserving. Because of this doing so well it is able to feed Belgium when they were on the verge of starving to death. It will lead to the passing of the 18th Amendment.

Indentured servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

Sooners and Boomers

People who settled in Oklahoma before President Cleveland made the territory official for settlement.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops

Conciliatory Proposition

Plan whereby Parliament would "forbear" taxation of Americans in colonies whose assemblies imposed taxes considered satisfactory by the British government

Ohio Gang

Poker-playing cronies from Harding's native state who contributed to the morally loose atmosphere in his administration. Responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal

American Party

Political organization that was created after the election of 1852 by the Know-Nothings, was organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants who entered the United States after 1846

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail from Europe to India. He led four ships that sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, opening a trade route that is still used today.

Implied powers

Powers derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause. These powers are not stated specifically but are considered to be reasonably implied through the exercise of delegated powers.

Reserved powers

Powers given to the state government alone

concurrent powers

Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.

Enumerated powers

Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war.

John Edwards

Preacher in New England who helped set off the Great Awakening. Best known for his sermon sinner sin the hands of an angry god. Most famous of sermons to dramatize life and death of ones soul.

Radical Republican Reconstruction

Pretty much the same thing as Congressional Reconstruction because the people who controlled Congress where Radical Republicans, who are defined as people who want to crush the South by forcing them to treat black people equally.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol This amendment is the midpoint of a growing drive towards women's rights as well as showing the moral attitude of the era.

Omaha Platform

Proposed by the Populist Party in attempt to unite the farmers and workers; it included economic reforms (wanted a sub treasury, less waste and corruption, government run local banks, corporate subsidies banned, land redistribution, the right for unions to exist, 8 hour work day, Pinkertons banned, government ownership of major industries, graduated/progressive income tax to lower the tariff, and a loose money system with the free and unlimited coinage of silver), political reforms (wanted direct election of Senators, the referendum, the initiative, the secret ballot and the one term presidency), and social reforms (wanted pensions and to restrict immigration).

Ferdinando Gorges

Proprietor of Maine, until it became part of the Massachusetts bay colony

PWA

Public Works Administration - intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River).

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Charles Evans Hughes

Republican candidate during the Election of 1916, who was a progressive, kinda opposed to war, but not so much that he would steer off people who didn't mind war (Roosevelt-supporters), and pretty much like Roosevelt.

Election of 1900

Republicans enthusiastically nominate McKinley again, as he was popular with the people, because the economy was getting better, we win a war, etc. They also nominate Teddy Roosevelt as Vice President, in order to stop him for cleaning up corruption as governor. The democrats commit suicide and run Bryan. McKinley wins, which shows us that the country generally likes imperialism and the Gilded Age will continue.

Mugwumps

Republicans that were disgusted with being Republican, and early on, we called them the Liberal Revolt. Many of these people were ready to vote Democrat, because as seen in the prior election, the Democrats were adopting Republican "light" policies.

Quartering Act, 1765

Required the colonies to feed and house British troops, raised troubling questions in the colonies; applied to all colonies; but mainly affected NYC, the headquarters of the British forces

Agricultural Revolution

Resulted not only in a more reliable food source, but also in a shifting of dependency and power to males over females, the claiming and defending of land, and the establishment of the first political and religious institutions.

Resumption Act of 1875

Returned the country to the gold standard, in turn reversing inflationary policies by gradually reducing the amount of Greenbacks in circulation.

Robert Frost

Robert Frost wrote of New England ("The Road Not Taken")

Horizontal Integration (Consolidation)

Rockefeller practices this, which is similar to vertical integration, but instead of trying to control all of your inputs, you control all of one of the levels of the process. He bought up all the refineries (putting the Standard Oil of Ohio name on them) and eventually he ends up owning 98% of refining.

Standard Oil of Ohio

Rockefeller's Oil Company.

Bank Holiday

Roosevelt and Congress declared a four-day bank holiday in which all banks would close. In doing so people were not able to remove their money from the bank and circulation. Roosevelt then had a "fireside chat" over the radio in which he soothed the nation and urged them to put their money back into reopened banks when the holiday ended. It worked. The depression was still in full swing, but the bank crisis was over

White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling's poem, that says the anglo saxon race is the best. This has ties to social Darwinism, as people thought it was the "burden of the white man" to convert all of these solemn peoples to "our ways."

Schenck vs. US

Schenck was the under-secretary of the Socialist Party of America. He was Eugene Debs's right hand man and after Debs goes to jail, Schenck continues to go around and make speeches to dodge the draft. In a unanimous vote, the Supreme Court decides to vote in favor of the US and says that Freedom of Speech can be limited if it presents a clear and obvious danger.

"Duck and cover"

Schoolchildren practiced crawling under their desks and putting their hands over their heads to protect themselves from an atomic bomb attack. Used during the Cold War between nations.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union.

Disestablishment

Separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by the state/government; opposed tax-supported church

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Three-fifth compromise

Settled the question of how slave populations would be represented in Congress. Said that each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person. All fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners.

Eleanor Roosevelt

She redefined the role of the presidential spouse and was the first woman to address a national political convention, write a nationally syndicated column and hold regular press conferences. She traveled throughout the nation to promote the New Deal, women's causes, organized labor, and meet with African American leaders. She was her husband's liaison to liberal groups and brought women activists and African American and labor leaders to the White House.

Black Hawk's War

Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the sauk and fox Indians led by Black Hawk.

Black Hawk's War

Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the sauk and fox indians led by Black Hawk.

Tenure Of Office Act

Should have been called the "Johnson we dare you to violate it so we can impeach you act." It was a law that said anyone in the cabinet (that the President runs) who was still there from a previous President (Lincoln's cabinet), can't be removed by the current President without Congressional approval. Johnson looks at the law and thinks it isn't even Constitutional, so he fired the guy he was supposed to protect, Edwin Stanton (Secretary of War), Thaddeus' Steven's spy in the cabinet. The act is passed, the House immediately votes to impeach, and the Senate nearly removes him from office but missed by 1 vote, didn't get the 2/3 majority. Even though he wasn't impeached, Johnson as well as the rest of the country, realizes he is no longer important (de-clawed).

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

Signed in 1901, where Britain basically gives us permission to build a canal. Now we start looking for a place to build a canal, and the early favor was in Nicaragua.

Root-Takahira Agreement

Signed in 1907, where Japan will stop doing all this belligerent stuff in the Pacific (which they do), and America says they will leave alone whatever influence Japan has in the Pacific.

Four Power Treaty

Signed in 1921, it was treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain in the South Pacific

Trust

Similar to interlocking directorates that creates the illusion of competition, but instead of a board of directors, it was one man or company.

City Manager System

Similar to the Commission System, which was established after what happened in Dayton Ohio. There was a huge flood that drowns the whole city, and eventually everyone realizes that no one knows how to run the city. In this system, you elect your city council, but they hire a city manager, who is someone who got a college degree, that teaches them how to run a city. This system works great on middle-sized cities, but not so much in big cities, because the progressives can't overthrow the bosses.

Fallout shelters

Small structure usually underground, equipped with water and food and supplies, places to go for safety in case of a nuclear attack.

Industrial Revolution

Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Peggy Eaton Affair

Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.

"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?"

Song about the great depression. Showed how even the wealthy and educated can lose everything they have.

SNCC

Soon after a lot of college students get involved in stuff like this and realize they need and organization to coordinate all of this, so in 1960 the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, is formed. This will be a college run group that is trying to organize civil disobedience around America.

War hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon

Battle of Manila Bay

Spain has ten battleships and the US has six. We sink all ten of them and they sink none of ours. They lose 400 sailors, we lose one. Now, the balance of power has changed around the world because America is now seen as a major power.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Vasco Balboa

Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513

Granger Laws

State level laws that eliminate the corrupt practices, by allowing states to regulate railroads. The problem is that the federal government has the exclusive right to regulate the railroads, because it is considered interstate commerce. So the states will pass these laws and angry railroads will then sue these states.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

States cannot pass laws to impair contracts.New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts. Business legal.

Stephen Foster

Stephen Foster was a white Pennsylvanian that wrote, ironically, the most famous black songs. H lived from 1826 to 1864. His one excursion into the South occurred in 1852, after he had published "Old Folks at Home". Foster made a valuable contribution to American Folk music by capturing the plaintive spirit of the slaves.

Bull market

Stock market experiences a general rise in prices and stock trading volume for shares over a period of time.

Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Half-Breeds/Liberals

Supporters of James Blaine and opposed the Stalwarts.

Stalwarts/Old Guard

Supporters of Roscoe Conkling and opposed the Half-Breeds.

federalist

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority - A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control floods in a seven-U.S.-state region around the Tennessee River Valley . It created many dams that provided electricity as well as jobs. Was a relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Rights of Englishmen

Term prevalent in seventeenth-century England and America referring to certain historically established rights, beginning with the rights of the Magna Carta, that all English subjects were understood to have. These included the right not to be kept in prison without a trial, the right to trial by jury, security in one's home from unlawful entry, and no taxation without consent, among others.

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Midnight judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

16th-19th Amendments

The 16th Amendment is passed under Taft, which authorizes the use of a progressive income tax. The 17th amendment will be passed in 1913, which gives the people back the control of the Senate, by the direct election of the Senate. So no longer will Senators be selected by corrupt state level figures. The 18th Amendment is the prohibition amendment. This is passed as part of conservation of food because alcohol is made of grain and prohibition is a way to not waste grain hence on something that is hindering the cause. The 19th amendment in 1920 gives the right to vote to women. By giving women the right to vote, it enfranchises about half of our country and was seen as very progressive, because most women vote more liberal.

AAA

The Agriculture Adjustment Administration - Created in 1933 as part of FDR's New Deal. Controlled the production and prices of crops by offering subsidies to farmers who stayed under set quotas. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1936. ("Artificial Scarcity")

Glass Stegall Act/ FDIC

The Glass Steagall Act or Glass Steagall Banking Reform Act provided for the creating of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation which in turn insured personal bank deposits of up to $5,000. Glass Steagall also sought to prevent speculative abuses by creating a firewall between investment and commercial banking corporations while giving the Federal Reserve Board more power. **Note: Glass Steagall is important. It led to the longest period of sustained economic growth in US history and a 60 year expansion of the middle class. During that same period we won WWII, put a man on the moon and a computer in everyone's lap, all largely due to Glass Steagall's impact on our economy. Know this, it's important

Korematsu vs. US, 1944

The Japanese Americans then sue the United States in 1944, which said that internment camps went against the 5th amendment and due process but gets rejected and rules that in times of war, basically, screw civil rights.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

The MIA organized these, but they want the local city ordinances that require black people to sit in the back of buses to go away, so they threaten the buses, by saying black people will not ride them. This goes on for over a year, and when buses are floundering and about to go out of business, they approach the city governments saying the law must be changed, and they do. This encourages the entire black community across America that this will work.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909 by Dubois, and famous for bringing the Brown vs. Board of Education case to the Supreme Court. This group creates a newsletter called "The Crisis" (similar to the Liberator for the Abolitionist movement) in 1910 and is still around today.

James Garfield

The Republican candidate during the Election of 1880, because no one had ever heard of him before the national convention, which meant he had no baggage, he gave a good speech, he was from a farming background in Ohio that made him look Jacksonian, he was a Civil War general and he had a reputation for integrity. When he takes office, he immediately runs into civil service issues or problems with the spoils system, where in normal politics people would come into his office and demand jobs for helping with his campaign, but he refuses to hand these jobs out, including Charles Guiteau, the guy who will, after 3 months in office assassinate him.

Election of 1876

The Republicans are in a tough spot, because Grant's presidency was so corrupt. Grant is turned down when he asks for a 3rd term, and because there is tension in the Republican party over James Blaine and Roscoe Conkling, they chose Rutherford B. Hayes who runs on the campaign of "waving the bloody shirt" which turns public attention to the blame the South for the Civil War (and therefore the Democratic Party). The key thing in the Republican platform is that it didn't say anything about reconstruction. The Democrats smell an opportunity so they run Samuel Tilden, who is moderate on politics, appeals to the working class and the opposite of political corruption. Tilden gets more votes and everyone in the country knew he won Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida (swing states), but Hayes is named the winner by 1 vote, which happens because, the people counting the votes decide, behind closed doors, that he is the winner and create the Compromise of 1877.

John Hay

The Secretary of State that writes the Open Door Notes (Policy).

John Foster Dulles

The Secretary of State under Eisenhower who comes up with massive retaliation.

SEC

The Securities and Exchange Commission - Created to regulate the chaotic stock and bond markets

"Massive Resistance"

The South adopts the mindset of this, which is basically the new southern strategy to stop schools from being integrated. Generally they protest, they defy orders, they unite the solid south again, they ignore state level laws and constitutions, they use violence when necessary and they push for privatization of education (private schools can segregate).

Hammer vs. Dagenhart, 1918

The Supreme Court declared the Keating-Owen Child Labor Law unconstitutional. Keating-Owen had prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products made with child labor.

Tories

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Destroyer Deal

The US does this in September of 1940 with Britain, where we start to give 50 US destroyers to guard the Cash-and-Carry affair in exchange for a lease of 50 military bases in the Western Hemisphere. Long story short, we give them naval vessels and we get military bases. Britain evidently gets benefits from both of those because they don't have to worry about these bases due to our protection. So in sum, we are doing two things: supporting the Allies and preparing for war.

War with the Barbary Pirates

The United States fought two separate wars with Tripoli (1801-1805) and Algiers (1815-1816), although at other times it preferred to pay tribute to obtain the release of captives held in the Barbary States. The practice of state-supported piracy and ransoming of captives was not wholly unusual for its time. Many European states commissioned privateers to attack each others' shipping and also participated in the transatlantic slave trade. The two major European powers, Great Britain and France, found it expedient to encourage the Barbary States' policy and pay tribute to them, as it allowed their merchant shipping an increased share of the Mediterranean trade, and Barbary leaders chose not to challenge the superior British or French navies.

Cohen vs. Virginia

The Virginia courts found the Cohens guilty for selling illegal lottery tickets; However, this case established the idea that the Supreme Court could review all cases and decisions of the state's supreme court involving the powers of the federal government.

Patroonship system

The ______________________ was established by the Lords Nineteen in 1628 to try to stem the tide of returning colonists and to encourage settlement in New Netherland. Patroons--or "patrons"--were wealthy Dutchmen who were given extensive tracts of land, powers of local government, and some participation in the fur trade in exchange for settling fifty colonists in New Netherland.

Right of deposit

The ability for Americans to transit cargoes to New Orleans without paying duties to Spanish government.

Bootlegging

The act of making and transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally

UNIA / Pan-Africanism

The black working class's first mass movement; Under the leadership of the Jamaican born, Marcus Garvey, the UNIA built racial pride; challenged white political and cultural hegemony; and championed black separatism.

"He kept us out of war"

The campaign Wilson ran on during the Election of 1916, which said that if Hughes (a friend of Roosevelt) is elected we will go to war, but I kept us out of war and if you elect me, we will continue to stay neutral.

Liberia

The colony that the American Colonization Society bought to send free blacks.

Central Pacific

The company in charge of building the transcontinental railroad from California to Utah.

Power of the purse

The constitutional power of Congress to raise and spend money. Congress can use this as a negative or checking power over the other branches by freezing or cutting their funding.

Monopoly

The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

San Francisco Conference

The first actual meeting of the UN; held in the San Francisco Opera House. They first decide they need a permanent headquarters, which will eventually be built in NYC (the best city ever).

Pearl Harbor

The first battle is when the Japanese attack us at _________ ___________ on December 7, 1941. A quick summary: they sneak attack Sunday morning and sink a bunch of our ships (the most famous being the Arizona), and around 2300 people die.

Township sytem

The first legal enactment concerning the system provided that, whereas, ' particular townships have many things which concern only themselves and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own town, ' therefore the ' freemen of every township, or a majority part of them, shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said town, to grant lots, and to make such orders as may concern the well ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the general court.'

Amelia Earhart

The first woman to make a transatlantic flight in 1932, this pilot gained quick publicity and was a female icon for her daring attitude and will to go on. Soon after, she made a California-Hawaii flight, being the first to do so. However, in 1937 she and her navigator attempted to fly around the world, and mysteriously disappeared over the Pacific. She opened up many new avenues for female flight, and made the idea of a woman more independent.

Alfred Landon

The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man".

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

CW McCune

The guy to found the first farmer's alliance.

George Goethals

The guy who designed most of the engineering that goes into building the Panama Canal.

Humphrey Gilbert

The half brother of Sir Walter Raleigh. He was a pioneer of English colonization in North America and was prominent during the reign of Elizabeth I.

Domino Theory

The idea is that once China fell, all of Asia is going to fall unless we stop these dominoes from falling, Korea being the first, Vietnam looking like it is the second.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

"Spirit of Geneva"

The idea that we can maybe work with the Soviets and the Soviets can work with America.

Carrie Chapman Catt

The leader of the NAWSA.

Godey's Lady Book

The magazine was published by Louis A. Godey from Philadelphia for 48 years (1830-1878). Godey intended to take advantage of the popularity of gift books, many of which were marketed specifically to women.[3] Each issue contained poetry, articles, and engravings created by prominent writers and other artists of the time. Sarah Josepha Hale (author of "Mary Had a Little Lamb") was its editor from 1837 until 1877 and only published original, American manuscripts. Although the magazine was read and contained work by both men and women,[4] Hale published three special issues which only included work done by women.

Charles Guiteau

The man who assassinated Garfield, while saying "I am the stalwarts of stalwarts." He thought that now Arthur, a Conklingnite, is in office, he will hire him and pardon him, but it didn't happen.

George Westinghouse

The man who invented the air break (which makes trains stop reliably) and the Alternating Current (AC), which allows the country to get energy from a distance, instead of the Washington D.C.

Lewis Cass

The man who invents the idea of popular sovereignty.

AEF/"Doughboys"

The name for the American Army during World War I, which was led by Black Jack Pershing. These soldiers were known as the "Doughboys," because they were new and needed to be trained.

Big Stick Policy

The nickname for Roosevelt's foreign policy, and is called this because you don't need to get in fights with other countries, you need to intimidate people into doing what you want. During Roosevelt's presidency America was involved in almost no wars, because we didn't need to be, because everybody was scared of us.

Little Rock Nine/Crisis

The other thing that forces Eisenhower's hand is this in 1957. Long story short, 9 black kids were supposed to go the white central high school, the school says no, and the governor, Orval Faubus, has to call the national guard to stop a riot. Eisenhower is in a tough spot, but decides to call out the military and nationalize the national guard, because a state is going out of its way to defy a federal order on national television. This shows us that civil rights will be grudgingly getting enforced, which will lead the South to change its approach.

The Hundred Days

The period of March 9th to June 16th during which Roosevelt and the Congress passed 15 major pieces of legislation proposed by the president that transformed the role of the federal government in social and economic life

Deficit spending

The practice where a government spends more money that it receives as revenue. Usually refers to the conscious effort to stimulate economic growth by lowering taxes or increasing government expenditures.

Internal Improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

"Grapes of Wrath"

The story follows the fortunes of a poor family as they travel from the Dust Bowl region to California. based on the great depression written by John Steinbeck

Phrenology

The study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and character.

Full Funding

The term refers to Alexander Hamilton's plan to refinance the national debt at par; that is, exchange new government securities for old government securities at their face value despite the fact that many persons holding these securities had purchased them from their original holder for a fraction of their face value.

Millard Fillmore

The thirteenth President of the United States when Zachary Taylor dies. He is no Zachary Taylor and just decides that the country will like him more if he will just "goes with the flow" so he decides to pass the Compromise of 1850.

Rush Bagot Agreement

The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and British North America. This agreement was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Great Britain in the period following the War of 1812, treaty between the United States and Britain enacted in 1817 (signed April 28-29, 1817 in Washington, DC). The treaty provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained

Lecompton Constitution

The vote during the Bleeding Kansas event, that was pro-slavery. It eventually passes because the abolitionists recognize that Missourians are in the territory and many don't even vote realizing this was a scam.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the __________ to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Sit-Ins

Then a few years go by, there is not much activity in civil rights, and a lot of people start to wonder if the movement is dying out. But then as a few kids are sitting over in Greensboro, talking about why the movement for equality is slowing down, they decide in 1960 to sit down at the Woolworth's lunch counter. As more blacks show up at Woolworth, white people follow, and violence breaks out, leading to _____ _____ all across the country.

Scabs

These are workers (usually immigrants), that when workers go on strikes, these people replace the striking workers.

Insular Cases

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Dixiecrats

They are the deep south Democrats who were on the edge about the New Deal (good only if money went to Southern states) and hated Civil Rights. They nominate Strom Thurmond in the election of 1948.

Molly Maguires

They were a group of Irish coal miners that worked together. As soon as the Panic of 1873 hits America, they rise up and turn into terrorists. As people started to die and mines/factories were being blown up, the owners of the mines start to hire Pinkertons. Twelve or the men are put on trial, where the district attorney was the owner of the coal mine and the judge was one of the largest shareholders in the mines, so all 12 men are found guilty and executed. After this you didn't see unions in mines for about another 40 years.

Alexis Tocqueville

This author wrote "democracy in america" based on his observations of america from his 2 years of traveling across a country to research it's prison system

Dennis, et al vs. US

This case breaks outs in 1951, where 11 guys are in jail for violating the Smith Act. They sue saying they were just joking and were never going to do anything, but the Supreme Court says that during the Red Scare period, there is no freedom of speech of security is at risk.

Point Four Program

This completely fails, but this would have been like a Marshall Plan for the third world (underdeveloped countries). It doesn't work because in the third world, we do not give them enough money to make change, so they stay underdeveloped.

Security Council

This consists of 12 countries, where 7 rotate every two years and 5 are permanent (US, Britain, Soviet Union, France and China) that have veto powers. This is supposed to enforce decisions, so that is why the 5 strongest countries were on it.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

This created the GI Bill of Rights.

Suburbanization

This housing boom in suburban areas impacts tons of other sectors in our economy. One was caused by the GI Bill, because the government is sponsoring low interest mortgages. The second cause is "white flight" because during WWII a ton of ethnic minorities move to big cities, so the white people move to the suburbs. People in this time period have enough money to afford two cars, making it easier to live outside of the city.

Checkers Speech

This incident occurred during the election, where Nixon was borrowing from his campaign fund to buy stuff for his family. We call that fraud, and he was supposed to go to jail. Eisenhower didn't like Nixon and wanted to throw him off the ticket, so he told him he had like a day to fix this scandal. Nixon goes on TV and makes this speech, where he says sorry and will return all of the money except Checkers, the family spaniel. Public opinion shoots up, so Eisenhower has to keep him on the Republican ticket.

"Rum, Romanism, Rebellion"

This is Blaine's death sentence, where he makes a speech in New York City, and New York was the state that this election comes down to. During the speech someone gets up and starts attacking the Democrats, claiming they were the party of "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion," and after Blaine quietly claps and moves on. The problem is that the Irish control the vote in New York, where with rum, the Irish were known to be heavy drinkers, with Romanism, Irish are pretty much all Catholic, and with rebellion, the Irish supported the South, because they hated the war, because it was all about freeing blacks that would take away job opportunities.

League of Nations

This is Wilson's idea of a peacekeeping agency that would involve every country to prevent wars. If a nation were to be found violating this rule the other countries would crack the whip and all bring this nation down to stop fighting. Europe likes this point because they (mainly France and England) realize that Germany was a major world power and that they were going to come back and fight again yet that time they would be fighting everyone including the US.

NATO

This is created because now that we realize the Soviets are aggressively pursuing expansion and countries want to confirm US protection. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is a defensive alliance of Western democracies in Europe and North America, where if any of the member countries get attacked every one of them defends.

Office of Price Administration

This is going to come out in 1943, where because our economy was so great, we have to start worrying about prices. This organization puts in price ceilings to prevent inflation.

White Collar Economy

This is service kind of jobs (doctors, accountants, teachers, etc. - jobs that usually require a college degree). Even though at this time period we are still an industrial country, we see the growth of service. By the end of the 1960's industry shrinks to about nothing. These jobs generally paid a little better and offered a little better benefits, because you needed more skills and training, but they were much hard to unionize (hurt unions). A lot of these workers didn't need to unionize, because they were already being treated better.

Klu Klux Klan

This is the first violent white supremacy group that appears around 1865 led by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. They dress in sheets, to try and convince people that they are the ghosts of dead confederate soldiers. By 1871 the publicity of this group dies, but some people continue to meet in secret.

Sand Creek Massacre

This occurs in 1864, and stands out because it started this period of conflict. The Cheyenne tribe in Eastern Colorado always lived in peace among the US, but when a wagon train headed for California was massacred, the local American commander, Colonel John Chivington, attacked the Cheyenne village of women and children.

GI Bill of Rights

This provided three things: 1) it provided $52 a week for the first 52 weeks of when they returned home and they were unemployed so this helped with the transition 2) it gave them small loans for small businesses to help them start up or improve or build a home which helped the economy and 3) it also provides tuition for the veterans to either go to college or go to vocational school to get a job later on so that when veterans come back they aren't unemployed but rather students. The impact was that this worked extremely well.

Fordney McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Boston Port Act

This was one of the Coercive Acts, which shut down Boston Harbor until Boston repaid the East India Company for the lost tea.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

"New Nationalism"

This was the most important plank of the "Bull Moose" Party platform, which said that big business is good and should exist, but it needs to be regulated. There needs to be a government agency created that will have insane amounts of power to regulate business; stronger than the Department of Commerce. The Department of Commerce was hogtied by congressional laws, so Roosevelt wanted an agency that didn't always have to ask Congress for permission.

Nat Turner

Thought to be hand chosen by God to free the slaves when he accurately predicted a solar eclipse (thought to be a sign from God that a black hand was covering the sun, meaning that blacks should rise up and take down the white people) and he and 35 other slaves led a rebellion killing about 55 people (mostly women and children) and were eventually tacked down and killed. The rebellion led the South to start to view their slaves as dangerous and led to a massive increase of slave codes to regulate how poorly slaves were treated.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

To challenge Jim Crow, we see this case in 1896, where Homer Plessy (⅛ black) intentionally rode the white train car to be thrown off, and then he sues. The case goes all the way to the Supreme Court and the basis of his argument was that Jim Crow Laws were in violation of the 14th amendment. In the end, the case upholds Jim Crow Laws as separate but equal.

Morrill Tariff Act

To finance the war, the Union passed this act, that doubled the tariff. The Northern wealthy elites love it and after the war, this groups pretty much runs the country.

City Beautiful Movement

To solve the physical city problem of Gilded Age urbanization for the wealthier parts of town,

Revolution vs. evolution?

Too slow to be a revolution, evolution implies a gradual nature plus allows for the useful parts of the old system to remain (agriculture etc.)

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848; women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women; wrote the Declaration of Sentiments which tried to get women the right to vote.

Fair Deal

Truman doesn't do a whole lot in his second term, but calls his program this to build off the Square Deal and the New Deal. He accomplished a few things: We some social welfare increases such as minimum wage doubling, social security almost doubles (in the amount we spend on it), and basically we are seeing more New Deal stuff floating around out there. We some Civil Rights gains, as Truman openly supports it. Once Truman starts doing this thought, his career will be over. He integrates the bureaucracy (race is no longer used as a requirement for hiring people within the federal bureaucracy) and he also desegregates the military and was by far the most famous. There were also some failures: Truman planned on extending the TVA to the whole Missouri Valley, but didn't. He wanted to put more federal money into education, especially in poor districts, didn't happen. He tries to get rid of the Taft-Hartley Act, but a filibuster in the Senate prevents it from happening. He tried to do a lot more with Civil Rights, but again it didn't happen. He tried to get rid of poll taxes, literacy tests, tried to make a national anti-lynching bill, but none of those things happened. With Truman trying to get things accomplished but failing, this allows the Republicans to take both houses in Congress during the Midterm Elections of 1950. This shows us that people didn't particularly like Civil Rights.

Midway

Turning point of the Pacific war, in which Japan attempted to attack Midway but was repelled with heavy losses, proving the advantage offered by aircraft carriers over destroyers.

Quasi War

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

King Caucus

Up until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress, but in 1824, this idea was overthrown., Andrew Jackson's term for selection process of candidates

"Waving The Bloody Shirt"

Up until the Election of 1880, the Republicans used this successful campaign, where you run a general that says don't vote for the Democrats because they caused the war. It didn't work in 1880, because the Democrats ran Winfield Scott Hancock, a Northern Union general and it died in the Election of 1884, because James Blaine purchased a substitute during the war.

Eugene Debs

Upon hearing about the Espionage and Sedition Acts, tells Socialists in America to tear up their draft cards. He ends up going to jail and spends 3 years there. He runs for president, from jail, and gets about 1 million votes which shows us that some people kind of liked him.

Bread and Butter Unionism

Used by the AFL, where higher wages and less hours, were specific ideas that made sure the group always got things done.

Ocala Demands

Used by the Farmer's Alliances, which were a list of things the farmers wanted.

Gilded Age

Used to describe the era between 1865 and 1900 that was coined by Mark Twain who said America looked "shiny" on the outside, but in reality close to 90% suffered. Campbell calls it the Era of Fat White Guys With Facial Hair.

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day, when the Germans surrender during WWII.

Battles of Trenton and Princeton

Washington crossed Delaware, surprised Hessians at Trenton, went on to win at Princeton...gave new hope to Americans after defeats in New York, Vindicated Washington as general-in-chief after his defeats in New York; Improved American morale and patriotism

Neutrality Proclamation

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

Neutrality Acts, 1935-1939

We also see the _______________ ________ of 1935, 1936, and 1937, which creates the cash-and-carry program which make it so that if any belligerent (at war) nation can only buy, from the US, indirect war material. It cannot be a tank for example but they can buy food, wood, iron, etc. All of these things can only be bought on a cash and carry basis which meant that they had to be bough cash down and the nation had to carry it back itself. This also made it illegal to get on a boat of a belligerent nation. The _______________ _______ of 1939 continued the cash-and-carry program but included direct war materials.

"Rough Riders"

We didn't really have an army big enough to fight the Spanish (we eventually had about 60,000 regular soldiers but the Spanish had about 200,000) which meant we needed more volunteers. The most famous regiment was Roosevelt's, which became the first US volunteer regiment. Basically anyone who was good at killing, wanted to be part of this. This was super selective, for example, for every one person who applied, nine got turned down.

Samoan Crisis, 1889

We go to the Samoa islands in 1870's, and the Germans get there in the 1880's. It looks like a war was going to break out, until a hurricane prevents the navy from firing on each other. But eventually both sides agree this is unnecessary, and in the end we split the islands in half where Germany gets the western islands and we get the eastern islands.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

We paid $10 million and $250,000 a year to Panama, this new country, not Columbia and we signed the treaty in 1903 that gives us a 100 year permission to have that canal zone.

Harry Sinclair

Wealthy oilman who bribed cabinet officials in the Teapot Dome scandal

Douglas MacArthur

When the US thought the Japanese would attack the Philippines he was told to nationalize the Filipino army. He led island hopping in the south. After WWII, he was the governor of Japan for many years. He was in charge of the UN police action and goes to South Korea. When the Korean War ends in a stalemate, he is furious because he likes winning, so he says what we need to do is nuke the 39 largest Chinese cities, while invading China with a million man army. He threatens to do this, but Truman, his boss, tells him to cease and desist. His response is to go in front of Congress and give a speech, but in the end is fired.

Chinese Exclusion Act

When the country was starting to become anti-immigrant, and out West that meant the Chinese people, who were considered the Irish of the West Coast, this law was telling Chinese people to get out and to stop migration into the country. Hayes in his defense vetoes the bill, but by 1882 it passes under Chester Arthur.

Boxer Rebellion

Where Chinese nationalists in 1900-1901 decide to destroy all western influence, including killing Chinese Christians. The U.S. quickly goes over there and puts the rebellion down, which in turn gives us a foothold in China.

U2 Incident

Which was when a spy plane flown by Francis Gary Powers gets shot down. How? The Soviets developed surface air missiles, which is another example of how the arms race was continuing to develop. Now he is a Soviet prisoner and they put him on a nationally televised trial. On the trial, he has to testify that living under American capitalism is terrible, but in the Communist regime everyone is nice and is a better society than the US. At the end of the day he is convicted of treason and sentenced to death, but to show that Russia isn't crazy they let him go back to his own country.

Interlocking Directorates

Why JP Morgan made so much money, where he tried to make it look like competition was occurring, by having the exact same people sit on the board of directors (normally largest stockholders) for multiple companies.

The Blue Eagle

Widely displayed symbol of the National Recovery Admin. (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform U.S. industry

Louis Brandeis

Wilson appoints him to the supreme court. He was very progressive for the time period and also happened to be the first Jewish judge to serve on the Supreme Court. He also happened to be the lawyer that argued in the Muller vs. Oregon case.

Election of 1920

Wilson couldn't run and the Democrats somehow found a way to self destruct, because they had no good candidate to run. The Democrats were never really popular and with Wilson in charge, his egotistical personality took over and he never let anyone else run anything. So the only Democrat America knew about was him, and approaching the election, Democrats have no well-known candidate. They end up nominating James Cox, a newspaper editor from Dayton Ohio, who also ended up governor at one point, with the running mate Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Republicans were smelling an opportunity, because both Progressive and Conservatives hated Wilson. The front runner was going to be Theodore Roosevelt, but then he died before the nominating process. Now everyone thought the candidate would be Leonard Wood, Teddy's right hand man, who was fairly Progressive. But, at the Republican convention, the powers behind the throne, or the smoke-filled room (where the party bosses hide), decide they don't want Teddy again. Instead they wanted someone they could manipulate and control. They nominate Warren Harding, also a newspaper editor and governor from Ohio but was also a US Senator, with the running mate Calvin Coolidge, a governor from Massachusetts. Harding wasn't super smart, but well liked, which was good for the Republican party bosses because they could control him. Coolidge was liked by the party as well because during a police strike for higher wages, he fired all of them and brought in the military to police the state, claiming "you never have the right to strike against public safety." Conservatives worshiped him for that, because he didn't like the working class. You see two very Conservative Republicans running against two moderately Progressive Democrats. In the campaign, Harding promised a "return to normalcy," a word he made up, which was him saying we need to get back to good old-fashioned American values, meaning let's bring back the Gilded Age. He wants the foreign policy to be isolationist and wants business to be back in control of the government, where the free market reigns. The results? An absolute death blow to the Democrats. 16 million popular vote for Harding and 9 million for Cox.

Solemn Referendum

Wilson's belief that the presidential election of 1920 should constitute a direct popular vote on the League of Nations.

Birth of a Nation

Wilson's favorite movie, the first shown in the White House, which came out in 1913 and was based on the book The Klansmen. It is basically a telling of the history of America via a textbook from Texas, where it suggests that America was fine until black people invaded their perfect culture. Note that the KKK was portrayed as heroes in the movie.

public education

With increased birthrates, urbanization, the outlawing of child labor, the increase of voting rights, and the influence of socialism, families were changed by the children spending much of their time in free community-sponsored ______ ______.

Deterrence

With massive retaliation we are practicing this; by having such a large ability to hurt people, we are trying to deter war from occurring.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Leviathan

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852, that came out right as Pierce was getting elected. The book sells like wildfire, 300,000 copies in the first year, because it was so relevant to Northerners, who believe that all slave owners are like "Simon Legree." The North claims that "this is slavery" and says "how could you support this" and Southerners (who don't even read it) counter saying "this is NOT slavery" and are angry "that some stupid little girl who hasn't even seen slavery is putting out slander and lies and the North is actually believing it." This is the book where there is no turning back, because up until 1852, both sides were looking for a way to hate the other, which they get with the Kansas Nebraska Act, and the combination of the two completely divides the nation.

Open Door Notes

Written by John Hay, it says that China is an independent country and that Europeans have spheres of influence, for trade only.

Scientific Management

Written in 1911 by Frederick Winslow Taylor, it says there is a best way to do everything, even the smallest movements. Businessmen apply this idea to their companies, in order to increase profit. The most famous of them being Henry Ford who creates the country's best assembly line.

Roger Williams

A dissenter, ______________ clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Protective tariff

A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers and thus protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.

Henry Ford

A factory owner famous for his Model T. He developed the assembly line, which quickened production in factories, as well as the Model T.

Irish Potato Famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Theodore Dreiser

A fiction writer (fiction was popular because it was a lens to critique real society) who writes two important books, both trying to poke holes in the American Dream. He was the opposite of Horatio Alger who wrote Ragged Dick, because he creates stories that say even though the American Dream does happen, it is not all it's cut out to be. His first book is Sister Carrie and the second is An American Tragedy in 1925. In both books, Dreiser is telling us that the American Dream is so must worse than we think it is. He is saying that the Gilded Age mindset needs to die and that human nature is Clyde Griffiths. Like Henry George, his solution is strong government action.

Jack London

A fiction writer, who in 1903 wrote Call Of The Wild and in 1906 writes White Fang, which were books about guys who were stranded in the wilderness. By writing this he is trying to trigger conservation, that there is something inherently good about nature.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences.

Blitzkrieg

A form of warfare used by German forces in World War II. In a ______________, troops in vehicles, such as tanks, made quick surprise strikes with support from airplanes. These tactics resulted in the swift German conquest of France and Poland in 1940. It is German for "lightning war."

Paul Cuffee

A former slave who bought himself and became wealthy through the shipping industry; he has an epiphany that he must free his people, so uses his wealth and boats to buy up slaves and send them back to Africa. His idea helps form the American Colonization Society.

George Bingham

A genre painter (canvas tells a story) who painted the scenes of everyday life and nature.

Columbian Exchange

A global exchange of people, plants, animals, technology, and disease form Americas to Europe. Began by Christopher Columbus. brought a commercial revolution and mercantilism.

Manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

"Fire Eaters"

A group of Southerners, not representing the majority, that take slavery seriously, in response to Zachary Taylor's plan to keep California as a free state, meet at the Nashville Convention and discuss secession. Taylor's response, when he hears that Southerners are meeting to discuss secession, is to "Jacksonize" them, a term that historians use to mean what Jackson would have done ("hang the damn traitors"). This entire event shows that compromise in the future is looking even more unlikely.

Oneida

A group of socio-religious perfectionists founded by John Noyes who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. Were very exclusive; members were monitored closely for mistakes. Had a committee to elect which members could have children (eugenics)

Charles Sumner

A guy from Massachusetts, who makes a 2 day speech called "The Crime Against Kansas" where he accuses the South of being responsible for Kansas and calls out Andrew Butler, a senator from South Carolina who wasn't even present. Preston Brooks, a relative of Andrew Butler, decides to get revenge by beating Sumner with a cane 39 times, until he has to be hospitalized for over 2 years. No one did anything to stop it because they were afraid they would trigger a war.

Ulysses Grant

A guy from Ohio, fought pretty well in the Mexican War and was then stationed in Colorado (babysitting Indians). Because there weren't many Indians in the territory, he became bored and depressed and turned to alcohol. Eventually he became known as a drunk and quit the military and became a cashier in his father in law's store, so basically his life was over. When the Civil War starts, he volunteers in the Illinois state militia, but is considered a nobody. Out in Missouri , he gains a higher position in the Union army and is put in charge of taking over Forts Donelson and Henry, which were right next to each other near the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, so taking them over meant completing a step in the anaconda plan. On February 7th 1862, he storms up to Fort Henry and the Confederate Army almost immediately surrender, asking for some terms, but Henry replies with "unconditional surrender," which means they are prisoners and get nothing. A few days later, he goes to Fort Donelson and long story short, he does the exact same thing. After taking over both forts, he starts to look less like a loser and more like the best general the Union has. At the Battle of Shiloh, it looks like he has won again, but the guy who brought the reinforcements, Henry Halik, tells him not to follow the Confederates to Jackson and Halik then becomes the hero of the Battle of Shiloh. He gets accused of being irresponsible because he was drunk. In 1863 at the Battle of Vicksburg, he wins without almost any Union casualties and starts to become a hero. And to add to his becoming a hero, on the way back to Washington from Vicksburg, he stops at Chattanooga and wins that battle too, which was a major railroad junction that is now cut off. Next, he comes to the Eastern Theater of the war, and starts his Wilderness Campaign, where he does the opposite of all the generals before him who would make it halfway to Richmond, stop, fight, lose and then retreat. He understands the advantages of the Union (supplies, navy, soldiers, etc.) and at the first battle the Confederates beat him pretty easily because he just marched right in, and the Confederates are happy, thinking that he is just like all the other generals and he will go back to Washington, get fired and the Confederates now have 6 months to prepare. But he doesn't stop, he keeps going, which means the Confederate army has to go and meet him, and when they do the same thing happens, where the Confederates think that he will have to retreat now, but no, he keeps going. By moving forward, he is losing troops, just not as fast or at a bigger percentage than Lee was. At the Battle of Petersburg he puts Richmond under siege to the point where Lee had to escape and retreat and at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrenders to him.

Fort Duquesne

A key French fort. Whoever took over ________________ would win the French and Indian War. This fort was burned down by the French because they couldn't get their supplies.

Crittenden Compromise

A last ditch peace attempt in December of 1860. This said to keep the 36 30 line and make a constitutional amendment that guarantees slavery. The South and even Lincoln could not accept that proposal, because he was elected based on the promise that there would be no more slavery in the territories and the line would extend slavery, but he was okay with the idea of the amendment guaranteeing slavery.

Meat Inspection Act

A law that allows the government to inspect any meat that goes across states lines, which basically means all of it. Now all meat would get a letter grade to show if it was processed properly.

Smith Act

A law that made it illegal to plot violent overthrow of the US government.

Military Reconstruction Act

A law that says Congress is in charge of reconstruction, but the military will be the one to enforce it, who answers to Congress not the President. What caused it? Other than common sense knowing that the South wasn't going to abide by the new laws, there were 2 other major reasons, Johnson's "Swing Round the Circle" campaign and that even when the law is passed, the country doesn't see white people going out and patting blacks on the back, claiming the law told them not to be racist. So the South continues the same status quo in race relations. It takes the South back out of the country and says that if they want to return they must abide by Johnson's Plan (that included 10% swear an ironclad oath), ratify the 14th amendment and they must allow black male suffrage according to the future 15th amendment. Unlike the South, the North does not have to let black people vote.

Civil Rights Act, 1866

A law that says you can't pass laws that target certain races. Basically it promotes civil rights, where everyone gets the Bill of Rights, due process, etc. The bill passes in Congress, but...Johnson immediately vetoes. Congress now understands that they not only have to keep overriding his vetoes, they have to get rid of him. This is the moment where they realize they need to impeach him.

National Origins Act, 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960's.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

A leader in the idea of professionalism and after studying steel plants and production, writes a book in 1911 called The Principles of Scientific Management.

Literacy Tests

A method of disenfranchisement that were impossible for African Americans and were also used to restrict immigration in the 1890s.

Poll Tax

A method of disenfranchisement to keep mainly African Americans from voting.

Comstock Lode

A mining town on the border of Nevada and California on Lake Tahoe, that was huge after finding silver. After 5 years of silver flooding the economy, it vanished and became a ghost town.

Sussex Pledge

A more vigorous Arabic Pledge announced by the Germans in March 1916, 8 months after the Arabic Pledge.

Cult of True Womanhood

A mostly middle class and sentimental idea of women being naturally more moral than men, justifying the lack of a need for education. Women's true place was in the home, raising Godly children and said that women shouldn't "de-sex" themselves by becoming involved in politics.

Reservationists

A much larger group, around half of the Senate, were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. They would accept the treaty, but with one key reservation...the deletion of Article X.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Alfred Mahan

A naval captain, who later becomes a college professor, wrote a book called The Influence of Seapower Upon History (1597-1768), which was read by Teddy Roosevelt. His book said that throughout history there have been world powers and the common denominator was a strong navy, where being a world power meant having a world empire, or having colonies around the globe. To sum up the book he said that if you want a navy you need to have colonies, but to have colonies you need to have a navy.

Jacob Riis

A nonfiction writer, who in 1890 writes How The Other Half Lives, where he takes pictures of how the poor lived. When his books are distributed and read, people start to realize how bad poverty really was.

South Carolina Exposition

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.

Greenback Labor Party

A party that appeared during the Election of 1830, that existed for just a couple years, and supported inflation. They were basically a party that came out demanding programs that support poor people, because both of the major parties at the time, were pro-rich. The Democrats during the Gilded Age always assumed they would win the South, so they made their goal to win the South and steal a couple states in the North. To win the South, you just keep them together and to win the North, they give the people Republican policies that are light. For example saying they are ok with the high tariff, but would like it a hint lower or saying they are ok with the gold standard, but would like it a hint more inflationary. Basically the two choices are Republicrats that all support the rich. So because this party is even in existence, shows that by 1880, poor people are starting to become a little more mobilized politically, that will only increase until a) one of the major parties vanishes and this one replaces it or b) one of the major parties will steal their policies, which will eventually be the Democrats.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

French Claims Crisis

1830s. Regarding disputed land between French and Americans

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Hawley Smoot Tariff

1930-highest tariff in U.S. history. It raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It contributed to the spread of international economic depression

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight." helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777; brought war into the water of the British seas; won the Battle of Flamborough Head.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Cowpens

A battle led by Daniel Morgan, who had limited soldiers and was being chased by the British. He led them to a river, and turned their backs to the river, so that one line would shoot, run to the back of the line, and each of the three lines would do the same. He won this battle.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Populist (People's) Party

A party that appears during the Election of 1892 that is essentially a working class people's party. The were strong in the areas where The Grange was not and they were led by people such as Mary Elizabeth Lease and Ben Tillman. Their main goal was to unite the farmers with the labor unions (workers) and they attempted to do this through the Omaha Platform.

Muller vs. Oregon

A court case in 1908 which was an important on the topic of how women were treated in the workplace. It involved Oregon passing a state level law, stating that women would not be able to get jobs in certain industries that had historically treated women awfully. Muller said that he could hire anyone he wanted and files a lawsuit. It goes all the way up to the Supreme Court and the panel rules in favor of Oregon. This meant that women could be treated differently in the workplace, if the goal is to protect them.

John Breckenridge

A democratic candidate from the deep South, Buchanan's former VP, supported Dred Scott and advocated slavery everywhere.

John Bell

A democratic candidate who forms the Constitutional Union Party made up of former Democrats and Whigs and decides to ignore the slavery issue.

"The Noble Experiment"

A derisive name given to the prohibition movement, which called attention to the unlikelihood of its success.

John Slidell

A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

"City upon a hill"

A phrase that is associated with John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," given in 1630. Winthrop warned the Puritan colonists of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony that their new community would be a "__________________," watched by the world.

Mississippi Plan

A plan designed to get as much violence as possible aimed at people in very specified areas to take back control of the government quickly. The most important group that implements this plan are the Red Shirts in Mississippi, South Carolina and North Carolina.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Liberty Party

A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

Urbanization

A population shift from rural to urban, and during the era, increased the trend, by doubling the percentage (1860:20%-1900:40%) .

Spoils system

A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory and as an incentive to keep working for the party.

Stock Watering

A process used to increase the weight of cows, where a cow would be pumped with water just before it was weighed for sale.

Samuel Chase

A prominent political leader during the American Revolution, he was the only U.S. Supreme Court justice ever impeached. Despite his record of outstanding accomplishment on the Supreme Court, Congress voted to impeach him in 1804. His support of the Federalist-backed Alien and Sedition Acts and his overly zealous handling of treason and sedition trials involving Jeffersonians caused him to anger the president and his backers in Congress. While spared by only a narrow margin, he was acquitted, with the result that his trial discouraged future attempts to impeach justices for purely political reasons.

Thomas Jefferson

A prominent statesman, became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Ghost Dance

A religious revival led by Sitting Bull, which was a dance you did if you were asking forgiveness from God. By this time, the Sioux were treating the other tribes, just as poorly as we were treating them. They thought that because they were treating other tribes horribly, the gods were punishing them with white people. By seeking forgiveness, they thought the Gods would take the white people away. We interpret their ritual as them planning to attack us (war dance).

Frederick Douglass

A runaway slave who publishes an autobiography, which becomes famous for giving his audience a first-person perspective showing that life as a slave is really horrible. He also publishes The North Star, a northern newspaper, and is the first black person to be invited as a guest to the White House.

Nationalism

A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation, an identification with the state and an acceptance of national goals.

Crisis Papers

A series of works by Thomas Paine written between 1776 and 1783 during the American Revolution. These papers were written in a language common people could understand it increase American morale.

George Custer

A war hero in the Civil War, who aims to become a Republican candidate in the upcoming election. He leads a scientific expedition in the Black Hills, where he discovers gold, which leads to the Sioux Wars, where he is killed.

Casablanca Conference

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

Elizabeth Blackwell

A woman who challenging the taboo of professional women. She graduated from medical college, thereby proving that women are able to do what men can.

Jacob Riis

A writer and a photographer who worked to solve the issues of people in poverty in New York City. Creator of "How the Other Half Lives."

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

A10-year peace treaty; Russia can keep 1/3 of Poland when Hitler attacks it.

Massachusetts 54th

An infantry regiment, that participated in the Union Army, that was one of the first official African-American units in the United States.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's article, that says that God chose certain people that were inherently better than other people to have the world's money (Carnegie). God wanted him to have the money because he will use it wiser than poor people and the government. To prove that rich people should have tons of money, he puts it back into the economy by investing in business (which creates jobs) and building things for people, such as, libraries (10,000), concert halls (Carnegie Hall) and universities (University of Chicago) that leave a long legacy behind for him. Rockefeller is the other one that follows Carnegie, where they compete to be known as the most charitable guy in America.

Balloon Frame Housing

Balloon framing is a style of wood-house building that uses long, vertical 2" x 4"s for the exterior walls. These long "studs" extend uninterrupted, from the sill on top of the foundation, all the way up to the roof. When it first came into use, well before the mid-nineteenth century, it was a radically different type of construction from the "timber frame" or "braced frame" that preceded it for centuries.

Marshall Plan

Basically said what we did for Greece and Turkey, we do it for all of Europe. All of this money was given to help rebuild them, thinking that they will become our friends. They will be happy, have jobs, etc. and won't turn to radical ideas.

Ohio Idea

During the Election of 1868, the Democratic Party under Horatio Seymour runs with this idea that all the debt that exists in bonds, should be purchased back with paper money, basically saying they support a loose money system, which the poor regions want.

Aimee Semple McPherson

Evangelist and founder of four square church of god in the 1920's. She used hollywood like tactics to get more followers, was popular on the radio, faked death. appealed to poor white people, practiced healing, anti evolution

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Frances Perkins

FDR's Secretary of Labor. The first woman to serve in any cabinet. The FDR administration would put many talented women in the ranks of government. She was a loyal supporter of her friend, Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition. She and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes were the only original members of the Roosevelt cabinet to remain in office for his entire presidency.

Massachusetts School Laws

First public education legislation in America. It declared that towns with 50 or more families had to hire a schoolmaster and that towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school.

Alexander Graham Bell

First seen when he invents the metal detector in order to find the bullet that shot Garfield, but is more famously known for inventing the telephone, which creates the operator job for women.

Dawes Severalty Act

Passed by Senator Dawes, because he thought that only way we could save Indians is by cutting them off (severing) of their culture, meaning, to Americanize them. The one major ideal was getting rid of the Indian tribal identity in favor of family units and communities.

Appomattox Court House

The battle where Lee surrenders to Grant and the Civil War basically ended.

Great Railroad Strike

The big event during his Hayes' presidency in 1877, where the B&O Railroad, one of the biggest railroads in the US, that connected the traffic between Washington D.C., Pennsylvania, Illinois and St. Louis, amidst the worst economic panic decides to cut their wages twice, where they started with ⅓ of minimum wage and are now working in today's money system, less than 1 dollar an hour. The workers decide to strike and now one of the biggest corridors in America is shut down, which in turn shuts down the nation's economy because trade has stopped. The railroad companies started by hiring mercenaries, but there were so many workers that they actually defeat the mercenaries. Then the railroad companies went to the state level militia, but they couldn't either. So eventually they go up the chain to Hayes, so he calls up the US army, which did succeed in crushing the "traitors." This event signaled to people that something is brewing and during the Gilded Age is about to boil over and this "something" is resentment toward the rich by the proletariat. So during this era, we see labor unions pop up, militancy towards business, and strikes more often.

Haymarket Square Riot

The big event for the Knights of Labor was in 1886, where a group of workers in Chicago were protesting for 8 hour workdays (the average was 10-12 hours). While they were protesting, the police come and break it up, while hurting a couple of union members in the process. So the next day, more workers decide to protest the police brutality, but unfortunately for the labor movement, so do a couple of anarchists, who chuck a bomb at the cops (first explosive terror attack in America). Quickly, the police fire back at the workers, and dozens die. This event gives labor a bad name, where the media portrays them as terrorists, and the Knights of Labor begin to decline.

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

The case involves Dred Scott, a slave, who lived in Arkansas (slave state), but his owners were in the military, so they moved to Illinois (free state), then to Wisconsin (free territory) and finally back to Missouri (slave state). Abolitionists hear about him and claim that he should be free and ask to sue on his behalf...and they did in 1844. The district and appeals courts ruled that he was still a slave but 7 years later, the Supreme Court decides to hear it. This indicates that 7 years ago they didn't care but now they (Roger Taney) sees an opportunity to set precedents and that this is the moment in where the Supreme Court can leave a mark on history. Taney makes 3 decisions; slaves are not allowed to sue, states can ban slavery, but territories cannot. The South are extremely happy because most of the country is now slave. The North on the other hand, decides not listen to the Supreme Court and are done with anyone half accepting of slavery, for example Stephen Douglas.

"Banana Republics"

Under Dollar Diplomacy, we see the continuance of this, which is a country that in theory is independent, but in reality, its government is under US business control. The most famous example is Hawaii, where US business basically ran the show. These will start to pop up all around the world, but specifically Latin America. They were known as "banana" because many of the companies were agricultural.

Operation Torch

Undertaken in November 1942, it employed an allied army of more than 100,000 troops. Led by General Eisenhower, the troops landed in Morocco and Algeria and pressed eastward to entrap the German forces being pushed by British forces in Libya. Surrounded, the Germans surrendered in May 1943.

Scientific Management

Theory promoted by Frederick W. Taylor; held that every kind of work could be broken into a series of smaller tasks and that rates of production could be set for each component task

Trickle Down Theory

Theory that loaning money to the banks and high end people in the pyramid of economics with the hopes that it would then 'trickle down' to the lower classes and raise the society as a whole. If you give the needy stuff, they get dependant

Japanese Internment

There was finally the Japanese which faced an incredible amount of racism during the war. These people are basically Americans since they've been here for three generations. Yet right after Pearl Harbor, paranoia lead Americans to think they were a threat. So what we do is pass the Executive Order 9066 which was the order of FDR to take Japanese people on the West Coast and put them in what was called "internment camps."

Clayton Bulwer Treaty

There was talk of building an American canal in Panama triggered by the want to speed up the huge migration process West from the Gold Rush, but the British also wanted to build a canal in Nicaragua. Even though we don't build the canal, we sign this treaty in 1854 (not important in this era), which was an agreement between the United States and Britain that if a canal is every built in the Central American region, it will be a joint operation. It will be significant in the future era because we will want to build a canal, and without the British, but we sign the treaty in this era because we were trying to avoid conflict and the British sign because they were trying to get on our good side.

Utopian Communitarianism

There were hundreds of communal Utopian experiments in the early United States; the Shakers alone founded around 20 settlements. While great differences existed between the various Utopian communities or colonies, each society shared a common bond in a vision of communal living in a utopia society.

Winfield Scott

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866); in 1838, removed the Cherokee from their homes and lead them west during the Trail of Tears; became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852.

Duke Ellington

United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader (1899-1974)

Louis Armstrong

United States jazz trumpeter and bandleader

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

Gilbert Stuart

United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington

Internal and external taxation

Unlike the Sugar Act, which was an external tax (i.e. it taxed only goods imported into the colonies), the Stamp Act was an internal tax, levied directly upon the property and goods of the colonists. Internal taxes had far wider effects. While external taxes were paid primarily by merchants and ship captains, internal taxes, especially the Stamp Act, were not so discriminatory. Anyone who made a will or bought a newspaper would pay the tax on paper. The colonies had never been taxed internally by Britain before, and had traditionally taxed themselves through their colonial assemblies. Taxation was a primary function of the self-government to which the colonists so passionately clung.

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

WPA

Works Progress Administration - New Deal program that provided relief to the unemployed in fields such as theater, literature, entertainment, and art. One of the largest "alphabet" agencies.

Ida Tarbell

Writes the History of Standard Oil in 1904 in this magazine, where she details all the crap Standard Oil has done over the years. This leads Teddy Roosevelt to say that we should probably break it up, which eventually happens under Taft.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education; wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

DDay (Overlord)

Americans and Britain go into Normandy to then go across France, there were many casualties. The US call it a turning point, but in reality it was not the biggest point of the war.

Free Coinage of Silver

An idea first proposed in Harvey's "Coin's Financial School" pamphlet and seen again in the Omaha Platform, which called for a loose money system that created hyperinflation, by turning every piece of silver available into currency.

Frontier Thesis

An idea proposed by Frederick Jackson Turner that the American frontier was significant in shaping American culture, fostering democracy and providing an escape for overcrowded urban areas. This thesis was proved wrong in that even though there was vast amount of land in the West, people during this era still flocked to the cities.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

ruling of the ma supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.first judgement in the u.s. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal.

Artisans

skilled workers who make goods by hand

Brandywine Creek

Washington attacks Howe to prevent them from entering Philadelphia. Washington suffers a severe defeat.

Tuskegee Airmen

We also see a lot more African Americans in the war. In WWI we saw African Americans participate in battle but they were usually in segregated units and not doing a lot of combat duties. In WWII there was a lot more combat involving African Americans yet still in segregated units. This was the most famous example. The men that were in this did such a good job that things like this are going to cause African Americans during the war to make a wake up call that segregation needs to end. The fact that these men are going out and fighting for democracy yet still face the challenges of segregation is wrong.

"Good neighborism"

We essentially realized that European Democracy was collapsing and decided that if war broke out in Europe we didn't want to have a bad relationship with Latin America. We decided to use economic influence to interact with Latin America instead of using military force. We withdraw troops from Latin America

Platt Amendment

We make the Cubans put this amendment in their Constitution which said that a) our military can come into Cuba whenever we chose b) we will also have a perpetual lease on a military base in Cuba (Guantanamo) and c) and that Cuba could not sign any agreement with another country without us signing it first.

Chinese Civil War

We were convinced that the Cold War existed but it would be fought in Europe not Asia. Then all of the sudden China collapses, where Mao Zedong beats Chiang Kai-Shek. We blamed ourselves for losing China because we are the world power, but China lost China. Now we decide that we need to focus on both Europe and East Asia. This is where China becomes Communist. This is a problem because they are a really big country with a lot of people.

Jim Crow Laws

Welcomed after Hayes ended Reconstruction with the Compromise of 1877; these laws promoted the idea of segregation. They were upheld in the Supreme Court case Plessy vs Ferguson.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Stamp Act Congress

"No taxation without representation!" was the cry. The colonists were not merely griping about the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act. They intended to place actions behind their words. . It was James Otis who suggested an inter colonial conference to agree on a united course of action. With that, the STAMP ACT CONGRESS convened in New York in October 1765.

Oliver Hazard Perry

"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British. After the battle, he sent William Henry Harrison a note that said this famous quote.

Salvation Army

A Christian organization that arose during the Social Gospel movement; today they are still a social service center that also collects donations.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. Made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. Responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. Sent many expeditions to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became emperor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

King William's War

(1689-1697) Small war between French and English that had small battles fought in Northern New England.

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713) second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of N. America, fought between the English and French colonists in the N. and the English and Spanish in florida. under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), newfoundland and hudson bay to britain

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). The first cultural movement to unite the Thirteen Colonies. Associated with the democratization of religion.

George Washington

(1732-1799) no political party. Virginian who began as a commander and chief in the Revolutionary war. Had no desire to become president but the people wanted a strong national leader. Set prescient for many things, including the two terms rule. Warned US against being involved in foreign politics.

John Adams

(1797-1801) The 11th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1798. Washington D.C. becomes America's official capitol in 1800., He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

James Madison

(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Edgar Allen Poe

(1809-1849). Orphaned at young age. Was an American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. Failing at suicide, began drinking. Died in Baltimore shortly after being found drunk in a gutter.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

McCullough vs. Maryland

(1819) More judicial review. maryland voted to tax and bank business dealing with banks chartered outside the state. McCulloch, an employee of the Second Bank of the US in Baltimore refused to pay this tax. Supreme Court stated that Congress was within its right to charter a national bank, setting a precedent where Federal would win in disputes between Federal and State power.

Martin van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Lochner vs. New York

(1905) Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.

Marcus Garvey

(Proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements) leader of the UNIA, urged blacks to return to Africa because, he reasoned, blacks would never be treated justly in countries ruled by whites

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral evidence was used frequently.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925; teacher John Scopes on trial for teaching evolution; raised countrywide debate on whether people believed in evolution or creationism

Social Security Act

1935. Established a vast system providing a very modest cushion for most Americans against unemployment, dependency, and old age. Coverage was limited: domestics, agricultural workers, and people working in businesses of fewer than eight employees were excluded. It signaled a basic change in the country's direction and outlook—the U.S. was becoming a welfare state.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Bonus Army

20,000 members of the Bonus Expeditionary force marched into Washington, built crude camps around the city, and promised to stay until congress approved legislation to pay the bonus. Some departed after Congress refused but others remained. This happened because Congress had approved the payment of a 1,000 dollar bonus to those who had served in WWI and to pan starting in 1945 but many wanted it immediately especially during depression era.

Oregon Trail

2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.

John Burgoyne

A British commander of the northern forces, who was supposed to lead his forces down from Canada and meet William Howe in Albany. He began a two-pronged attack to the south along the Mohawk and the upper Hudson approaches to Albany. He was abandoned by Howe, however, who instead of meeting with him, went to capture Philadelphia. This left him alone to carry out the plan in the north.

Henry Bessemer

A British guy, who creates a process that makes steel cheaper to produce than iron. He invents the process, but then goes broke and dies.

Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severely against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

YMCA

A Christian organization that arose during the Social Gospel movement; today they are a gym targeted at middle class citizens.

Stonewall Jackson

A Confederate general that was sent by General Lee to the war in the East to lead the Army of Northern Virginia and at the Battle of Chancellorsville he is sniped and killed by the Confederates.

Andrew Johnson

A Democrat who runs on the National Union Party ticket with Lincoln. Goes on to be president, and when he vetoes the Civil Rights Act, Congress attempts to impeach him.

New Netherland

A Dutch colony in North America along the Hudson and lower Delaware rivers although the colony centered in New Amsterdam; New York

John Calvin

A French theologian who established a theocracy in the Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Bible is the sole word of God. Helped create the protestant work ethic. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1509-1564)

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization (600,000,000 population) in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Practiced slavery and human sacrifice. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

William Seward

A Northerner, who said he doesn't answer to the Constitution, but to a "higher law" meaning God. Basically, with an evil issue such as slavery, you don't need to have a Constitutional based argument if you have a moral one.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848.

Thomas Dewey

A Republican who in the election of 1944 runs against FDR but loses. He also lost the election of 1948, even though the Democratic party was split three ways.

Roscoe Conkling

A Republican who is the arch nemesis of James Blaine and leader of the Stalwarts.

Thorstein Veblein

A Scandinavian who comes to America to write nonfiction, and in 1899 writes his most famous book The Theory of the Leisure Class, where he documents how the ultra wealthy live. As we read this, we realize that the ultra wealthy (guys like Rockefeller and Carnegie) don't need 99.99% of what they have and they spend money on worthless things. He is the guy who coins the term "conspicuous consumption" which is spending money just so others can see you spending it. He is suggesting that conspicuous consumption is wasteful and that those who don't participate in conspicuous consumption participate in poverty. The only solution is for government to correct this flaw of human nature.

Jay Cooke and Company

A US bank headquartered in Philadelphia that helped fund the building of the Northern Pacific Railway.

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Battle of Lake Champlain

A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England after being stopped by Thomas MacDonough. The British began to decide that the war was to costly.

Denmark Vesey

A black minister, who attempted to lead a slave rebellion by taking over Charleston and get on a boat to Haiti, but again it didn't materialize.

George Dewey

A close personal friend of Theodore Roosevelt, who on February 25th, 1898, (two months before we declare war) goes to Manila, the capital of the Philippines after being ordered by Theodore Roosevelt. Dewey was sitting right outside of Manila Harbor the day we declared war.

NAWSA

A combination of The National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA), which tended to be more general and The American Women's Suffrage Association (AWSA), which was more specific (suffrage state by state). This merging can be considered one of the causes of the 19th amendment being passed.

Joint Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Popular Sovereignty

A compromise created by Lewis Cass, where as people move out West they can vote if slavery is allowed or not. The North hates because they believe the idea of slavery is so completely immoral that it should not even be voted upon. The South hates because people shouldn't be able to vote if constitutional rights apply or not in a territory.

Tariff of 1828

A protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

Town meetings

A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.

John Brown

A radical abolitionist, who first appears during Bleeding Kansas, when he decides to move to Kansas, because God had told him to go and kill Southerners and anyone who supports slavery. He murders all the men at Pottawatomie Creek. Then after the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, he wanted a war, so he takes over Harper's Ferry and tries to start a slave revolt. When he fails, the South claims he committed treason and starts to view all Northerner's in the same way. The North on the other hand viewed him as a martyr and like Jesus.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land (1676) settlers in western Virginia rebel against gov. Showed frustration over govt. control by wealthy planters, willingness to fight

Panic of 1907

A serious recession, that proved the government still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet". -

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Enfranchisement

A statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote).

Blockade

A step in the Anaconda Plan, that is successful after the Union builds up enough ships.

Underground Railroad

A successful abolitionist tactic, which was an organization that helped slaves escape, that emerged in the 1850s and was led by Harriet Tubman. The most common route it to Ohio, because geographically, it is near the bad part of slavery where there are rivers and Lake Erie. It was the shortest distance between the South and Canada, where slavery was banned a long time ago.

San Jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.

Confederal System

A system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states.

Plantation system

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor

Silk Road

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Democracy

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Oregon System

A system that comes up with a ton of reforms, the most famous being democratization related (giving people more power), such as the initiative, the referendum and the recall, and they become the first state to use all three.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

China Incident, 1937

A term referring to Japan's invasion of China, where the US did not recognize it as a war, so they could continue to send supplies to both countries.

Scalawags

A term that means skinny cow, are native Unionists in the South or Southerners that adopt the Republican Party. Many of them were former Whigs and when the Republican Party came into power they weren't too keen on the civil rights, but adopted it because they also got economic progress. They are going to be called this, not by themselves, but by groups like the KKK who are Redeemers.

"Standpattism"

A term to describe how even though America is demanding change, McKinley gives them more Gilded Age policies, such as the Dingley Tariff and the Gold Standard Act of 1900.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

Stewardship theory

A theory that argues for a strong, assertive presidential role, with presidential authority limited only at points specifically prohibited by law.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a Utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill

Declaratory Acts

Act which was issued in 1766 in order to confirm the British government's right to pass acts which were legally binding to the colonists. It was used to save face after the colonists forced the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Double V Campaign

African-Americans demanded this to gain victory over racial discrimination at home as well as over the Axis abroad.

Chester Arthur

After Garfield is assassinated, he takes over as president, but just a few years ago, he was fired from the federal government for being too corrupt, even for Gilded Age standards. During his administration, he signs off on the Pendleton Civil Service Act and is famous for building up the US Navy.

"Unrestricted submarine warfare"

After Germany hears Wilson's "peace without victory" speech, they decide that America is going to declare war on Germany no matter what. So on January 31, 1917 they put ads in American newspapers saying "any ship coming from America to Britain is fair game." They weren't afraid of America being offended, because our country couldn't build an army and send it to Europe very quickly.

Election of 1860

After John Brown's attempt at Harper's Ferry, the country would have entered the Civil War, if this election did not occur. The Republicans would have chose Seward, but he was too much of a radical abolitionist, so they chose Lincoln. In attempt to appeal to everyone in the North, their platform included: pro-American system (bank, tariff, and continue government sponsorship of railroads), cheap land prices (if you elect us, we will give you land for free), immigrant rights (last time in American history that we hear about the Republicans wanting immigrant rights) and most important they support free soil (keeping slavery where it is at and don't let it extend into the territories). The Republican platform is completely contradicting Dred Scott, saying that the party will ignore the Supreme Court. The Democrats on the other hand were a mess because Douglas should have been their nominee, but people were angry at him for the Freeport Doctrine. With all the issues, the convention literally splits into a rival conventional hall. The outcome is three different candidates, John Breckenridge, John Bell and Stephen Douglas. The fact that Lincoln won, without getting a single vote from a slaveholding state, shows that the South is no longer needed (due to the West and immigrants) and that we are leaving the national party era, which sectionalizes politics.

Theodore Roosevelt

After Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley, he became the 26th President of the US. He was the first to use the bully pulpit, was a trust buster, dealt with the Anthracite Coal Mine Strike, was a conservationist, made sure progressive actions were completed, enlarged the power of the presidency making it a position of leadership and made the rest of the world aware that America was a major power. Also ran in the Election of 1912 under the Progressive "Bull Moose" Party with the platform plank of New Nationalism.

Anthracite Coal Mine Strike, 1902

After his hand was forced, Roosevelt had to deal with how the trusts treated their workers, which he originally didn't want to get involved in. This is when the Coal Miners of America all go on strike at the same time, specifically the Anthracite Coal Mine, in 1902. The strike began in April (not a big deal because we were heading for the warm season), but it went on and on, and in September (approaching cold season, where if miners don't come back the country will freeze to death), Roosevelt realizes this is the point to step in. He first attempts to arbitrate the dispute. He orders the miners and mine owners to meet at the White House, where he is going to try to talk out a solution. The mine owners show up second, and when they get there they see the union representatives for the workers sitting in the White House with Roosevelt. The owners didn't accept unions and refused to talk with union representatives, they wanted to talk to the workers themselves, basically saying they don't collectively bargain. The owners walked out of the room and run into the media, who begin to ask questions about the meeting. They tell the media that they didn't even speak with Roosevelt, and the media turns around and explains to the owners who Roosevelt is. The owners immediately turn around and walk back in. In the room, Roosevelt tries to negotiate, but the workers wouldn't budge from a 20% increase in wage and a 20% decrease in hours (10 to 8 hours) and the owners wouldn't budge. At that point, Roosevelt decides to threaten to send in the army (10,000 soldiers). The owners were initially happy about this, because in the past when the military steps in, the workers collapse. Roosevelt says no, he is sending in the army, due to a national emergency, to mine for the owners. This meant that the government takes the coal, where both the owners and the workers receive nothing. At that point, the owners decided to back off, giving the workers a 10% increase in pay and a 10% reduction in hours. Labor unions around the country were stunned, because government, although not siding with labor, didn't side with business. Roosevelt in the end gave both sides a "Square Deal."

Secession

After the Election of 1860, the South begins to secede starting with South Carolina. The next wave of states to follow are the ones furthest from the North; Georgia, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida. The three founding principles of the CSA (Confederate States of America) are slavery, God and states' rights. Slavery and states' rights are the two principles that keep the South from winning the war. During all of this, President Buchanan, in the last 4 months of his presidency, decides to do absolutely nothing.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Isaac Singer

American inventor; he patented an improved sewing machine and by 1860, was the largest manufacturer of sewing machines in the country

William Marcy Tweed

Also known as Boss, from 1856-1870 he was involved in many scandals that weren't associated with Grant but occurred during his presidency. He is a Democrat who controls NY politics, which was "the" city in the US. He works out of Tammany Hall, where he uses immigrants (specifically Irish) to run a political machine. What he does is he meets with immigrants and helps them plug into America in exchange for their vote for his party (vote for the candidates I tell you to vote for), which immigrants did willingly because they are new and don't care about a vote. Immigrants love him, but the opposition party and people who want government to be democratic and fair do not. He also gets a courthouse built, that cost 3 million to build, but the city of NY paid 13 million, where all the extra money goes into his pocket. Also during the time when he and the Democratic Party ran NY, the city debt started at 36 million and rose to 136 million. After a while people started sniffing around, such as...Thomas Nast, who printed cartoons about him, and when Sam Tilden (the governor) eventually overthrows him, he flees to Spain and lived there until a Spanish person recognized him from one of the cartoons and alerts the police to put him in prison, but he commits suicide on the boat because he would rather die than go to jail.

Cornelius Vanderbuilt

Also known as Commodore, he got his start in the huge sailing industry, until in the 1840s, he realized that the future in making money in the transportation industry is not with boats but with railroads. He quickly dominated the industry by using the New York Central Line.

Crop Lien System

Also known as Debt Peonage, that was created due to sharecropping, where blacks were perpetually bonded to the landowner by being buried in debt. This creates an economic and political form of slavery.

JP Morgan

Also known as Jupiter is most famous for dominating the financial/banking industry, but after the Panic of 1873 buys up all the failing railroads to become one of the biggest railroad tycoons in America. And after being threatened by Carnegie, buys his steel company, which eventually becomes US Steel. He made so much money during the Gilded Age by practicing interlocking directorates.

Debt Peonage

Also known as the Crop Lien System, that was created by sharecropping, where blacks were required to stay and work on a landowners property until their debt in crops was paid off.

James G Blaine

Also known as the Plumed Knight, a Republican who is the arch nemesis of Roscoe Conkling and leader of the Half-Breeds. Many historians say he had every aspect of a good politician, except he lack integrity. In 1884, he finally gets the Republican nomination, but loses to Grover Cleveland due to the Mulligan Letters, how corrupt he was, that he bought a substitute during the Civil War (can't use the "bloody shirt" campaign) and the Rum, Romanism and Rebellion speech.

Adam-Onis Treaty

Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819, settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power in the New World. In addition to ceding Florida to the United States, the treaty settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas and firmly established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase.

Woody Guthrie

American musician. Wrote popular songs about the depression heard on the radio nationwide. This land is your land!

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

John James Audubon

American artist who drew birds, mammals, plants, and other subjects of nature giving special attention to the relationship between animals and their habitats.

John Deere

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Cyrus Field

American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

John Jay

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty

Walter Reed

American doctor who led the medical efforts to conquer yellow fever during U. S. occupation of Cuba. Today, he has a huge hospital named after him in Washington D.C.

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Ralph Bunche

An African American, wins the Nobel Peace Prize for being one of the key engineers helping to facilitate this, and becomes the first black man to win a Nobel Peace Prize. The fact that an African American wins the Nobel Peace Prize suggests that change is afoot.

American Beauty Rose Theory

An American Beauty Rose is a type of rose that grows on a shrub with other smaller buds, that eventually get killed off, so all the vitamins, minerals, nutrients, etc. go to the one bloom that becomes a giant rose), where Rockefeller kills off competition (that is wasteful) in order to build one giant, helpful company.

De Lome Letter

An American ambassador receives a telegram from the Spanish government that asks if America will actually go to war, and the ambassador sends one back saying, "McKinley is a bitter for the admiration of the crowd," meaning that he is just a puppet and does what is popular. This telegram is intercepted and publicized, and even though it's true, it infuriates us.

Charles Lindbergh

An American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviational development.

Frances Willard

An American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution. She became the national president of the WCTU, in 1879, and remained president for 19 years.

Frances Willard

An American educator, temperance reformer, and women's suffragist. Her influence was instrumental in the passage of the Eighteenth (Prohibition) and Nineteenth (Women Suffrage) Amendments to the United States Constitution. Willard became the national president of the World Woman's Christian Temperance Union, or World WCTU, in 1879, and remained president for 19 years. She developed the slogan "Do everything" for the women of the WCTU to incite lobbying, petitioning, preaching, publication, and education.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Susan B Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a major role in the woman's suffrage movement.

Leland Stanford

An American tycoon who is considered a robber baron, migrated to California during the Gold Rush era and later went on to become president of the Central Pacific company. He is also the founder of a certain university.

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive.

Benjamin West

An Anglo-American self-taught painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American Revolution, West also painted the royal family of King George III and co-founded the Royal Academy of Arts

William Penn

An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Chautaqua Movement

An adult education movement, where each day there would be a variety of speakers and educators.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Tenant Farming

An alternative to slavery where you live and work on someone's land and you pay them rent every month.

Winfield Scott

An anti-slave and a war hero, he ran as a Whig candidate in the Election of 1852 and was crushed by the opposition party. He also was the creator of the Anaconda Plan that Lincoln eventually implemented during the Civil War.

Frank Lloyd Wright

An architect who believed that buildings should grow from their sites not be imitations of Greek and Roman importations. Additionally, he is considered the father of the skyscraper and revered as one of the most prominent figures of the modern architecture movement

Farmers' Alliances

An attempt at organization for less successful farmers, where they have similar goals as The Grange, such as, trying to figure out ways for farmers to cope with the changing economy and pooling money together so that small farmers can afford new technology together (don't have to rely on big business that are trying to profit). One of the problems is that farmers aren't good businessmen, because if they were, they wouldn't be farmers. Again similar to The Grange, many of the business ventures fall through, and they decide to politicize. Also during the Election of 1890 they introduce their Ocala Demands.

David Philips

An author published in Cosmopolitan, who writes The Treason Of The Senate, which was a series of articles that leads us to directly elect our Senators, so robber barons don't control Congress.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity.

Bleeding Kansas

An event that occurred during the Pierce Administration from 1856 to 1866. It was caused by Missourians (Border Ruffians) moving across the border to Kansas, as well as migration of abolitionists from New England to vote on popular sovereignty which was established by the Kansas Nebraska Act. The vote was going to be over the Lecompton Constitution. When the Constitution passes, the abolitionists don't recognize it, and set up their own government in Topeka, which creates two capitals in the region, each with their own government. The official government is from the Lecompton Constitution, but it is fraudulent so even the federal government doesn't really recognize it. The government in Topeka was more recognizable, with a large population (abolitionists outnumbered the territory after the Missourians left), but it was not official, because technically they lost the election. Pierce says that we should go with the Lecompton, but Congress says no.

Habeas Corpus

An example of suspension of civil liberties by Lincoln; this one guarantees a person a day in court if they are arrested. Lincoln suspended this because there were a lot of people actively working against the government, which would have hurt our ability to win the war.

Jimmy Hoffa

Another thing that will hurt unions is the rise of guys like him, who is the head of the Teamsters Union from 1950 to 1975, which was one the biggest unions under the CIO umbrella. He also had loose connections to the mafia, so because of the fame of him, people start to think that all unions are connected to the mafia. Some were, but most were not, but the public perception was that they were.

anti-federalists

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Election of 1948

As Truman is finishing his first term, he was never elected, so this election will be interesting to see if he gets re-elected. During Truman's first term the positives were; World War II ends, the economy was starting to get really good, he began his Loyalty Program to deal with Communism, etc., but the negatives were; the start of the Cold War, the Berlin blockade, the Chinese Civil War, etc. Truman has some issues because people weren't sure if he was going to win the Cold War and weren't sure if he was the right guy to lead our country. Another issue was that the party was divided into three different views; 1) moderate Democrats who are ok with Truman 2) southern Democrats who hate that Truman had started to come out with Civil Rights and 3) ultra-liberals who hated Truman for being too moderate and now appointing Henry Wallace as his VP. The Democrats renominate Truman, because it is rare to unseat a sitting President, and he comes out with his platform; he is going to do more of the New Deal (appease the liberals) and he is going to do Civil Rights (telling the solid south to leave the party). In response to Truman's plan for Civil Rights, a new party forms called the "Dixiecrats." They nominate Strom Thurmond. We see the Progressive Party form again under Henry Wallace, because they want a candidate more liberal than Truman. The Republicans nominate Thomas Dewey, and he should have won easily with the Democrats split three ways.The results? Harry Truman wins. How did Truman win, when his party was split? By 1948 the economy was doing well, the Republicans in the House were elected promising conservatism, but didn't done anything, and people still had favor for the New Deal in their minds.

Matthew Perry

As an aspect of post-Mexican War expansionism, to open up trade with Japan, this admiral was sent to intimidate them.

Island hopping

As the Japanese retreated we just hopped over a strong island and let the people starve to death and only take over weak islands or those that were strategically important. By doing so we save a bunch of lives.

AFL

As the Knights of Labor begin in to die off, we see the rise of this group in 1886, which were by far the most successful. Led by Samuel Gompers, the group included only white, skilled workers, who had a federation organization and got things done with Bread and Butter Unionism.

Long Drive

As the country moves out West, we see the rise of the ranching industry, because there is enough grass to sustain cattle. So we start to see this paired with the open range, where a cowboy would just let a herd of cows (branded) get fat (open range part) and once they were fat enough, you would take them up to the transcontinental railroad (long drive part)

Military Industrial Complex

At the end of Eisenhower's presidency he makes a speech warning of this, where he says that people who make money off of war will encourage war to make more money.

Zimmerman Note

At this point Wilson realizes he has to get America in the war, so on March 1 he announces this. This was a telegram from Germany to Mexico and Japan, saying that if Mexico or Japan declares war on the US or their Pacific possessions, then after the war Mexico will get all the land back from the Treaty Guadalupe-Hidalgo and Japan will get all the American Pacific possessions (Hawaii, Alaska, etc.). Britain had intercepted that telegram in the spring of 1916 and given it to us. They give it to us right after the Sussex Pledge thinking we were going to enter the war, but Wilson hides it, waiting for a time when he wants the country to go to war. He didn't want to use it right when Britain gave it to us because the Election of 1916 was right around the corner. The obvious result is that we are angry at Germany, but not quite enough to go to war.

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

August 6th, 1945, we drop the bomb on _______________. Many people died and many say this was unjust because these were civilians and not military personnel. We warn Japan on August 8th to surrender or else we would do it again. They don't surrender. So August 9th, we drop another bomb on ______________ where a little bit less people die than Hiroshima but still a lot of innocent civilians that died.

Newlands Reclamation Act

Authorized the use of federal money to develop the west, it helped to protect national resources.

Yalta Conference

Basically, FDR and Churchill meet with Stalin where they discuss what to do next since we could clearly see that the Germans were going to collapse and we were going to win the war in Europe. The leaders agree on two things: We agree that if Stalin will attack Japan within 3 months after this war ends, we will let them have free elections on Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union will help us with Japan. This wasn't good because Russians had tanks and military personnel at the voting places and this goes bad for the long run.

Grover Cleveland

Beat James Blaine in the Election of 1884, even through an illegitimate child rumor, and was the first Democratic president in about 28 years. He immediately takes over and his philosophy is laissez faire. He thinks he is doing the right thing, because if the government is doing nothing, they can't use their powers to support business, but by this time, business is strong enough that they don't need the government. With civil service reform, he claims that he is a man of integrity and won't use the spoils system, but the Democratic party tells him that is has been 30 years since we got to use the spoils system and we need money, so bowing to the pressure of the party, fires 70% of the federal bureaucracy and replaces them with Democrats. The tariff during the time was already high, and in 1887, he says that he wants to take a stand on an issue (tired of being a Republican light) and wants to make speech, saying that "if you re-elect me in 1888, I will push for a massive reduction in the tariff." His own party tells him no, because he needs big business to get re-elected. The Dawes Severalty Act also passes during his presidency in 1887. Another important law that was passed during his presidency was the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887, which is the first "significant" attempt of the federal government to regulate the economy. In the Election of 1892, Cleveland wins his second term, just as the Panic of 1893 breaks out. During his administration we see silver currency issue, where he repeals the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and institutes the Wilson Gorman Tariff. The Pullman Strike also occurs, and he will be the one to send in the troops to kill the workers, and in the end Cleveland went into his second term as a Democrat, but comes out a Republican.

Booker T. Washington

Born a slave, who grew up in the era where the only job available to blacks was sharecropping/tenant farming. He comes up with an idea to form the Tuskegee Institute in 1881, which is a technical college that stresses vocational education instead of liberal arts. According to him, African Americans need a skill in order to become economically self-sufficient. He invites professors to teach these skills, the most famous being George Washington Carver in 1896. He was a civil rights leader trying to equip African Americans economically to overcome the crop lien system, by studying new ways to develop peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes. These three crops were ones that blacks tended to grow in America and there wasn't much of a market for, so he creates new uses and therefore new markets for the crops. He gets into some hot water in 1895 with the African American community when he gives the "Atlanta Compromise" Speech that clashes with another civil rights leader, WEB Dubois.

Cornwallis

British general and statesman. In 1780, during the American Revolution, he was appointed British commander in the American South. He defeated Horatio Gates at Camden, S.C., then marched into Virginia and encamped at Yorktown (see Siege of Yorktown). Trapped and besieged there, he was forced to surrender his army (1781), a defeat that effectively ended military operations in the war.

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

"The Man Nobody Knows"

Bruce Barton-a leader of the advertising industry and author of a new interpretation on Christ in The Man Nobody Knows- which set forth the thesis that Jesus was the greatest adman of all time

Hollywood Blacklist

Came out from 1947 to 1960, where it discovers that Communists have taken over Hollywood. If a person is put on the blacklist, they cannot get jobs, and this included writers, directors, producers, etc.

Samuel de Champlain

Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role he played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France."

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Panic of 1873

Caused in the same way as all economic panics, where people borrow too much money because, they are over speculating commodities, in this era, land and railroad stock.

Roger Taney

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and during the Dred Scott vs. Sanford Case, saw an opportunity to set precedents and that this is the moment in where the Supreme Court can leave a mark on history. When the Supreme Court decides to hear the case, he makes 3 decisions. 1) He says that slaves are not allowed to sue and are "beings of inferiority." The abolitionists were paying for the case, but officially, he was suing. Even though he ruled that slaves can't sue, He goes further, showing that he has an agenda. 2) He ruled that if you live in a free state, you are free, because states are sovereign and have the right to ban slavery. Dred Scott is not free, because he is bringing his case from Missouri. 3) He ruled NO, that slavery cannot be banned in territories. He brings back the Missouri Compromise, after 3 years, just to rule it unconstitutional. It also ruled that all the territories in America were slave and that popular sovereignty cannot exist, because a referendum is not due process.

Bailey vs. Drexel Furniture, 1922

Child labor tax case; tax on goods produced by child labor is invalid use of taxing power. - Congress can tax IC, but it can't use this as pretext to reg./ban state matters; feds tax, states regulate

Crusaders

Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries that fought for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Cold War

Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe; A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years; US against Communism (containment).

Teller Amendment

Congress, knowing that McKinley wanted to increase prestige and expand imperialism, added this amendment to the War Declaration, which said that the only purpose of this war is to free Cuba and after the war we weren't going to take it over.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Separation of Church and State

Constitutional principle found in the 1st Amendment which prevents our government from setting up an official church, from providing support for religious institutions, or from requiring church membership to vote.

Brown vs. Board of Education

Court case in 1954. Linda Brown, a perfect little kid, had to walk 6 blocks to a bus stop and that bus would have to drive a mile across town to get to her school, even though a very nice white elementary school was only 7 blocks away. The black school was terrible, so the NAACP hears about this and decides this is a case that can overturn Plessy vs. Ferguson, because although it was separate it wasn't even close to equal. They appoint Thurgood Marshall to prosecute the case and the result; no more segregation in schools.

Compromise of 1850

Created by Calhoun, Clay and Webster that stated 1) California is going to be free, 2) Utah and New Mexico territories will use popular sovereignty to determine slavery in those territories, 3) Texas loses part of its territory 4) and in exchange Texas gets $10 million of debt taken on by the federal government, 5) Washington D.C. will no longer have slave trade and 6) the most controversial issue, the Fugitive Slave Act would be strengthened and the North would no longer have the Personal Liberty Laws and must help return runaway slaves, something people morally oppose. The compromise attempted to give both the North and the South 3 things they wanted. Taylor was going to immediately veto the Compromise, but he dies and Millard Fillmore who wanted to "go with the flow" decided to pass it. Most people in the North were happy with the compromise for three reasons. One, because with California being free, they have control of the Senate so the sectional balance has been tipped. Second they liked that part of Texas (which was guaranteed slave) was given to land that had popular sovereignty, so it has the chance of not being slave. And lastly they liked that the slave trade in D.C. was gone. The South was also supposed to get three things from the compromise, but overall they didn't really help them. One, Utah and New Mexico were above the 36'30 line, so in theory it could be slave territory but the problem was that God had already said that the territory was going to be free, because it was desert, with no agriculture and therefore no need for planters to move out there with slaves. Second, the South was supposed to be happy with the removal of debt from Texas, but Texas wasn't even paying their debt to begin with, and the only gain was for the Northern bankers, who were the people Texas owed debt to. So basically, the federal government was giving Northern bankers more money, not really helping the South. The last thing the South got from the compromise was the Fugitive Slave Act, which they were really happy about, but will eventually come around to hurt them. The Democrats were pleased and accepted the compromise, but the Whigs aren't sure what to do with the compromise. Northern Whigs realized that the Fugitive Slave Act was going to anger people in the North and Southern Whigs were upset that California was free. And to add to the confusion, Clay, Calhoun and Webster (all Whig leaders) wrote the document, so the Whig Party has to say the compromise is great, but many individuals aren't sure if they like it or not, creating issues in the party eventually leading to its downfall. The Compromise marks an end of an era, because 2 weeks after the bill is passed, Calhoun dies and in the year 1853, and both Clay and Webster die.

Coxey's Army

Created in 1894, and led by Jacob Coxey, a guy from Ohio, who decides he wants to be the first guy to march on Washington. He started with 8 guys, but by the time he reaches Washington, there are 10,000, and these are unemployed workers demanding from Congress, to be hired to do public works. They are asking the federal government to be responsible for protecting the unemployed. When they get to D.C. they camp out in front of the capital, even though the local police tell them not to step on the national lawn, and the police arrest the leaders. Coxey goes to jail and the march breaks up, but the fact that it even happened demonstrates that workers are starting to mobilize politically and are starting to make demands that have never been made before.

United Nations

Created in 1945, but we started to create this in 1941 when Churchill and FDR met and signed the Atlantic Charter which said there should be a peacekeeping body. There are two groups. The Security Council and the General Congress of the UN, who can override vetoes. Early successes: decolonization, Universal Declaration of Human Rights and creation of Israel. Early failures: problems in the Middle East, problem in Indochina, couldn't deal with Soviet Union dominating Eastern Europe and couldn't find a solution to nuclear technology.

"Operation Wetback"

Created in 1954. This is when Eisenhower orders the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Services) to go around and round up all the illegal immigrants in America and ship them back to Mexico, whether they are Mexican or not. Over 1.1 million were found in the first year alone, 252,000 the next year, and it keeps going down. The program was in effect for a decade.

CENTO

Created in 1959 the Central Treaty Organization, is basically NATO for the Middle East.

Manumission

Defined as the act of a slave owner freeing their slaves; these societies emerged during the revolutionary era, and when the abolitionist movement grew, they began to decrease and eventually were banned.

Abolitionism

Defined as the movement to end slavery, practiced mostly in the North and exploded during the Second Great Awakening. The South's response to the abolitionist movement, created a sectional divide and eventually led to the civil war.

Border States

Defined on the AP Exam as a slave state that remained loyal even though they were part of the Union, that were Lincoln's priority, because the more states that secede, the harder it is to win the war.

World Court

Developed during period of internationalization; permanent court of arbitration established at The Hague in 1899; intended to remove causes of war; failed to resolve problems of international conflict in 20th century

Market Revolution

Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the increase of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.

James Buchanan

During the Election of 1856, the Democrats choose him, because he has been Andrew Jackson's ally and in politics for many years, but most importantly, during the Kansas crisis, he was in England. This meant that he had nothing to do with it and nothing can be pinned on him. During his presidency, the Dred Scott case occurs, the Lincoln-Douglas Debates take place and John Brown raids Harper's Ferry.

Injunction

During the Pullman Strike, when the ARU still refuses to operate the trains, the courts issue a court order, similar to a restraining order, to Debs, stating that his union must make the trains go. Debs says no and Cleveland is forced to step in.

Election of 1896

During this election, the Republicans nominate William McKinley and their platform is gold standard, high tariff and imperialism (which is new, suggesting this era is coming to a close). The Republicans came out with a ton of mottoes ("prosperity at home and prestige abroad") during this election, because since the economy was bad during a Democratic president, the Republicans have the opportunity to just say change. McKinley runs the front porch campaign, and sends out an army spellbinders to make little one-minute speeches. The Democrats tell Cleveland to get out of office, because they learned from their mistake, are done being Republican-lites, and are ready for change (become liberal instead of conservatism). The start of change begins at the Chicago Convention, where William Jennings Bryan, gives the Cross of Gold Speech. His platform will cause him some trouble, but he wants free and unlimited coinage of silver, strict regulation of major industry, limit the use of the injunction (order labor unions to break up), a significantly reduced tariff, and an income tax, and strict regulation of big industries. In looking at his platform, it looks like he is a Populist...but is he? Both the Populists and Bryan want the free and unlimited coinage of silver, income tax and a lower tariff. The Populists want the government to own major industries, but Bryan just wants strict regulation. This is a problem for the Populists, because if the Democrats nominate a guy who is almost a populist, it will split the vote, so the Populists nominate Bryan as well. McKinley won the election and Bryan lost because the free and unlimited of coinage isn't going to work, bosses told their employees to vote McKinley or be fired, and big business backed McKinley.

Bart Diaz

Early Portuguese explorer. In 1487, he attempts to reach Asia by going around Africa, and reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic. The first European known to have done so.

Clay's American System

Economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy in 1st half of 19th Century; consisted of 3 parts - 1. tariff to protect and promote American industry 2. National bank to foster commerce 3. Federal subsidies for roads/canals and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agricultural.

Citizen Ghent

Edmond Genet (French diplomat) invited himself into Charleston (not Philly- capitol) where he interrupted regulations of ports; he was ignoring Washington policies and violated Neutrailty Act; Eventually Genet's party was out of power and he lived in Long Island;America survived first test of Neutrality

Wounded Knee

Ended Indian autonomy, where we thought a good way of assuring that the Indians weren't going to attack the us was if Sitting Bull gave all of their weapons to the Americans. When the Americans arrive on the reservation, a teenager that idolized Sitting Bull, thought that this was unfair, so during the exchange he shot a bullet at the Americans. The Americans unload on the Indians killing about half of the Sioux, including Sitting Bull, which we then create a memorial.

Jeffrey Amherst

Energetic officers of the British army. Led the army in 1758 and recaptured the fortress at Louisbourg. British commander

Buffer Colony

England interested in settling Georgia as a ____ to protect south carolina from spanish invasion from the south.

William Howe

English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. Howe did not relish the rigors of winter campaigning, and he found more agreeable the bedtime company of his mistress. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia.

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Warren G. Harding

Folksy Ohio senator whose 1920 presidential victory ended the last hopes for U.S. participation in the League of Nations

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Mary Baker Eddy

Founder of Christian Science, a new religious movement.

Oliver Hudson Kelley

Founder of The Grange, who worked for the federal government.

Allied Powers

France, England and Russia are the only real important ones.

Mountain men

Fur trappers of the northwest.

Pennsylvania Dutch

German Mennonites who migrated to colonial Pennsylvania and formed politically influential faction.

Arabic Pledge

Germans announced this in August 1915 saying they won't sink any more civilian liners, without first warning them and giving them time to evacuate the ship.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson.

Robert LaFollette

Governor of Wisconsin nicknamed " Fighting Bob" who was a progressive Republican leader. His "Wisconsin Idea" was the model for state progressive government. He used the "brain trust", a panel of experts, to help him create effective, efficient government. He was denied the nomination for the Republicans in favor of Theodore Roosevelt. In addition, he was Leader of a liberal third-party (Progressive Party) insurgency who attracted little support outside the farm belt and his home state. He ran for president in 1924 and lost, but received one of the largest percentages of the vote of any third party candidate since the from the civil war to that point

John Winthrop

Governor who envisioned The Massachusettes Bay Colony as a "city upon a hill"

Enclosure Movement

Great Britain 1750-1850; British government transformed the rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into a single large farm, owned by an induvidual.

Guilford Courthouse

Greene and Morgan combined their armies and fought Cornwallis at _____, near present-day Greensboro, North Carolina. The British won but were severely weakened, showed the british could not win the war because no one city or town was the heart of America

Free Soil Party

Grew out of the Liberty Party and transformed into the Republican Party. When the Compromise of 1850 passed, the party gained support, because the idea of popular sovereignty was basically saying that Congress was allowing slavery to go West, which the party was completely against, but during the Election of 1852, the party loses a lot of votes during this election because they lost Martin Van Buren and people were holding onto the idea that the compromise was going to work.

The Dust Bowl

Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930's. Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. The disaster led to the migration into California of thousands of displaced "Okies" and "Arkies".

Fuel Administration Board

Harry Garfield was the head of this and the organization does all sorts of things such as Gasless Tuesdays, Lightless Nights, and Daylight Savings Time. These were all efforts to conserve energy for the war.

Black Codes

Hated by the Radical Republicans that started to appear in the new Southern state Constitutions. These are laws that take the newly free African Americans and basically make them slaves again. The best example is when many states passed vagrancy laws, where vagrants (people who were homeless and therefore most of them are blacks) are imprisoned and when they go to prison, they can be rehired by planters, where the money doesn't go to the black guy it goes to the prison. So basically they were the same as slavery but instead of sleeping on the plantations, after you worked long hours you would go back to the prison to sleep. In other words, they recreated slavery.

Horatio Alger

He book series of Ragged Dick increased the "American Dream" idea, where the main character always starts off poor and in the end finds wealth. These books sold like wildfire, where a lot of people are being influenced, by believing what is said in the books.

Jonas Salk

He contributes to the baby boom when in 1955, he invents a cure for polio, which was one of the biggest killers of children in America up till that point, and he markets it for free.

Stephen Douglas

He created the Kansas-Nebraska Act stemmed from his want of a transcontinental railroad to be built on the Chicago-San Francisco route. He was from Illinois, so that route would make his state, himself and his friends very wealthy. He also aspired to be president, and the next Henry Clay, so he supported popular sovereignty, which he thought would win him the election.

Dwight Eisenhower (Ike)

He decided to get involved in politics when he wins the election of 1952, where up to this point in his life he wasn't. Everyone was going to like him because he was such a nice guy and on top of that he was a war hero and had no connection to politics whatsoever. His platform was K1 C2, which meant Korea, Communism, Corruption. He was going to end Korea, get rid of the Communists and because of corruption scandals under Truman he decided to fight corruption. His domestic policy was known as "modern republicanism" and his foreign policy was similar to Truman's except with the addition of "massive retaliation" and the use of the CIA.

WEB Dubois

He grew up in Boston and was a son of a white father and a black mother, which is important because position in society was determined by the father. He goes to Harvard and becomes the first black man to earn a PhD in history. One of his first famous books is "Souls of Black Folk" in 1903 that criticizes Washington. He claims that he is successful just as Washington promoted, but still is being looked down on as inferior race. After he gains fame from his book, he organizes the Niagara Movement in 1905 and later is one of the founders of the NAACP.

Benedict Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

John Rockefeller

He is America's first billionaire, who makes a fortune on oil, by creating the Standard Oil of Ohio, and started off moderately poor. He was known to tithe exactly 10% to the presbyterian church. He practices horizontal integration by dominating the refining process, creates the Standard Oil Trust, which he justifies with the American Beauty Rose Theory, controlled the Senate (by controlling all state's state level legislatures), and was known to be the "robber baron" or "robber barons."

Andrew Carnegie

He is the guy who dominates the steel industry. He started as a Scottish immigrant, who came to America and became a bobbin boy making $29 a week, working 60 hours. He was smart and overtime got to know people, such as Thomas Scott (owned Pennsylvania railroad) who realizes Carnegie's potential and gives him money to invest. He was the one who realized that steel was the industry and quickly grows his company in 1879, Carnegie Steel. By 1900 he controlled 25% of the market and profiting $25 million (back then) and around $619 million in today's money. He was the first to successfully use the vertical integration model and when he wanted to retire, forced JP Morgan to buy his company.

Ngo Dinh Diem

He leads Southern Vietnam or the Nationalists. Almost immediately there are problems with him; he was extremely corrupt and his people absolutely hate him. He keeps his part of Vietnam in line by brute force and absolute violence. As they approach the election, Ho Chi Minh and the Communists look like they are going to win big, so he calls off the election. When he calls of the election, a civil war breaks out, where the North invades the South.

Edward Bellamy

He sells a fictional book "Looking Backwards" in 1888 that causes a movement, where people start to believe in Marx's ideas. He says that in 1888 a man falls asleep, and then he wakes up 147 or so years in the future (early 2000s) and society is completely changed. So the book talks about him looking backwards at what happened to make society change. He said that everyone retired at the age of 30, everyone had a machine in their house, where you would just press a button and anything you needed would appear (predicted drones and 3D printers), and all the nation's wealth would be pulled together and be equally distributed to the population (a radical form of socialism). People all over America read his book and about half actually believe it could happen. Then in the 1890s, we start to see the rise of Bellamy clubs, where academics all across America would read the book and form groups to try and make these ideas come into effect. Eventually all of these small Bellamy clubs unite and form the Socialist Party of America.

Terrence Powderly

He takes over the Knights of Labor in 1879. He was an academic, a mayor, and hated strikes, as he saw them as a waste of resources and unsuccessful in getting things done.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Ho Chi Minh

He was a Communist fighter against the Japanese, who kind of led the Vietnamese resistance against the Japanese. Northern Vietnam will be the Communist region led by him.

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Asher Durand

He was a friend of Thomas Cole. They were engravers.He really liked trees and sensed that everything was part of God. (artists, nature)

Henry Cabot Lodge

He was head of the Foreign Relations Committee and was the key Republican in the Senate for treaty ratification, so Wilson should have taken him to the peace talks after WWI. He will also lead the Reservationists and stall the Senate to prevent a vote on the treaty.

Alger Hiss

He was investigated in 1948 because a guy name Whittaker Chambers claims that he was his contact in government No relevant evidence was turning up on Hiss, but then the Soviets blow up an atom bomb in 1949. Now his case becomes really important, because now we know for a fact that the Soviets got plans for the bombs from spies. Now we needed to find these spies, and we decided that he was one of them. The only evidence used against him was a diagram of a US destroyer vessel, where Chambers claimed he got that diagram from him.

Franklin Pierce

He won the Election of 1852 because the Democrats needed a guy who had pretty much no controversial aspect, someone young who represents the ideal of change and who has no background (no enemies or supporters). Even though he won, he had the backbone of a jellyfish and was no Zachary Taylor, which the country desperately needed. Many important events took place during his presidency (post-Mexican War expansion, Kansas Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas, etc.) but none of them included him, so he was run out of office.

David Riesman

He writes a book called The Lonely Crowd. In this book he basically talks about what is happening to the American mindset in the 1950's consumer/suburban lifestyle. He thinks it is going to cause problems, where the people who live in the suburbs cease to be humans because humans desire to be inner directed (make decisions on values inside), and these people are other directed (over conscious about what others think and decisions are made to please others). The risk of living in a society like this is that it will cause people to get mentally destroyed deep down and he predicts significant rises in mental health problems and significant problems in marriages. He was a sociologist, so not many people were reading his book.

Scott Joplin

Helped develop music for the working class during the Gilded Age and was popular among the saloons. His most famous song was the Entertainer. Some historians say he was a boom for African Americans, but more modern historians view him as a negative because he continued the black entertainer stereotype.

Baby Boom

Helps the economy after WWII, because people start to have more and more children, and because the parents grew up during the Great Depression, they spoil the children with the things they didn't have. This has some positive implications on our economy because we see the rise of the toy industry, the music industry, fashion, etc.

Ray Stannard Baker

His first big article in 1901 was the same exact thing as Ida Tarbell's, just about US Steel. He also writes a series of articles on the organization of the United Mine Workers, which detailed how badly coal miners were treated, which will lead to a nationwide wave of sympathy, that will lead to riots.

Lincoln Steffens

His most famous article in 1904 was The Shame of The City, talking about municipal level of corruption and all the political bosses.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Fulton's folly

In 1798, the exclusive privilege of navigating boats propelled by steam within the state of New York was given to Robert R. Livingston. In Paris, where he was minister to France, Livingston met the American painter and inventor, Robert Fulton. In 1803, they revived the monopoly, with themselves as joint beneficiaries. In 1807, Fulton built the steamboat Clermont, soon widely known as Fulton's Folly. The small, snub-nosed boat made the 150-mile run from New York City to Albany in 32 hours. A regular passenger service was inaugurated, and a new era in water transportation began. In 1809, Fulton applied for, and obtained, a federal patent.

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Harper's Ferry

In 1859, John Brown goes here, where there was a US arsenal with hopes to take it over with his 19 men and then wait for slaves to come take the weapons and then go kill their owners. Two of the problems were that is no one told the slaves so no one shows up and due to the failed result of previous slave revolts, many slaves wouldn't want to participate. Two days later the US military shows up (lead by Robert E. Lee), capture him and his men, and six weeks later they are put on trial as a kangaroo court and Brown testifies without an attorney and gets hanged. The South viewed him as a Northerner who committed treason by invading the South with supporters, with hopes to kill everyone who owned slaves and claimed he was a god. Not only do they view him this way but they view all Northerners as such. On the contrary the North view Brown as a martyr and a man like Jesus.

Crime of '73

In 1873 market values were off, making silver too valuable, which would screw up the economy, where no one can figure out how much money is actually worth. To deal with the issue, the government says they will go to a strict gold standard to keep the economy balanced until the country reached the 16:1 ratio again and then the economy will go back to bimetallism. Poor people don't love it, but they also don't want the economy to collapse. 6 months later the government recognizes that there is a 16:1 ratio again, meaning they should switch back to bimetallism, but they don't. The rich people are ecstatic and the poor people are starting to call the 4th Coinage Act (the law that said we are going to stick to the gold standard), this and want to mobilize against the government.

Statue of Liberty

In 1886, this statue was built by France to commemorate the 100 year anniversary of our Constitution, but in reality they trying to ally with us, because they know World War I was about to happen.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

In 1890, a law that bans companies from working together to manipulate a market, basically banning monopolies .Eventually the act will be used against labor unions, because they are workers working together to manipulate wages.

Eugene Debs

In 1893 he creates the first industrial union (tries to take over one industry) in America, the American Railway Union. In 1984, he gets involved with the Pullman Strike. When the Socialist Party of America forms in 1901 he joined almost immediately and was their candidate for almost every election.

William Harvey

In 1894 he writes the pamphlet "Coin's' Financial School" that is distributed mostly to rural America. It is a book that basically talks about the history of money According to him it all begins with a secret organization of Europeans led by a British banker from the Rothschild family, the family that controls banking and interest in the Bank of London, and even further back to elites in the Catholic Church (similar to the illuminati). We learned that the decline of farmers is due to farming not being suitable for the modern era, but in reality it was this octopus in the Bank of London manipulating currency supply, using gold as the primary currency measuring stick. In order to destroy this system, we need to use a different metal that they can't control, silver. Farmers are reading this and it is actually being bought, and as we approach 1896, farmers are demanding the free and unlimited coinage of silver (turning every piece of silver into currency - hyperinflation).

Pullman Strike

In 1894 we see this second major strike, which starts in George Pullman's Towns, where due to the Panic of 1893, half the workers get fired and the other half gets a 40% decrease in their wages, without a decrease in their rent and food prices. So they decide to go on strike, and also invite Debs and the ARU to join them, because if the ARU goes on strike, the railroad industry across the US shuts down and would put a lot of pressure on the Pullman company. Initially, Debs didn't want to help the strike, but after seeing just how bad they were being treated, says yes. At this point, Richard Olney (General Secretary of State to Cleveland and prior, the CFO of the B&O Railroad) tells Cleveland to attach mail cars to all the trains in the country. That way, if a train is not being operated by the ARU, they are not only interfering with a company, they are interfering with the federal government. After the mail cars are attached, and the ARU still refuses to operate them, the courts issue an injunction to Debs, stating that his union must make the trains go. To this, Debs says no, and now Cleveland has to step in because a union leader had openly defied the Supreme Court, and sends in the army and navy. After killing about half the workers, the survivors start the trains back up again and the strike is broken. Even though the strike ended, the public actually sympathized with labor.

EC Knights and Company vs. US

In 1895, the US sues the EC Knight Corporation for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, because EC Knight was the major sugar refiner that controlled 97% of the nation's sugar (basically a monopoly). The Supreme Court says they were not in violation, because they were only producing the sugar, not selling it, which was done by its subsidiary companies. The Impact? In the five years following the case, more trusts are formed in America than the rest of American history combined. So, after outlawing trusts, the number of trusts in America spiked.

Upton Sinclair

In 1906 writes The Jungle, one of the big muckraking novels. He was a socialist and in this book, he was trying to show us the problems of capitalism. He wrote about the meatpacking industry as an example of how business gets bad. Roosevelt reads this book and orders the government to investigate. Eventually his book leads to the Meat Inspection Act and The Pure Food and Drug Act.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

In 1911, this event gives a huge amount of support to the International Lady Garment Worker's Union, where a fire breaks out in a textile factory, and the owner, angry with the workers taking too many breaks, locks the fire escape and even tied some of the workers to their machines. In the end, a lot of women and children die, leading to states passing more workplace safety reforms.

Congressional Union

In 1913 a member of NAWSA, Alice Paul, who thought the group was too slow and not aggressive enough, leaves the group and forms this splinter group.

Burke Wadsworth Act

In 1940, the US passed this act, which allows the US to implement the draft. Although we hadn't declared war, we were getting ready for it and everyone knew about it.

Sputnik

In 1957 this satellite goes into space. It is literally a metal ball that beeps, but that scares us because it is dismantled a myth that we had believed; that Communist nations can't develop. Right now it is beeping but by next year it could be dropping bombs on us. We realize that American children are to blame because they weren't learning enough, so we pass the NDEA.

Alaskan Boundary Dispute

In Alaska, a gold mine is discovered along the Klondike-Alaska border, where most people think it is in Canada, but we say it's in Alaska. A committee is appointed to dissolve the dispute in 1903. 3 Americans, 3 Canadians and a British guy, named Lord Alverstone, who will end up being the deciding vote, were on the committee. Right before the vote, Teddy Roosevelt sends a telegram to Britain saying "we appreciate your willingness to resolve this dispute, but know that regardless of what you vote on, the military with go in and take the gold mine." The result? Lord Alverstone votes for the U.S. So, once again we did not have to fight, we used threats that worked. Again, Britain probably decided to side with us, because they knew World War I was imminent.

Fall of France

In April of 1940 after the Germans had about 6 months to move their army back from Poland towards France, they start Blitzkrieg part 2 where they march into Denmark, and take it over in a week. They then march into Norway and take it over in less than a month. And then they finally march into France. This is the point where people start to think, "there's no way this could happen," since up until that point, everyone thought that France had the most powerful army in the world, especially since it had spent a while fortifying its eastern border with Germany. The Maginot Line had been made it so strong that Germany went around it through Belgium, the Ardennes forest. The French had fortified their army along the border with Belgium, everywhere but the Ardennes forest since they thought the forest was unpassable. What did the Germans do? They went through it anyways. By the time the French realized the Germans were behind them, it was too late. All their guns at the Maginot Line were pointed towards Germany and by the time the Germans were behind them, it was too late it turn back. The Germans then marched right into Paris. It took two months for France to finally surrender but the fighting was only over after two weeks. In which case others look and see the most powerful country over in Europe had just been taken over in just two weeks. The impact this has on Americans is that it inclines the US to side completely with the Allies.

Atlantic Charter

In August 1941, FDR and Winston Churchill meet off the coast of Canada on a battleship, and come up with the __________ ___________, or the goals of the war. The problem with this is that the US is not even in the war, yet we are mapping out with Britain war purposes. This signals to a lot of people that America is in the war, they are just waiting for an excuse to actually declare war. The goals laid out were basically the 14 Points, where we need a peacekeeping organization (United Nations), we need no more colonies, we need to demilitarize, etc. and the guarantee of the four freedoms, all people in the world should have freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from tyranny and freedom from want (in other words no lack of resources to survive).

visible saints

In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.

Martin Van Buren

In the Election of 1848, he ran as the candidate for the Liberty Party, because he was banned from the Democratic party because in 1844 he did not want to annex Texas.

John C Fremont

In the Election of 1856, the Republicans, who run a candidate for the first time, and choose The Pathfinder, who was from the South but also anti-slave.

Personal Liberty Laws

In the North, these were passed which gave anyone in the state the personal liberty to not assist in catching runaway slaves. These laws allowed northerners to interfere in the slave catching of southerners. Because of this, southerners get infuriated and then demand a new fugitive slave act that allows for stricter enforcement.

"Corrupt Bargain"

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Henry Wallace

In the election of 1940, the Democrats are going to nominate him as the Vice Presidential candidate, which will be important. He was not a communist, but very close. FDR chose a liberal as his running mate, attempting to appease the liberals who were angry at him for scaling back the New Deal. Then in the election of 1944, FDR runs again, but backlash over his former Vice President who was an ultra-liberal, gets replaced with the moderate liberal Harry Truman. In the election of 1948, he reforms the Progressive Party, because the people wanted a candidate more liberal than Truman.

Cult of Domesticity

In the postwar era, women return to this, partly due to the baby boom.

Nez Perce and Chief Joseph

In the state of Washington in 1877, this was the last tribe to have contact with Americans. When the Americans arrive in Washington, their leader realized that they would lose, and attempt to flee to Canada, who welcomed Indian tribes, attempting to populate the area. When the US cavalry catches up to the tribe, the members want to fight, but he tells them to quit fighting.

Independent Treasury Bill

In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Adkins vs. Children's Hospital, 1923

In this court case, the Supreme Court reversed its own reasoning in Muller v. Oregon, on the grounds that women were now the legal equals of men (after the Nineteenth Amendment).

Samuel Tilden

In this era, first seen by removing Boss Tweed from power, and later during the Election of 1876 ran on the Democratic ticket, and mathematically won, but due to the Compromise of 1877, lost the presidency to Hayes.

Cult of Domesticity

In this era, this idea that men and women each have their own separate sphere was growing and we start to see the emergence of higher class women competing.

Herbert Hoover

In this unit he is known for heading up the Food Administration Board during World War I.

Susan B. Anthony

In this unit, she is the first president of NAWSA, but just used as a symbol.

IWW + Wobblies

In this unit, the Industrial Workers of the World union is destroyed due to the Espionage and Sedition Acts.

Fundamentalism

Insisted upon a literal interpretation of the Bible

Joseph Pulitzer

Introduced yellow journalism to newspapers and was a Democratic Congressman from New York; today he is best known for the Pulitzer Prize, which is used to recognize artistic and journalism achievements.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

Solid South

It is the South saying that from now on we need to unite. The South is not the minority and the only way for them to win is to terrorize the majority into not participating. The idea does hold up and even goes to the Supreme Court in the case Cruikshank vs. Us in 1875, where black civilians that survived in Louisiana (after the Colfax Riot) sue the government for not protecting their 14th amendment rights. The Supreme Court rules that only the US has to honor equal protection, not the state governments. The case is eventually thrown out, but does for a while let the Southern state governments do whatever they want.

Roosevelt Corollary

It says that if we need to go into Latin American countries to keep Europe out of them, then we have to right to do such thing. Again, the Monroe Doctrine said we each had to stay on our side of the world, but Teddy adds that intervention of other nation's affairs on the Western Hemisphere is allowed if it involves a European nation. We see this applied in the Dominican Republic in 1905, because when they are not paying back their debt, we stepped in, collected their taxes for them and payed off their debt. The Dominican Republic didn't really like that this was happening to them, but they really had no say. The same exact story occurs in Cuba in 1906. Cuba wasn't paying debt and weren't listening to their Platt Amendment government, so we seen in the military to "reconquistador" Cuba and make them pay their bills and stabilize their government. It took about 3 years, and again they didn't like it, but had no say.

Bank War

Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

Mulligan Letters

James Blaine is pegged with these, which were letters written by Blaine to a guy named Mulligan, who was one of his big campaign supporters. Basically the campaign supporter wrote letters to Blaine reminding him of the bribes he gave him and asking for favors, but Blaine responds with an appreciation for the bribes, but also telling the supporter he will eventually get around to what he wants, just not before the campaign and at the bottom signed "burn this letter" because the letter was evidence that Blaine was taking bribes. Mulligan did not burn the letter and turned it over to the media because Blaine did not follow through. So this takes a guy that we already knew was corrupt, and gives us concrete evidence, right before an election, that he was even more corrupt than we thought.

McCarthyism

Joe McCarthy was a Senator from Wisconsin (took Bob LaFollette's position) coming up on the end of his first term (elected during the Midterm Elections of 1946), and because he didn't do anything, didn't have anything to run on for the next election. He decides he needs an issue to run on, so because the Red Scare was going on, he decides to find all the Communists in our country. In 1951 he announces he has a list and he makes a ton of televised speeches. His list either had 205, 81 or 57 Communists on it, implying that he did not have a list. He has a ton of televised trials, where he puts people on the stands and asks them if they are Communists. It works, McCarthy gains popularity and gets re-elected, but as the Cold War starts to calm down for a little bit, he starts to lose his popularity. To save his popularity he goes after the biggest fish he can and claims that Communists have taken over the army. During the Army-McCarthy Hearings of 1954, he calls out Eisenhower and George Marshall. These televised trials make McCarthy look like an idiot, so his support dies, and the Senate censures (takes away his ability to be a Senator) him and in his next re-election campaign, he is thrown out of office. This shows us that America was paranoid and terrified.

Panic of 1893

Lasted until about 1898, where just like all the other panics, it will be the worst economic crisis in the nation's history up to that point. It was caused by the over expansion of business in the 1880s (with railroads and gold speculation) and in 1893, the bubble pops. The working class gets laid off in large numbers (unemployment up to 12%), crop prices plummet for farmers, and wages are decreasing.

"Blackjack Pershing"

Leads the expedition to find Pancho Villa all the way into México and doesn't succeed in finding him. We killed a few people from their side, they kill a few from out side and nothing gets resolved because the war doesn't end and many people say this was a complete waste of time. Also leader of the AEF during World War I.

Election of 1864

Lincoln wins the election but on a National Union Party ticket with his running mate being a Democrat, Andrew Johnson, to show a sign of capability to reunite. George McClellan runs against them, saying that if he is elected, he will make peace with the South, basically saying that if he wins the election the South wins the war.

Presidential Reconstruction

Lincoln's plan said that the South has always been states, just ones that have violated the law, so he says that we should just let them be states again and he will create a protocol, the 10% Plan, for how they become states again. Johnson's plan for reconstruction from April-December of 1865 included a harsher stance than Lincoln toward the South, but not as harsh as Congress. He started with Lincoln's 10% Plan, but adds one single tweak, that rich people couldn't vote unless they got a presidential pardon. He does this because Johnson grew up as a poor Southerner and hated the rich.

10% Plan

Lincoln's protocol for the South to become states again, which says that 10% of the people who vote in the Election of 1860 must swear an oath that they won't secede again, that their debt from the confederacy won't be repaid and that by December 1863, to become states again, they must ratify a new constitution on the state level that doesn't include slavery. Although Tennessee accepts the plan almost immediately, critics claim that it is too weak.

Lafayette

Marquis de Lafayette was a French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.

Neal Dow

Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Hinton Helper

Not mentioned in the lecture; but was a Southern journalist who published The Impending Crisis, which was an examination of slavery's impact on the South.

Philip Sheridan

Not mentioned in the lecture; but was a Union general that was sent by General Grant to the war in the East to lead the Army of Potomac.

David Walker

Not mentioned in the lecture; but was an African-American abolitionist who wrote the pamphlet An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World that argued for the end of slavery and discrimination of the US.

Army Of Northern Virginia

Not mentioned in the lecture; but was the major Confederate army in the Eastern Theater of the War.

Army Of The Potomac

Not mentioned in the lecture; but was the major Union army in the Eastern Theater of the War.

"New South"

Not mentioned in the lecture; the simple term being to describe the South after the Civil War, which supported building a more diversified Southern economy, started the expansion of Southern industry, brought the return of White conservatives to power, got the withdrawal of federal troops and rise of KKK and lynching.

Benjamin Spock

Now a lot more women are involved in the baby boom and need help, because women learn how to be a mother from their mother, but people in this era are migrating to the sun belt, breaking up family networks. So this will lead to the rise of Dr. Spock's Baby and Childcare book, published in 1946. This was a book that taught how to be a parent, showing that America needed help because they weren't close to family.

Braceros

Now that the Okies are at war we need the Mexicans back which lead the US to start something called the ____________ Program. This is a seasonal worker program which brings Mexicans over to harvest and at the end of the harvest they go back home. We still have this today which still brings over Mexicans to harvest but farmers don't pay them what they owe them plus extra to send them back home.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929. After a week of steadily rising instability, the market began to fall apart. All efforts to save the market failed. Sixteen million shares of stock were traded; the industrial index dropped 43 points (or nearly 10 percent), wiping out all the gains of the previous year; stocks in many companies became virtually worthless. Within a month, stocks had lost half their September value, and despite occasional, short-lived rallies, they continued to decline for several years after that.

Armistice Day

On November 11, 1918, an armistice, a ceasefire, is signed. The war is not over, but it is not going on either. You have a ceasefire so that the two sides can start talking peace, which is exactly what happens. People all over the world celebrate.

V-J Day

On September 2nd, 1945, there is this because the Japanese surrendered. Douglas MacArthur meets the Japanese aboard the USS Missouri and the war is over.

Manhattan Project

One month before Poland gets invaded we started to work on the _________________ _____________ because Albert Einstein's German physics friends were working on nuclear weapons.

Joseph Pulitzer

One of the most famous yellow journalists; He was competing for paper sales with Hearst, and is the author of The New York World.

Old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa was a medical doctor that rose up to help out the working class of México He fights for the poor and didn't succeed at first to get the United States' attention to stop Carranza (because the US supported Carranza) and so Villa crosses the border and kills a few Americans knowing that will cause Wilson to send the army.

Wilson Gorman Tariff

Passed in 1894, which actually lowered the tariff, but it was still insanely high. It also implemented the nation's first income tax of 2% (that was meant to be permanent) on anyone who made $4000 (just for the rich). You would have an income tax, while lowering the tariff, because the government needs to get money from somewhere and in contrast to the tariff (sales tax for anyone but the rich), income tax was paid mainly by the rich, which would make this a policy helping the middle and poorer classes. Even though it gets a negative reaction from the rich, it is a 2% income tax versus about a 44% tariff, making this yet another bone being thrown at the working class. To make things worse, in the court case Pollock vs. Farmer's Loan and Trust in 1895, the Supreme Court says the income tax in unconstitutional. So the effort to throw a bone at the poor people, is ruined because now the rich don't have to pay the income tax.

Mann Elkins Act

Passed in 1910, which strengthens the ICC, by allowing it to regulate communication (telegraphs, telephones, etc.).

Federal Reserve Act

Passed in 1914, which creates the Federal Reserve System, which regulates the money in circulation and decentralizes the process. Basically it acts as a bank for banks. The head of the Federal Reserve is in Washington D.C. where a board oversees physical branches all across America. Banks actually like the federal reserve because it creates a stable money supply, which in turn creates a safer investment environment.

Federal Trade Commission Act

Passed in 1914, which creates the Federal Trade Commission, which regulates big business. They will be the government agency that keeps their eyes on monopolies.

Jones Act

Passed in 1916 which get starts Filipino independence, where it doesn't make them independent right away but sets up the system which will lead to their independence. This is a representation of us saying that even if it doesn't benefit us it's what's the right thing to do.

Workingmen's Compensation Act

Passed in 1916, which creates worker's compensation, where the workers get insurance in case you get hurt of the job.

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence."King of the Smugglers." A wealthy Boston merchant who defied the mercantilist system and the Navigation Acts. He was one of the leaders of the Sons of Liberty. He was a leader in the plot to store gunpowder in Lexington and Concord. He was the President of the Continental Congress at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and was the first to sign the Declaration. He signed it really big and made the comment, "So Fat George in London can read it without his spectacles!"

Laissez faire

Philosophy where the government stays out of the economy. In this era Cleveland is the first to stand behind this philosophy, and by the end of the Gilded Age, the wealthy are going to support this concept.

Jefferson Davis

Pierce's Secretary of War and later when the South secedes, he becomes the President of the Confederate States of America.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Pioneered "scientific management"; sought to limit wasted effort in the work place

New Sweden

Swedish settlement that was very close to New Netherland. Included parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The settlers that lived there and New Netherland competed over fur trade with the Native Americans

"Rosie the Riveter"

Symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war.

Federal system

System of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people

Calvin Cooldige

Taciturn, pro-business president (1923-1929) who took over after Harding's death, restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft changes Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy to this, because in his opinion, he thought that although successful, Big Stick Diplomacy constantly waged war. He says the US can continue to be imperialistic (promoting interest abroad), but instead of threatening and intimidating, he wants to ease the process. This diplomacy says to let American business imperialize for us. Literally have American business invest in parts of the world that we think are important, because as business goes there, factories will be built, companies will buy up real estate, they'll hire workers, and the natives of the country will start to like what American business has done for their economy. In the process, the country will also become politically like us, without ever having to wage war. Taft calls this "substituting dollars for bullets."

Payne Aldrich Tariff

Taft screwed up on the tariff issue. He got elected promising to take down the tariff, something that Roosevelt wouldn't even do (alienate business). He pushes for a 20% tariff, but after going through the Congress in 1909, the tariff ends up being around 40%, which was down from 46% but still a very high tariff.

Excise Tax

Tax paid by manufacturers and producers so that the product if passed down to the ones who want to buy the product. (consumers)

The prophet

Tecumseh's brother. He tried to help unite the Northwest Indian tribes in their struggle against the onslaught of US settlers.

Landrum Griffin Act

The 1959 labor legislation that required unions to show more financial accountability and outlawed secondary boycotts.

FEPC

The Fair Employment Practices Commission, which is still around today. This investigates businesses that are accused of discriminating. The fact that he does this is historically significant. Before, blacks weren't listened to by the government but instead, FDR goes and changes that by making something (that didn't really work but at least he finally does something). This triggers a new waves of civil rights.

Sylvester Graham

The Reverend Sylvester Graham was an American dietary reformer, best known for his emphasis on vegetarianism, the temperance movement, and his invention of graham bread, graham flour and the graham cracker. Eating healthy, exercise, and diet were is main things.

Apologist View of Slavery

The Southern response to abolitionism was to develop a new view, one that defended slavery and turned it from a "Necessary Evil" (due to the cotton gin) to a "Positive Good" according to John Calhoun. To back up this new view, Southerns claimed that slaves had it better than the "Northern Wage Slaves," that great empires were founded on the slavery and it also gave slaves an opportunity to become Christian and go to heaven.

Warsaw Pact

The Soviets in response to NATO is to create this in 1955, which is the same as NATO except it is for all the satellite nations of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Long story short what is happening to the Cold War is that it basically looks like World War III is imminent.

Cuban rebellion, 1895

The Spanish American War begins with Cuban Rebellions in the late 1890s, between the Cuban insurrectionists and the Spanish. Even though Cuba was losing almost all of its revenue, Spain continued to hold it due to Cuba producing over 90% of the world's sugar. The U.S. obviously wanted this money-making colony, but Americans weren't yet ready to enter a war with Spain. When the Cubans rebel, Spain sends over General Weyler, whose idea to put down the rebellion was to put all the civilians in concentration camps, but in the end the idea fails.

Henry Clay

The Whigs finally learn not to run him in the Election of 1848 and he is another one of the three men who helped to create the Compromise of 1850 and dies in the era.

Zachary Taylor

The Whigs run him in the Election of 1848 and was a candidate very similar to Jackson, who had no political background, had a cool nickname, was a rich guy that everyone assumed was poor, hated politics, and was strong willed and was a war hero from the Mexican War. Ironically, he opposed slavery, but also owned a slave, so the Whigs thought they too would reach middle ground. He was elected because he pledged pretty much nothing during his campaign other than that he would be a strict president. When the Gold Rush increased migration to California to the point where the territory was ready for statehood, his plan was to tell the public that it was going to be free and they just have to deal with it, attempting to avoid war by not allowing a debate. America is not ready to accept that plan, because the South was infuriated, but the North was ok with it. When the Compromise of 1850 is mentioned, his response is that he will immediately veto it, but he dies before he gets the opportunity.

Robert LaFollette

The Wisconsin Idea was created by Fightin' Bob (called this because he was always fighting corruption and business), who was one of the most famous progressive era figures in America. He comes up with the idea that government should work hand in hand with experts and academics, where the academics study society and come up with ideas, and the politicians will implement them. This is known as the Wisconsin Idea. He comes up with implements ideas such as, regulating utilities, regulating railroads in Wisconsin, women's rights, getting rid of child labor, minimum wages, maximum hours, etc. Eventually Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal will be modeled after Wisconsin.

13th-15th Amendments

The first amendment in the set abolished slavery and impacted blacks because when they were emancipated, many for the first minute walked across the street and then started to try and reunite with their families. The second was proposed by Congress to ensure that the Civil Rights Act would never be removed by saying that everybody has to honor due process for everybody, more simple put it is the Civil Rights Act codified into the Constitution, so that it can't be removed without going through the amendment process, which is hard to do. The last amendment gives blacks the right to vote, but also rehashed the idea of women's rights, because women thought when black people get rights, they would too, but it didn't happen. The amendment works for a couple of years, but eventually black people are physically kept from voting.

Greenback Movement

The first attempt at farmer's organization, where the Greenback Labor Party led by James B. Weaver saw that the Republican-Republican-lite issue opened the door for third parties. Also in their name, supported printing paper money, and in turn promoted inflation, because they thought it would raise crop prices and lower interest rates on their debt.

Coney Island

The most famous being amusement park for the lower class in the Gilded Age. Located in New York, it was known as "Sodom By The Sea" the park's most famous attraction was the Elephantine Colossus.

Fisk and Gould

The first big scandal associated with Grant in 1869, where these men decide to manipulate the gold supply, because belief about gold is that if the government starts printing paper money, there would be less demand for gold. So two rich guys take a commodity that no one really wanted, and start buying it up at low prices very secretly, because if the public knew about it, they might jump in as well. Now the gold demand has increased as well as the value, so they start releasing false information that the federal government is going to retire all the bonds with gold, so people start thinking there will be a huge demand for gold and start buying it, again increasing the price. At this point, they have jumped out and have artificially created a market. When they finally do sell they will make an enormous profit (millions) and because they bought so much, the market will crumble. This is considered government corruption, because when the government/treasury department started hearing about the false information, they are bribed to say that the information is true. Grant's brother-in-law was also involved, so when Grant announced that he was going to get to the bottom of this, he realized that it couldn't possibly be true and forgave them all.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans; a man Crispus Attucks is seen as a matyr because of his death in the massacre

Granger Movement

The first government response to to the corruption of the railroad industry, which was a politically organized group of farmers that were especially strong in places like Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. They were so good at organizing that they took over the Ohio and Illinois state legislatures and passed Granger Laws.

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Munn vs. Illinois

The first lawsuit that goes all the way to the Supreme Court in 1877, is where Munn (from a railroad company) says that the Granger Laws are unconstitutional, but the Supreme Court is going to say they are wrong, based on the Gibbons v. Ogden case, where if the federal government refuses to act, then states are free to regulate. Because the railroad companies are angry, they start giving more money to the government, which in turn makes the Supreme Court extraordinarily more pro-business.

Township system

The first legal enactment concerning the system provided that, whereas, ' particular townships have many things which concern only themselves and the ordering of their own affairs, and disposing of business in their own town, ' therefore the ' freemen of every township, or a majority part of them, shall only have power to dispose of their own lands and woods, with all the appurtenances of said town, to grant lots, and to make such orders as may concern the well ordering of their own towns, not repugnant to the laws and orders established by the general court.'

Jamestown

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

Consent of the governed

The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.

Virtual Representation

The idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from

Rosenbergs

The most famous group that got investigated by the HUAC were Ethel and Julius in 1951. These were two people that were probably spies, but we decide that the husband (janitor at the Pentagon) stole the atom bomb plans and gave them to his neighbor, who was a Russian spy. Both of them were executed, again showing Red Scare hysteria.

"Buying on margin"

The investment practice of making a small down payment (the "margin") on a stock and borrowing the rest of the money need for the purchase from a broker who held the stock as security. People essentially bought stocks with credit or debt creating a bubble that popped om Black Tuesday

Geronimo

The last tribe to militarily resist American expansion the Apaches led by this man in 1886. He was a military mastermind, so the US did the same thing they did to the Seminoles, hold all the women and children hostage, until he eventually is forced to surrender and move to a reservation. Now military resistance to American expansion is over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

The leader of the Filipino Freedom Fighters, who helped the US fight and win the land-war, after the Battle of Manila Bay.

Mad Anthony Wayne

The leader of the army that crushed the Indians of the Northwest Territory in 1794.

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution.

Fugitive Slave Act

The most controversial issue of the Compromise of 1850, where the North would no longer have the Personal Liberty Laws and must help return runaway slaves, something people morally oppose. It also forced moderate Northerners to stop being moderate and chose a side, where most chose to hate slavery and join the growing abolitionist movement.

George Pullman

The most famous at accomplishing the company town idea, where in his town in Chicago, his factory (built palace cars) would be surrounded by housing, the general store, churches, etc., and all his workers had to live in his town and all their rent, food, some of the offering, etc. was paid to him. So literally, the money you are being paid in wages is going back to the boss.

War Industries Board

The most famous new organization during mobilization, which was headed by Bernard Baruch Long story short, they are the most famous example of how business was going to be enthroned. Baruch will be in charge of telling factories to build things and when they needed to be built by, as well as telling business how much profit they would get, and because he was a wealthy guy he set all the price levels extremely high. Companies got really smart about producing and this industry was considered the one where the Gilded Age is reimplemented.

Levittown

The most famous suburban neighborhood is _____________, where all the houses are a cookie cutter model.

Robert E Lee

The most well known general of the Confederate Army and seen as "Jesus" to most of the South. We first see him, when he leads the US marines to put down John Brown at Harper's Ferry. After the failed Union Peninsula Campaign, he starts Northern Invasion Part 1, where he hopes to gain European recognition and a victory of Northern soil which could turn Northerners away from the war, as is met by John Pope during the First Battle of Bull run, which he wins, but at the Battle of Antietam is forced to retreat, ending his Northern invasion attempt. After winning the Battle of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, he decides to try again at Northern Invasion, but fails at the Battle of Gettysburg and turns the tide of the war. Then Grant comes to the Eastern Theater, and begins his Wilderness Campaign, where he is quickly losing his army. Eventually Grant makes his way to Petersburg, and he sets up a siege and so for the next 9 months (June 1864 - March 1865) where the Union builds up their defenses to the point where the entire city is surrounded except for one road, which he uses to escape and retreat. As he is escaping Petersburg and attempting to join Hood's army, Grant catches him at Appomattox and the general is finally surrenders.

MAGIC

The name of the codes that broke all the Japanese's passwords.

Ellis Island

The new center for processing immigrants, that replaced Castle Garden in New York City. Processing immigrants used to be a part of the state level of government, but by the 1890s states are very corrupt, so the federal government takes over.

Ballinger Pinchot Affair

The next big issue involved the conservation policy in 1909, when Richard Ballinger, the new Secretary of the Interior, comes in and allows business to start using land that Roosevelt had set aside and said should not be used. Gifford Pinchot goes to Ballinger and tells him that under Roosevelt, even though this land wasn't a national park, the land would never have been used. Ballinger ignores Pinchot, so Pinchot goes to Taft and tells him that his Secretary of the Interior is screwing up and that Roosevelt would not be ok with this. Taft sympathized with Pinchot, but told him that he must apologize to Ballinger. Pinchot did not apologize and instead went to the media to try and create public outrage. It worked, because a lot of conservationists and progressivists hated it, but it also caused Pinchot to get fired.

Wabash vs. Illinois

The next case in 1887, is where the Gibbons v. Ogden case is overturned (and also Munn vs. Illinois), so the federal government has the exclusive right to regulate railroads, and even if they decide not to act, states can't.

Russo Japanese War

The next event was when Japan invades Russia from 1904-1905. They were fighting over control of Manchuria, and the rest of the world was freaking out, thinking this war was going to turn into World War I. Japan runs into a problem when they try to invade Russia, because of how large the landmass is, because even though they beat the Russian navy in the sea, they couldn't do anything on land, creating a stalemate. Now, Japan asks us to step in and arbitrate. Roosevelt does step in and invites the Russian and Japanese diplomats to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where the Portsmouth Conference will meet.

"Square Deal"

The nickname for all of Roosevelt's progressive agenda.

"Solemn Referendum"

The nickname for the Election of 1920; Wilson wanted this election to be a referendum, meaning a decision made by the people. He said that if the Democrats won, it meant the people liked the Treaty of Versailles, but the Democrats got murdered.

Moral/Missionary Diplomacy

The nickname of Wilson's foreign policy, where in Wilson's administration, we are going to make decisions based on what is right even if it doesn't necessarily benefit us.

Bourbons

The nickname, that comes from the French Louis dynasty, for the old planter aristocracy in the South, where during reconstruction lost most of its power. They were the smallest group, around 10%, in the South, in comparison to the poor whites who made up about 50%. The poor whites loved what the reconstruction did, but when this group tries to take the power back they should have said NO, but this group uses hatred of blacks to gain support from the poor whites. Numerous violent, white supremacy groups arise, such as the KKK, that are funded by this group.

Chiang Kai-Shek

The ruthless right-wing dictator of China.

Election of 1796

The person with the most electoral votes, John Adams, became President and the person with the second most electoral votes, Thomas Jefferson, became Vice President. A problem from this situation was that Adams and Jefferson belonged to different political parties, so political tensions were strong in the Executive Branch. In modern elections, presidential candidates choose their vice presidential candidates to run with them, so the situation in 1796 could not occur.

Townshend Acts, 1767

The purpose of the Townshend Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.[2] The Townshend Acts were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.He participated in the Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flexural Process.

Lusitania

The sister ship of the Titanic, which was sunk in May of 1915. It was a passenger ship (rich people on it for a cruise), including the richest man in the world and a member of the Vanderbilt family. The Germans actually put an ad in the paper saying "we are going to sink this ship, because this British ship was smuggling weapons to Britain." Although true, 128 Americans die, so we start thinking of Germany as the bad guys.

Abraham Lincoln

The sixteenth Republican President of the US after winning the Election of 1860. He made his first appearance in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, where no one really knew who he was and he was kind of anti-slavery and kind of not, because he personally hated slavery but didn't believe the government should ban it all together. He was not in favor of equality between the races, but also said that slavery would lead to a house divided that would eventually fall. He number one claim was that he was not going to allow slavery to extend in the territories. He was President during the Civil War and went on to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, changing the cause of the war to ending slavery.

Middle Passage

The stage of triangular trade where millions of Africans were shipped to the New World; this started the institution of slavery in Americ

HUAC

Then the House starts to investigate because they believe Truman is a Communist, claiming that he found Communists in the system but shielded them. The House by 1947 was very Republicans and Truman was very Democratic. The House of Un-American Activities Commission forms and starts investigating our society.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Yellow Dog Contracts

These contracts were required by employers, that stated that you would not join a union and if you tried to join, or even talked to a union member, employers could fire you on the spot.

Charles and Mary Beard

These famous historians from the 20th century wrote that the founding fathers were driven by economic issues rather than political philosophies.

Billion Dollar Congress

This Congress from 1889 to 1891, during Harrison's presidency, will be the first in U.S. history, to spend in one calendar year, a billion dollars, to justify a higher tariff. It was led by Thomas Czar Reed, who wastes tons of money on helping veterans, by giving out pensions to anyone who could associate with a member of the Civil War. They have to spend this money on benefiting veterans, in order to justify the McKinley Tariff, and to soften the blow of this tariff, Congress passes The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.

Bretton Woods Agreement

This agreement says that there needs to be intergovernmental agencies; international governments that promote better economies worldwide. Why? WWII was caused by big countries having bad economies. They came up with the IMF (International Monetary Fund), to make sure every nation's currency stays stable and have enough, and the World Bank, which was basically a gigantic bank where a lot of industrial nations deposit cash and the cash is funneled to troubled spots of the world (through low interest loans), to prop up developing countries.

Antietam

This battle began when McClellan's scouts found all of Lee's plans in cigars and tells McClellan, who slowly goes and meets Lee at a creek. On September 14, 1862, where Lee's 50,000 army is backed up to a creek for protection (but also fenced him in) and McClellan's 90,000 troops, instead of throwing his entire army like a rabid monkey at the Confederates, he at 8 am sends about 5,000 of his men to fight the confederates, but they get beat and run back, at 8:30 does the exact same thing and by the end of the day McClellan is left with a ton of dead soldiers. Technically this is considered to be a Union victory because McClellan lost 11,000 soldiers out of 90,000 and Lee lost 13,000 out of 50,000 and is forced to retreat. The problem is that this should have been the battle where Lee gets annihilated and the Civil War ends. Lincoln tells McClellan that Lee is on the run and to go get him now, but McClellan says no (because the army was tired and was a costly battle) and is fired. This battle had the highest number of deaths in one day in a greater number of casualties than all of American history combined.

Battle of Britain

This battle occurs during the fall and winter of 1940 to 1941, where the Germans try to bomb the living crap out of Britain, and ends up being mostly an airborne war. This is the point where Winston Churchill takes over Britain. This battle isn't super important, but Britain will eventually win. It goes on for about 9 months, where the British at first look like they are losing, but eventually the German strategy fails because you can't bomb a country into submission (until the invention of the atomic bomb). During this time period, FDR is slowly trying to find secret ways to keep the British and the Germans fighting, realizing that if Britain bows out of the war, the US does not have a chance.

Hampton Roads

This battle took place from March 6-9 in 1862, where the Confederates attempt to break the Union blockade. The Confederates repairs the Merrimack (by "ironclading" it) and on March 8, obliterates two Union ships guarding the bay, which leads the Union to build their own ironclad boat, the Monitor, which was a Jeffersonian gunboat. The ships attempt to sink the other (by ramming into each other) for 9 hours but neither succeeds. This battle is considered a Union victory, because even though it ended in a tie, the Merrimack never broke the Union blockade.

USS Maine

This boat was docked in the Havana harbor, just to keep an eye on the Americans in Cuba (mainly rich people, since Havana was the Las Vegas of back then). Because it was just sitting there, Mark Hanna said it was like waving a match over something explosive just for fun, meaning nothing good was going to come out of this. Unfortunately on February 15th, 1898, the match dropped, as the ship was blown up. It was just an accident, but yellow journalists use the opportunity to publish in the news that it was intentional. McKinley finally caves in and tells Spain on April 10th, 1898, that there are three things you have to do, or else you have a war. Spain must end their war with Cuba immediately, all the camps must be closed, and Spain must submit this dispute to arbitration by the US. Spain's response was a yes to all three. But on April 11th, 1898? McKinley requests Congress to declare war, which they do two weeks later. Congress, knowing that McKinley wanted the war to increase prestige abroad and expand imperialism, they added the Teller Amendment to the War Declaration.

Elizabeth the First

This daughter of Henry VIII who would become a well known queen, saw the removal of many Catholic trappings left over from her father's reign.

Pure Food and Drug Act

This law creates the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which sets guidelines and enforces them about what companies can do. For example, they require companies to put ingredient lists on their products. And to ensure they aren't lying, the FDA conducts research to prove those ingredients are indeed in their products.

Suez Crisis

This involved the Suez Canal in Egypt, which is not in Europe, but Europe is going to be drawn into it. In Egypt they elect Gamal Abdel Nasser as president and he wants to have something like a New Deal. He wants a liberal program, Egypt for the Egyptians (because they were a British protectorate), so they want to build the Aswan Dam. This gigantic dam on the Nile river will provide electricity for all of the poor people of Egypt, which is very similar to our TVA. He asks the US to support them, where under the Truman Doctrine we offer them enough money to cover about 20% of the cost to build the dam. Egypt was a poor country, so that wasn't enough money. The Soviets step in and say they will pay for the whole "damn" thing. At that point we are offended, but then as Nasser starts to build the dam and realizes he needs more money, he nationalizes the Suez Canal, charging tolls on boats that pass through. The problem is that before the canal was owned by the British and French and by nationalizing it he is telling them to leave. When he does this, Britain and France have to agree because they are kind of weak at this point and don't want a war with Egypt, so they ask their friends, the Israelites, to invade Egypt. The Israelite army invades the Suez Canal region, but Israel knows they can't take on Egypt, so Britain and France secretly tell them they will help Israel. When it looks like Egypt is losing, the UN and the Security Council take up the issue, ordering England, France and Israel to get out, where they cannot veto because they are involved.

Beatniks

This is a culture that develops in Greenwich NY, which used to be home to the Lost Generation. A lot of these people go to coffee shops, to vegetarian bars, they wear black, write tons of poetry and question society. Once they move out to California, we start to call these people hippies, so they are in many ways the origins of the hippie movement. Allen Ginsberg was a poet that in 1955 writes his most famous poem, How. Jack Kerouac writes books but his most famous was published in 1957, Life On The Road, where he basically tells people to get a leather jacket, buy a motorcycle and don't let society tell you what to do.

Credit Mobilier

This is the most famous scandal tied to Grant, where in 1872, where a fake railroad company, owned secretly by Union Pacific, that would bill the federal government for supplies, which the company knew the government would pay. When the media starts sniffing around, the federal government starts sniffing around, and the company starts bribing the government agents to stop. The media was taking bribes to not report on the story, the House and Senate took bribes not to investigate, the judicial branch took bribes, where even if investigation reached the court, it would be found not-guilty, and the executive branch took bribes to look the other way. Eventually the company vanished and owners of the Union Pacific got rich and acted as if nothing ever happened.

Okinawa

This is the southernmost island in the Japanese chain of islands where the Japanese wanted to hold on to the island and we kill all of the people on the island pretty much because none of them surrender. This shows us that the closer we get to Japan, the harder it gets so we need to figure other ways to kill them more efficiently.

Sherman's March To The Sea

This is where Sherman, tears up all railroads (Sherman's neckties because the railroad ties were wrapped around trees so the metal couldn't be used) , burns all their cotton crop, burns most of their houses, etc. Sherman then arrives in Savannah on Christmas and sends a telegram to Lincoln saying "Merry Christmas, I give you Georgia."

"Preparedness"

This is where Wilson tells Congress to double the size of the army (100,000 standing soldiers to 250,000), the National Guard went to 450,000 soldiers and we started spending money to purchase shipping and subsidize companies to convert over to build wartime materials. Basically our country is starting to appear like it is getting ready for a war. His supporters would say he is doing this just in case and to also send the Germans a message that the US is willing to fight. His critics would say this is the point where Wilson enters the war.

Liberal Revolt

This is where a bunch of hardcore reform Republicans (liberals) nominate Horace Greeley during the Election of 1872.

Tehran Conference

This is where the US meets with Stalin for the first time (FDR, Churchill and Stalin all meet).

Counterculture

This is where the youth, embracing their genetically wired mindset to rebel, create an opposing culture. You see the rise of Rock and Roll Music, David Riesman and the Beatniks. To counter this culture, you also see a religious revival led by Billy Graham.

Battle of the Atlantic

This is where we find a way to get around the German submarines.

Brinkmanship

This is where we threaten to use our weaponry multiple times but we don't really want to use it. The most famous example of this vocabulary word is the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Knights of Labor

This labor union was founded by Uriah Stephens in 1869 and had many of the same problems that the National Labor Union had; they were decentralized, open to many people except bankers, lawyers, and Chinese, they were reluctant to strike, and they let skilled and unskilled workers in. The group became more successful under Terrence Powderly and began to decline after the Haymarket Affair.

Morrill Land Grant Act

This law had a dual purpose trying to promote western expansion and encourage higher education. It gave states 30,000 acres of western land owned by the federal government for every electoral vote. With the land, you were supposed to sell it cheap to regular people looking for an opportunity to move west. With the money the states make off the land, they are expected to put it into public education (specifically colleges that support actual vocational education, such as engineering, agricultural studies, medicine, mechanics, etc.). These colleges must let in black people, women, and poor people, and if you don't create the colleges, you must pay the government for the land. This law creates a spike in the number of colleges all around America.

Emergency Immigration Quota Act, 1921 (Johnson Act)

This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.

Homestead Act

This law was passed in 1862, that said as long as you pay the 5$ processing fee, are an American citizen, male, 21 or older, you get 160 acres of land (must live on and prove, by building a house for 5 years and grow crops for 5 growing seasons) for free. It eventually backfires, because 160 acres is actually not that much land.

Underwood Simmons Tariff

Wilson pushes through this tariff in 1913, which lowers the tariff from 41% to 27% and brings about the first income tax that will be upheld in American history.

Langston Hughes

This man was well known for making the Harlem Renaissance famous because of his poems., A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People", African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance., An American writer known for the use of jazz and black folk rhythms in his poetry. He used musical rhythms and the traditions of African American culture in his poetry

"King Andrew!"

This nickname, given to Andrew Jackson, was what he was called by his political enemies. Many believed he abused his political power and he was thus given this nickname.

Sioux Wars

This occurs from 1874 to 1880, where the US government decides to destroy the Sioux tribe. It begins when George Custer, leads a scientific expedition in the Black Hills (Southwest South Dakota) and discovers gold, and he publicly announces his find. The problem is that where he found gold is the capital of the Sioux tribe and when everyone starts flocking there, the Sioux kill them. This leads people to say that Indians are on a rampage and that they need help...and nearby is Custer, who attempts to surround the Sioux tribe at the Battle of Little Big Horn, where he and all of his men are slaughtered. What is the impact? The press tells the American public that the battle was an American hero trying to save American lives, who is cut down by marauding savages. Back East, this creates a huge anti-Indian wave, where Americans go out and destroy the Indians for good. The Sioux won the battle, but eventually they lose the war.

Liberty Bonds

This one a way of raising money to pay for World War I, where when you by a bond, you are loaning money to the government which you will be paid back later with interest. These paid about $22 million of the $32 million cost of the war.

Progressive Party "Bull Moose"

This party has a crazy platform; they wanted it to be easier to amend the Constitution, you to be able to recall a judicial decision (voters vote out Supreme Court decisions), the military to be shrunk, women to have the right to vote, child labor laws, minimum wage laws, maximum hours laws, workers compensation laws, national health insurance and there is discussion of civil rights laws for minorities. Roosevelt was their primary candidate, and the most important plank was New Nationalism.

Employment Act, 1946

This said it is the federal government's responsibility to promote full employment. The fact that this law got passed indicates that the federal government should still play a direct role in managing our economy.

Compromise of 1877

This says that the Democrats will let Hayes have the swing states in exchange for the end of reconstruction by removing federal troops that are left, giving the Democrats a couple seats on the cabinet, invest extra money on Southern railroads and let Southern companies build them, and lastly let the federal government take on some Southern debt and pay it off. The South gets a great deal and the North gets Hayes.

"Iron Curtain"

This should not have surprised anyone, but we view it as bad faith on their part, so this is the point where we see the ______ ___________ descend on Europe, a quote from Churchill. He is talking about how on one side of this imaginary wall you have Communist dictatorships that are mostly friendly to Russia. On the Western side of this imaginary wall, all of the countries are American puppets, with good economies and democracy.

Kansas Nebraska Act

This stemmed from the confusion of where to put the transcontinental railroad route and was created by Stephen Douglas. It creates two new territories, Nebraska and Kansas, which both use popular sovereignty to decide whether there's going to be slavery, and repeals the Missouri Compromise. The North hated it but the South was skeptical about it. So Douglas doesn't tell the North about it and hints to the South by saying he's going to make sure Kansas becomes a slave state. The law does pass, but ultimately fails because the North was too offended

Homestead Strike

This strike in 1892 involved Carnegie's plant, but Carnegie was out of the country, so it was left in charge with Henry Frick. When he noticed that his workers were starting to talk about unionizing, he does a lockout, where he builds a fence around the perimeter and hires an army of 300 Pinkertons to guard it (becomes known as Fort Frick), while also bringing in an army of scabs. It doesn't really work because the workers bring weapons and have learned from past mistakes, so when the Pinkertons charge at the workers, the workers win. The strike takes a turn for the worse, when Henry Frick, driving to work, runs into anarchists, who jump into the car and open fire on Frick, but are eventually beat up by his bodyguards. So it was already bad that the workers were beating hired soldiers, but now one of the richest men in America was getting killed by workers. At this point, the state militia step in and put the workers down. About half get fired and the other half go back to longer hours and decreased wages.

Russo-American Treaty, 1824

This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.

Canadian Reciprocity Treaty

This treaty made a deal with Hawaii guaranteeing a no-duty sugar trade as long as no territory was given to another foreign power.

Ft. Laramie Treaty, 1851

This treaty set up the Lakota Reservation in the Dakotas region. It was a huge piece of land, where we moved the Indians to make room for railroads.

Meuse-Argonne Forest

This was most famous battle, where the Americans, British and French push the Germans back. The one significant hero of the American army was Sergeant Alvin York, where at this battle single handedly killed 20 Germans and takes another 128 prisoner. A lot of the German soldiers gave up once Americans started coming over in large numbers because they realized they couldn't win.

San Juan/Kettle Hill

This was the Rough Rider's most famous battle, where they were trying to take Santiago, the capital. When the Americans get there, we surround Santiago, but there was a series of hills that were fortified all around it and in between was the Spanish navy. There are 800 Rough Riders sitting at the bottom of the hill and 2000 Spanish people at the top behind fortifications, shooting down, as the Rough Riders are waiting for orders to attack. Roosevelt gets impatient, jumps on the one horse they had and starts storming the hill by himself. When the Rough Riders see him, they follow him right up the hill. In the end, they take the hill.

Non-importation agreements

This was the series of commercial restrictions adopted by American colonists to protest British revenue policies. The Stamp Act triggered the first non-importation agreement. It was to protest taxation without representation. British repealed the Stamp Act within a year after facing pressure from these agreements. After Parliament imposed the Townshend duties, colonist implemented a second non-importation agreement, again banning British imports from their docks. It led to Parliament repealing the Townshend Acts on everything except tea. They were important starters of the American Revolution and helped awaken colonists to their emerging national identify.

Election of 1912

This whole situation goes back to Roosevelt leaving Taft in charge and going on a Safari from 1909-1910. He left because a) he wanted to enjoy himself and b) he was giving Taft a chance to run the country on his own, without people thinking he was just pulling his string. When Roosevelt comes home, Pinchot was fired and the tariff issue took place, and he a little bit upset. In 1912, two things happen that cause Roosevelt to say enough. One is that Taft sues JP Morgan and orders US Steel to get rid of the Tennessee Gas and Coal Pipeline Company (a huge subsidiary of US Steel). Morgan asked Roosevelt if he could buy that company, and Roosevelt said yes, so when Taft breaks it off, he is directly going against one of Roosevelt's decisions. The second thing was Bob LaFollette, because he was going to challenge Taft at the Republican primary, but has a nervous breakdown. So now there is no progressive voice running for president, so Roosevelt felt he had to run in the election. Roosevelt goes to the Republican convention and he tells the Republicans to give him the presidency and that Taft has betrayed them. Over 80% of Republicans nationally wanted Roosevelt to get the nomination, so the convention should have given it to him. Roosevelt assumes he will get the nomination, but the party gives it to Taft, so Roosevelt forms The Progressive "Bull Moose" Party. The Democrats are also split between conservative and progressive. The Bryan contingent looks like it is going to win, but conservatives will not let Bryan be the candidate, because he keeps loosing. On the 46th ballot (shows problem in the party), the party settles on Woodrow Wilson, who is progressive, just not as much as Bryan. The campaign is a bloodbath, where Taft drops out, leaving the battle between Roosevelt and Wilson. Roosevelt only had one problem, which was that his party was split. The result? A moderately close election, where Wilson doesn't do that well popularly and the Republicans have over 50% of the vote but the party is split. Wilson wins with the 3rd lowest amounts of votes in history and his win is referred to as "accidental." In looking at the election, all of American politics is progressive, just to varying degrees.

Cowtowns

Towns that popped up near the railroads, where Cowboys would get paid.

Francis Townshend

Townshend was a retired physician who developed a plan in which the government would give monetary resources to senior citizens ages sixty and over He and other demagogues pushed FDR to move the New Deal to help people directly and laid the foundations of the creation of Social Security.

Triangular Trade

Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.

Middle Passage

Voyage brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies (16th to 18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture.

Hamilton's economic plan

Wanted to combine Federal and State debt. Buy all bond and have government issue new ones to help with national debt.

Rutherford Hayes

Was the Republican nominee in the Election of 1876, because the party said no to Grant's third term and the party needed a middle ground candidate due to the Conkling vs. Blaine divide. He won the election due to the Compromise of 1877, where he ends reconstruction (by pulling out the military) and unintentionally welcomes Jim Crow Laws. He decides to clean up Grant's political mess by instituting some mild civil service reform, but he fires a Conklingnite who will eventually help Arthur Chester become president. The big event during his presidency is the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and towards the end of his single term vetoes the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Sharecropping

Was the more popular alternative to slavery, because it was easier for white landowners to take advantage of, where slave cabins are now spread out and each get a small piece of land to farm on. The black owner does all the work and the landowner (most of the time white) provides all the supplies and materials and the land obviously. After the black person grows all the stuff, the landowner expects 50% of the crop plus the amount to cover the costs of the materials. The problem is that growing seasons are never perfect, so the white guy still expects his part of the crop, leaving the black person with just a little of what is left or puts him in debt (has to give the landowner a share of next year's crop). Technically the people aren't slaves but in reality they are. If he doesn't like the situation, he can't leave or else he would go to prison due to future laws, which creates the Crop Lien System also known as Debt Peonage. Black people also liked this job somewhat, because it gave them hope that they could get out of the debt eventually.

Article X

What the Reservationists wanted removed; which was a part of the League of Nations covenant (basically the rule book for the League), that said if a nation is ever disciplined by the League, yet refuses to comply, every League member must enforce the decision. The Reservationists say they will sign the treaty (if they did, the treaty would pass), if Article X is deleted. Wilson says no.

Ex Parte Vallandigham

When Clement Vallandigham was thrown into prison by Lincoln, he sues the government, where the Supreme Court says that Lincoln could suspend habeas corpus, but Lincoln decides to let him go, but ships him to the South.

Harry Truman

When FDR dies on April 12, 1945 he takes over as active president. As he is finishing his first "term," he was never elected, so the election of 1948 will be interesting to see if he gets re-elected. During his first term the positives were; World War II ends, the economy was starting to get really good, he began his Loyalty Program to deal with Communism, etc., but the negatives were; the start of the Cold War, the Berlin blockade, the Chinese Civil War, etc. He has some issues because people weren't sure if he was going to win the Cold War and weren't sure if he was the right guy to lead our country. Another issue was that the party was divided into three different views, but in the end he wins the election. After being elected his domestic policy became known as the fair deal and his foreign policy consists of being president during the onset of the Cold War and dealing with the aftermath of WWII.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Peninsula Campaign

When Lincoln is upset that McClellan has been training an army but hasn't brought back a Union win, so they come up with a plan to use a peninsula to surprise the Confederate Army in Richmond. The plan fails because McClellan is too slow and sees all distractions along the way as a threat. When McClellan finally gets to the North, he gets into a seven day battle where he emerges victorious. Lincoln tells McClellan to go after Lee, but he retreats to the South and Lincoln fires him.

"New Freedom"

Wilson promotes this, where the solution to all the country's problems is to kill off big business, allowing competition to occur. If we restore competition, the government can back off to a more laissez-faire status. This contrasts with Roosevelt's New Nationalism.

MLK, Jr.

When Rosa Parks goes to jail he shows up to lead the protests. He was a pastor at a local church, and going back to the early 1800s the black church has been the meeting place for the black community and black pastors have served as the leaders, not just religiously, but politically and socially as well. He forms a group called the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which basically organizes the bus boycotts. He realized that advantage of television and exploited it, saying that people were racist because they didn't know anything. He also formed the SCLC.

Lexow Report

When policing became a problem of Gilded Age urbanization, this Committee in New York discovered in 1894 that all the city's police officers were taking bribes.

General Weyler

When the Cubans rebel, Spain sends over The "Butcher." He was just a civil servant who said the best way to put the rebellion down was to put all the civilians in concentration camps, because now the people can't supply the rebels. He gets the nickname Butcher, because Spain didn't take into account how much food, water, medicine, etc. all the civilians we going to need, and eventually 1/8 of the Cuban population dies. By the time the war actually starts, he is fired and Spain recalls him, because even though the massacre was unintentional, other world powers are starting to look at Spain as the bad guys, which would lead to war.

War Production Board

When we enter the war, we see the _____ _________________ _________ take over, headed by the CEO of Sears/Roebuck. Once again during war, we see big business leaders taking over government organizations which is going to lead to a shift politically (more pro-business New Deal stuff).

Tammany Hall

Where Boss Tweed worked out of in New York.

Draft Riots

Where Irish people in New York city rise up against, first, the government who tried to draft them, but then later realized that the war was fought to free black people (which they hated, because they were both fighting over the same low-end jobs) and decide to go be mad at black people.

Pottawatomie Creek

Where John Brown and 3 of his sons break into a community and murder all of the men. Southerners are outraged, because they are the only ones allowed to kill people, so they put a bounty on his head and even the militia in Lecompton decide to track him down, and Brown realizes he has to flee.

Potsdam Conference

Where Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet up and they basically agree on two things: They agreed to split Germany. They also discussed what the invasion of Japan was going to look like. This is when there starts to be Cold War tension (even though the Cold War still hadn't started) and Stalin is basically spying on the US which is how he knew about the Manhattan Project before Truman even tells him.

Iwo Jima

Where the US got close to Japan and we kill all the Japanese people on the island because they refused to surrender.

Election of 1840

Whigs were united under William Henry Harrison, the one Whig candidate who had won national support 4 years earlier. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system

Good Neighborism

While we are focused on Europe and China, we decide we don't have the time, energy, or money to focus on Latin America. When the OAS was formed, we are telling Latin America we can come back if we want, which ends FDR's policy of _________ _______________.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Wilson attempts to go after the trusts themselves by passing this act, which basically bans all trusts. It attacks holding companies and interlocking directorates and is basically a souped up version of The Sherman Anti-Trust Act, while specifically exempting labor unions and farmer's organization groups, by tactics such as no injunctions in strikes. With World War I imminent, Wilson realizes that he is going to need the support of big business, so doesn't enforce this act.

October Appeal

Wilson goes out in October 1918 (WWI is still going on and the midterm elections are a month away, where he knows that Congress is not very favorable to him), and makes speeches on the half of Democrats, trying to get Congress (especially the Senate) heavily Democratic, making it easier to push through his treaty. The opposite happens, where the Republicans gain even more seats. Because of this, when Wilson goes to Europe, England, France, and Italy know that Wilson will not be able to get the treaty passed as he wrote it, so they treat him like an incompetent. The only part of the 14 Points they keep was the League of Nations, which was the one the Senate would want the least.

"Big Four"

Wilson heads over to start the peace process and meets with a group of people US, Britain, France, Italy. Germany, Austria-Hungary and all the bad guys are left out of the group, so they are making the peace from their perspective only.

1914 Midterm Elections

Wilson is against any sort of social reform until the midterm elections of 1914, where the Republicans smash the Democrats. Republicans ran promising social reform, where they retake the Senate and almost got the House. Wilson now has to reflect, and he realizes that if he wants a second term, he better get progressive.

Algeciras Conference

With the Moroccan incident in 1905-1906, Kaiser Wilhelm II goes on tour of Morocco (Spanish colony). The problem is that Spain has collapsed, and now the world is looking at its colonies. It looked like France was going to get Morocco, but then the Kaiser makes a speech in Casa Blanca, saying Morocco will be a German colony. This should have started a war, but Roosevelt steps in, and orders both sides to come to this conference. When the Kaiser starts saying he doesn't want to make peace with France, Roosevelt tells him to drop it, and he does.

Communication Revolution

With the advent of telegraph wires, communication across long distances quickly became reasonable, and telegraph routes followed the railroads west

WCTU

Woman's Christian Temperance Union; after Frances Willard took over, it became one of the largest and most influential women's groups that fought against alcohol and for suffrage.

William Howard Taft

Won the Election of 1908 to become the 27th President of the US. His administration passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, included the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, dealt with the Insurgent's Revolt and changed our foreign policy to Dollar Diplomacy. He was the wrong man at the wrong time, and was unpopular due to bad foreign policy and terrible PR.

Woodrow Wilson

Won with the lowest amounts of vote during the Election of 1912 to become the 28th President of the US. He took down the Triple Wall of Privilege, had a small amount of social reform, changed foreign policy to Moral Diplomacy and was leader during World War I.

Sit Down Strike

Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.

Anaconda Plan

Written by Winfield Scott and was implemented after the Union defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run. The plan called for a naval blockade, a takeover of the Mississippi River (which would split the Confederacy), a takeover of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers (which would cut off major transportation networks) and lastly squish armies in between the places you cut off). It takes about 3 years to pull off, but eventually does work.

John Steinbeck

Wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". Truly characterizes American literature during the Great Depression in America. Also wrote "Of Mice and Men

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852, that many Southerners hated, claiming it was basically made up, because she only visited a slave plantation in Kentucky once.

Flappers

Young women of the 1920's that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion that clashed with societal norms

Trafalgar

` (October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are collectively known as Protestants

Administration of Justice Act

allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in england rather than the colonies

Worcester vs. Georgia

cherokee appealed to supreme court to stop white encroachments into cherokee nation; marshal ruled in indians favor saying that only federal govt could do that and states had no authority over tribes

Ezra Pound

chief prophet of modernism in Long, deeply concerned with creating new and often difficult styles of modernist expression. As a foreign editor of Poetry, Pound became the conduit through which many American poets achieved publication

Baron von Steuben

claims to be a German officer who trained German troops when he arrives at Valley Forge offering services - trains troops effectively at Valley Forge and becomes a U.S. general - his methods become the model for training other Continental Army soldiers, and are eventually used at U.S. Military Academy - after war, it's discovered that his credentials and experience aren't what he claimed, but he's still viewed as a hero since he did exactly what he said he could do.

Panama Congress

created By Simón Bolívar, Creole and Venezuelan President, in 1826 with the goal of bringing together the new republics of Latin America to develop a unified policy towards Spain, which proved unsuccessful. It was attended by most American nations, except for Argentina (dislike for Bolíva), Brazil (in war with Argentina), and Paraguay (isolationist). The US was invited but was in conflict because of slave issues. Britain used the opportunity as an observer to make trade agreements.

Declaratory Act, 1766

declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act. It stated that the British Parliament's taxing authority was the same in America as in Great Britain. Parliament had directly taxed the colonies for revenue in the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765).

Elijah Muhammad

director and leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah taught black to take responsibility of their own lives and reject dependence on whites, similar to Garvey's teachings: 1934-1941

Teapot Dome Scandal

during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies

Lyceums

educational institution of education & oratory which brought knowledge to adults and made use of libraries. A place for men and women to educate and improve themselves by listening to knowledgeable speakers talk about what they knew. This spread explosive ideas about slavery/freedom/union which helped lead to the Civil War

Vertical allegiances

flow of authority from top, down- identify their intererts with those of their superiors- seen in traditional patriarichal family- vertical allegiances eventaully broke away to horizontal

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

John Mason

he founded New Hampshire in 1630 as an escape for those restricted by religious and economic rules made by Puritans

Social Compact Theory

implies that the people give up sovereignty to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order through the rule of law

Wade Davis Bill

in July of 1864, this bill created by Congress, states that slavery will be gone, debts will not be paid, all senior leaders will not be pardoned and the biggest thing, there will be a 50% threshold before they can become a state, making statehood almost impossible. Basically Congress is saying that the South will never become states again (Congress didn't want states again because they could pass any law they wanted as long as the South wasn't reconstructing) and Lincoln immediately vetoes, and Lincoln was popular enough that they couldn't override the veto. This does show that there is going to be a fight between the president and Congress over control of reconstruction, where Congress will start to win after Lincoln's presidency is over and Johnson comes to power.

Regulator Movement

in mid-eighteenth-century North Carolina was a rebellion initiated by residents of the colony's inland region, or backcountry, who believed that royal government officials were charging them excessive fees, falsifying records, and engaging in other mistreatments.

Martin vs. Hunter Lessee

in the _______ decision, the us supreme court was established as the nations court of final appeal

John L. Lewis/CIO

in the presidency of the United Mine Workers of America; founded the Committee for Industrial Organization, later reconstituted as the Congress of Industrial Organizations CIO =federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 required union leaders to swear that they were not Communists. Many CIO leaders refused to obey that requirement, later found unconstitutional. The CIO merged with the AFL in 1955.

Horizontal allegiances

linked those in a similar position- shown by women, men of same job rank, etc- led to voluntary associations

Young Plan

lowered German reparations and limited how long they had to be paid, it also removed outside supervision and control of Germany

John Cotton

minister of Massachusetts Bay Colony; emigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England; devoted considerable learning to defending the government's duty to enforce religious rules; profoundly pious

Intolerable Acts, 1774

no ship can enter or leave harbor until colonists paid for tea, no town meetings without permission, major crimes to be tried in britain

Albany Plan

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into union. (one of the few while in office to accomplish all his major goals)

Court Packing

proposed plan to reform the entire federal judiciary. 35 additional district judges could speed decisions in lower courts. The age of 6 Supreme Court justices-all over 70-slowed its deliberations. For every justice of that age who did not retire, Congress should allow the President to appoint another judge to assist him. Roosevelt wanted to add to the Court liberals certain to approve New Deal Reforms

"Rugged Individualism"

refers back to a speech made by Republican president Herbert Hoover in 1928 as his closing speech. It refers to a belief that individuals can succeed with minimal governmental aide. It is generally considered a belief of the Republican party in the 1920's

Recession of 1937

temporary reversal of the pre-war 1933 to 1941 economic recovery, which occurred in 1937-38. It was part of the Great Depression in the United States, and had serious political results, and helped strengthen the new Conservative Coalition led by Senators Robert A. Taft and Richard B. Russell. Economic historians have not agreed on the causes, but many of the causes show that because the New Deal involved spending money from the Federal budget, President Roosevelt had to end New Deal spending, and thus programs, as a result. Depression suddenly intensifies

Stimson Doctrine

the 1932 foreign policy position of the US which stated that we would not recognize territorial acquisitions taken by force

Fall lines

the imaginary line between two parallel rivers, at the point where rivers plunge, or fall, at roughly the same elevation. Ex. Waterfalls

Treaty of Alliance, 1778

was a defensive alliance between France and the USA, formed in the midst of the American Revolutionary War. Promised military support in case of attack by British forces indefinitely into the future. Delegates of King Louis XVI of France and the Second Continental Congress, who represented the United States government at this time

Tea Act, 1763

was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. Its principal objective was to reduce the massive surplus of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the struggling company survive.

Talmadge Amendment

was submitted by James Tallmadge, Jr. in the United States House of Representatives on February 13, 1819, during the debate regarding the admission of Missouri as a state. Amendment wasn't adopted, but proposed the gradual elimination of slavery from Missouri.