AP US History Unit 1

Quakers

The "Society of Friends" was a religious group known for their pacifism, religious tolerance, and early abolitionist beliefs. English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacific-ism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. Formally called the Society of Friends.

John Smith

1580-1631 An English colonist who came to America in 1608 and helped to create the Jamestown Colony. He made an agreement with the Powhatan Indians. He encouraged settlers to work harder and build better housing. No work = no food Hard work = more food.

Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into North and South Carolina.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western landless servant settlers of Virginia were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. In addition, there was no suffrage for former servants without land, but they still had to pay taxes (class antagonism). Bacon embarked on unauthorized raids, murdering natives who were allied with the colony. The new assembly restored the suffrage to freemen without property. Bacon demanded the death or removal of all Indians from the colony and an end to the rule of aristocratic parasites. Berkeley fled, and Bacon's volunteer force burned Jamestown to the ground. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of dysentery. Berkeley returned, reestablished control, and executed Bacon's lieutenants.

Georgia

1733 - Georgia was formed as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish-held Florida. It was a military-style colony, but also served as a haven for the poor, criminals, and persecuted Protestants.

Navigation Acts

A British decree that certain goods could only be sold by the colonist to England, taxed goods sold to other nations besides England, and otherwise put restrictions on colonial trade. This was done in an effort to raise money to pay of the huge debt caused by the seven years war, but it really pissed off the colonist who were used to being basically completely independent form their mother country.

New Netherland & New York

A Netherlands colony which started as a center of fur trading, but quickly expanded into one of the largest merchant center of the New World. It was renamed after it was taken over by the English in the 7 years war.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She and her family were killed by Indians.

Virginia (London) Co.

A group of London investors who sent a small convoy of vessels to Chesapeake Bay in 1607.

Jamestown

A hundred men built a fort and named it this to honor the king, James I. It was destined to become the first permanent English settlement in North America.

7 Years (French and Indian) War

A nine year war between France and England when the two powers were at their height in the colonial era. The war spread over several continents, with much of the fighting occurring in the colonies of the two empires. In the America's we call this the French and Indian war on account of the colonist fighting the French and their Indian allies in the region. England won the war and as a result gained all of the French territory in North America. This was a big thing for the colonist because it was the first time they had ever united successfully.

Great Awakening

A period of religious revival in the colonies in which hundreds of new Churches were founded, church membership went up, and religious fervor spread through the colonies. This was important because it was one of the first events to united the colonies (kind of)

Enlightenment

A period of thought that started in Europe shortly after the Renaissance where people moved away from simply accepting what figures authority told them and towards thinking through things for themselves and coming to their own conclusions though logic and reason (had huge religious, political, and scientific ramification)

Albany Plan of Union

A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes. The plan was turned down by the colonies, which didn't want to give up their rights, and the Crown, who didn't want the colonies getting any funny ideas.

proprietary colony

A proprietary colony was a colony in which one or two individuals, usually land owners, remaining subject to their parent state's sanctions, retained rights that are today regarded as the privilege of the state, and in all cases eventually became so. The Calvert family held the sole power to appoint civil officers and was sole owner of all the land, which they planned to carve into feudal manors providing them with rents..

Separatists

A religious group that breaks apart from the larger dominate religion in their country, most likely because they disagree with the policies of the mainstream religious institution (Pilgrims)

Pennsylvania

A restoration colony started by William Penn

Thomas Hancock

A wealthy Boston merchant who smuggled and illegally traded with Holland in order to avoid the Navigation Acts.

Maryland Act of Toleration

Act that resulted when the Catholics began feeling threatened by the overwhelming Protestant population. The Maryland Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 so all types of Christians could have equal political rights. Along with this equality Lord Calvert allowed a representative assembly for the Catholics.

Dominion of New England

Administrative alliance (1686-89) between most of the North American English colonies, but was short lived because no one wanted to give up their traditional rights.

Salutary Neglect

An English economic policy in regards to their colonies where British crown allowed the colonies to be all but completely autonomous, only putting slight regulations on trade which the colonist ignored.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by having favorable trade agreements. The most popular way countries did this was through colonies (colonies produced raw materials and bought back the finished goods the industrialized nation made. Win-win!) There is a set amount of money in the world, you must take from others and you cannot add wealth to the world, tariffs money from new world to England, the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys

Restoration Colonies

Colonies which King Charles gave to his supporters (restorers) to repay them for their support. The colonies include Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Power of the purse

Congress has the ____ - power to set and collect taxes, borrow money, regulate trade, coin money. Congress was to set up a postal service and issue patents and copyrights. War must be authorized by Congress. Congress is responsible for raising and maintaining an army and a navy.

Lord Baltimore (Geo. & Cecilius Calvert)

Creator of the colony of Maryland, which was a sanctuary for Roman Catholics

N.C. Regulators

Designation for two groups, one in South Carolina, the other in North Carolina, that tried to effect governmental changes in the 1760s. The North Carolina Regulators threatened to rebel and not pay taxes. The South Carolina Regulators, in 1767, opposed corrupt government and cleared their homeland of outlaw bands of terrorists. In South Carolina, the Regulator movement was an organized effort by backcountry settlers to restore law and order and establish institutions of local government.

George Whitfield

English evangelical preacher of the Great Awakening whose charismatic style attracted huge crowds during his preaching tours of colonies.

Pilgrims

English separatists who sought refuge from religious persecution in the Netherlands and later the Americas. They formed the first English colony in NEW ENGLAND. They were backed by the Virginia Company. Rode on Mayflower, created Mayflower Compact, set up Plymouth. Half died during first winter, but the Pokanokets allied with them and helped them survive. They farmed and created revenue by selling fur + cod fishery.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who is famous for his theory of the social contract. The social contract is the idea that people give up some of their rights so that they can be protected by some form of government. He also believed that people had natural rights to life liberty and property.

Thomas Jefferson

Enlightenment thinker, founder father, anti-federalist, founder of the democratic party, and president. He was most famous for his beliefs in small limited federal government, the idea that the only way to truly be free was to farm your own land, and "absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority." He wrote the declaration of independence and several of the anti-federalist papers. During his presidency he kept to his beliefs in some ways (reducing the navy, cutting taxes, etc.) but in others (fighting the Barbary pirates, and the Louisianan purchase).

Benjamin Franklin

Enlightenment thinker, inventor, philosopher, businessman, diplomat, and important member of the group of founders who wrote the constitution. EXPAND

Harvard College

First University in the New World established to train ministers. It was established in 1636 and remained the only institution of higher education in British America until 1693, when Anglicans established the College of William and Mary. The curricula of the college gradually changed to curricula influenced by Enlightenment thinking

Mayflower Compact

First document of self-governing in the Americas declared by the pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower. Drafted by William Bradford.

Halfway Covenant

Form of church membership which was more lient than it had been previously. It was created to increase church membership, which was on the decline. The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

Jonathan Edwards

Great Awakening preacher who was part of the New Light movement. He thought we were all "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

John Cotton

Head Puritan minister in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who led the colony in its early years.

Roanoke

In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh helps establish this colony. This was the first British attempt at colonization. A failed "lost" colony. When Sir Walter Raleigh left in search of more supplies and returned in 1590, he found no sign of life. He saw the words CROATOAN on a tree trunk, an Indian village nearby.

Indentured servants

In exchange for the cost of their transportation to the New World, men and women contracted to labor for a master for a fixed term. Many of these workers who survived their terms quickly returned to England, but those who stayed became eligible for "freedom dues".

Middle Passage

In the eighteenth century, English sailors christened the voyage of slave vessels across the Atlantic as the ___ ___, the middle part of a trading triangle from England to Africa, to America, and back to England. This was the most deadly part of the triangle trade, and many slaves died from disease, famine, and all of the other harsh conditions. There was a daily routine, and the Europeans oppressed any rebellions.

Maryland

King Charles I granted 10 million acres at the northern end of Chesapeake Bay to the Calvert Family in 1632, important CATHOLIC supporters of the ENGLISH MONARCHY. They named their colony ___, in honor of the king's wife.

School laws

Laws in New England that required all children to go to school to learn to read and write (so they could read the bible)

Roger Williams

Outspoken supporter of religious tolerance and separation of church and state in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who was expelled from the colony for his views. He went on the found Road Island.

Confederation of New England

Short military alliance in 1643 between Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. Its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies in support of the church, and for defense against the Native Americans and the Dutch colonies

Puritans

The English followers of John Calvin who wished to purify and reform the English church from within. They appealed to merchants, entrepreneurs , and commercial farmers, those most responsible for the rapid economic and social transformation of England. They were also the most vocal critics of the disruptive effects of that change, condemning the decline of the traditional rural community and the growing number of men without work, produced by the enclosure of common lands. By the early 17th century they controlled many congregations and became influential at universities. James I prosecution of this religious group only stiffened their resolve and strengthened their political opposition. The campaign and political turmoil provided the context or the migration of thousands of these people to New England.

Headrights

The Virginia Company instituted a program of these, awards of large plantations to wealthy colonists who agreed to transport workers from England at their own cost. Many families were attracted to Virginia.

Joint stock companies

The companies or groups of people that King James I, the English king, issued royal charters to for the colonization of the mid-Atlantic region, which the English called Virginia. They raised their capital by selling shares.

General Court

The court of Massachusetts that contained a governor (John Winthrop). In 1632, all male heads of house that were also church members were made freemen and could vote. It was a part of the procedures that provided the origins for democratic suffrage and the bicameral division of legislative authority in America.

John Winthrop

The first governor of Salem, Massachusetts who called "a city on a hill," a New England model of reform for old England. In 1632, he and his advisers declared that all the male heads of house that were also church members were made freemen and could vote for delegates to represent the towns in drafting the laws of the colony.

Antinomianism

The idea that faith alone is necessary for salvation (identified with Anne Hutchinson)

James, Duke of York (James II)

The last Roman Catholic King of England who was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution

House of Burgesses

The property-owning Virginian colonists continued to elect representatives to the colony's __ _ ____, created in 1619 in an attempt to encourage immigration.

"City on a hill"

The puritans, led by John Winthrop, hoped to establish a utopian ______, a New England model of reform for old England. They believed they could create this model of what a perfect society should look like and inspire the corrupt society of England to be like them.

Factionalism

The splitting of a group into factions, Conflict between factions

Peace of Paris (1763)

The treaty which marked the end of the Seven Years War between France and England. France had to abandon all claim to North America, Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England.

Powhatan

The village communities of the Chesapeake were united in a politically sophisticated union known as the ___ ____, led by a powerful chief named Wahunsonacook, whom the Jamestown colonists called "King Powhatan."

King Philip's War

The war that took place between the Pokanokets and the Puritans when Metacom refused to grant sovereign authority to the Puritan colonies. Metacom was the son of Massasoit who forged an alliance with the Pilgrims and was called King Phillip. The colonists decided they didn't have room for the Pokanokets and tried to get Metacom to relinquish control over their lands in 1671. He broke the half-century alliance and took up an armed resistance. The English arrested and executed 3 Pokanokets men, causing Metacom to try and appeal to the Narragansetts for a defensive alliance. The English sent men and burned a number of villages. Soon all of New England was in engulfed in the war. At first things went well for the Indians but by the beginning of 1676 their campaign was collapsing. They asked the Iroquois for help, but instead the Iroquois attacked and forced them back to their territory, where they were annihilated by the English in August 1676.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Sir Walter Raleigh

This man leads an expedition of explorers and discovers the Roanoke area in 1594. Sir Humphrey Gilbert's brother; tried another English attempt at colonization; landed in 1585 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island (this colony eventually vanished) He financially supported colonization in Virginia in 158

Salem Witchcraft

Trials in Salem Massachusetts in 1691-1693, that led to the deaths of twenty people after young girls charged people with practicing witchcraft. It may have reflected social tensions that found their outlet through an attack perceived as outsiders, such as single women and those of different religions.

George Washington

Washington's military experience began in the French and Indian War with a commission as a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia. In 1753 Washington was sent as an ambassador from the British crown to the French officials and Indians as far north as present-day Erie, Pennsylvania. The following year he led another expedition to the area to assist in the construction of a fort at present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Before reaching that point, he and some of his men, accompanied by Indian allies, ambushed a French scouting party. Its leader was killed, although the exact circumstances of his death were disputed. This peacetime act of aggression is seen as one of the first military steps leading to the global Seven Years' War. The French responded by attacking fortifications Washington erected following the ambush, forcing his surrender. Released on parole, Washington and his troops returned to Virginia.

William Penn

__, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance and pacifism. He was part of a group of religious dissenters, a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers). He had been imprisoned several times for publicly expressing his views in England. He was the son of a wealthy and influential English admiral who was a close adviser to the king. To settle a large debt he owed Admiral Penn, he issued this man a proprietary grant to a huge territory west of the Delaware River.

Starving times

____ at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of _____ during the winter of 1609-1610 in which all but 60 of 500 colonists died.The colonists, the first group of whom had originally arrived at Jamestown on May 14, 1607, had never planned to grow all of their own food. Their plans depended upon trade with the local Powhatan to supply them with food between the arrivals of periodic supply ships from England.Lack of access to water and a relatively dry rain season crippled the agricultural production of the colonists. Also, the water that the colonists drank was brackish and only potable half year. A fleet from England, damaged by a hurricane, arrived months behind schedule with new colonists, but without expected food supplies.On June 7, 1610 the survivors boarded ships, abandoned the colony site, and sailed towards the Chesapeake Bay.

Pluralism

a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist.

Town Meeting

a town-wide meeting to decide on issues facing the village and choose a group of people to govern the town for the coming year, restricted to adult male residents

Quitrent

an anuual rent or tax paid by settlers to the lord proprietors for land garanted by them

Slavery

forced servitude against that person's will and commonly practiced throughout colonial history

Indian attack of 1622

he Powhatan grabbed any tools or weapons available to them and killed any English settlers who were in sight, including men, women and children of all ages. Chief Opechancanough led a coordinated series of surprise attacks of the Powhatan Confederacy that killed 347 people, a quarter of the English population of Jamestown. Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the site of the first successful English settlement in North America, and was then the capital of the Colony of Virginia. Its tobacco economy led to constant expansion and seizure of Powhatan lands, which ultimately provoked a violent reaction

Selectmen

those who were chosen in the town meeting to govern the town for the next year, usually those high up in the church

Tobacco

• The English settled in the Chesapeake region ○ ___ was the most important part of the Chesapeake region ○ Early on the British figure out it's a good way of making money § Economic reasons This brought quick fortunes to those privileged colonists in the Chesapeake, many of them the younger sons of London merchants and bureaucrats with large land grants and many indentured servants.