AP US Roaring 20s/Great Depression

•Discuss the women's movement. How successful were the leaders of the movement in achieving their goals?

Women began to demand the rights that they had gained during WWI. Many women abandoned the "cult of domesticity" and tried to join the workforce. They led demonstrations and marches, it was extremely effective as eventually they gained the right to vote with the 19th amendment.

Women's employment

Women begin to work outside of the house both to earn money and because they wanted independence.

Andrew Mellon's economic policies

Worked under Harding and Coolidge, developed Trickle Down Economics. Many blame this for the great depression.

John Steinbeck

Wrote "Grapes of Wrath"

Nativism

a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Albert Einstein

Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity. Challenged the ideas of a stable world.

Hoovervilles

Poor shanty towns.

WJ Bryan

Prosecuting lawyer in the scopes trial. He argued that evolution should not be taught in schools.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime. Example of Nativism

Categorize the "alphabet soup" of the New Deal according to:

What did agencies do? Relief: Help people. CCC- The Civilian Conservation Crops -Gov't hires young people to work in national/state parks and build new infrastructure. Recovery: Fix the problem. Reform: Ensure that it doesn't happen again.

3rd parties

New political ideologies- Communism Socialism

Success of the First New Deal

-Makes FDR very popular -Lots of legislation goes through congress. -But it does not end the depression -It does lessen it's intensity though.

Intellectual threats

-Marx -Freud -Sanger-new woman -Darwin -Teleology -Progression of people overtime

Causes of the great depression:

-Overspeculation on stocks -Decrease in consumer buying power -De regulation

Great Crash (causes)

-Overspeculation on stocks -Decrease in consumer buying power -De regulation

What caused the stock market crash? How did Hoover respond to the GD?

-Overspeculation on stocks -Decrease in consumer buying power -De regulation Hoover attempted to work with private cooperation to fix the problem and relied on volunteerism to help citizens.

Hoover's response to great depression:

-State and local gov't should provide direct relief not federal. -Private charities should help (Volunteerism).

FDR First 100 days

1. Brain Trust: Gather people together and allow them to create solutions. 2. National Bank Holiday: All banks are shut down for 4 days. -We will allow bad banks to fail, good banks will be propped up by the U.S govt. 3. Emergency Banking Relief Act-Prop up banks. 4. FDIC and SEC -Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - Gov't insurance of money in bank. -Securities and Exchange Commission - Regulate the stock market. 5. Helped with mortgages and farm loans

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921.

Gastonia Strike of 1929

1929, mill's managers refused to negotiate or even meet with strikers, NC gov. dispatched Ntl. Guard, vigilante groups attacked union HQ killed a woman, police arrested strike leaders, seven strikers convicted in murder of police chief, those who killed the woman found not guilty

Deportation of Mexicans in the 30s

500,000 Mexicans are deported during the GD in order to allow fewer people in the labor force.

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

"hooverization"

A slang word used to blame hoover for the failures in the economy.

"yellow-dog" contracts"

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

What role did Eleanor Roosevelt play in her husband's administration? How did she create her own "niche" as First Lady?

Answered letters, gave speeches, helped him overcome polio etc. Very effective at helping FDR.

Bank Runs

Banks close doors and people rush banks to withdraw money

Father Coughlin

Blames the banking industry for the issues of the time.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation. Made it difficult for europe to pay off WWI debts.

Franklin Delaware Roosevelt:

Democrat (NY) Elected Pres 1932 "Happy days are here again!" Roosevelt's platform: 1. End Prohibition 2. End Gold Standard. New Deal: The new deal will include lots of federally funded programs to try and provide relief recovery and reform. Called "Alphabet soup". Fireside Chats: Talked on radio and talked to the American people. -Used to calm people down.

PWA - Public Works Administration

Created by the NIRA, The federal government will hire companies to do public works.

NRA-National Recovery Association

Created by the NIRA, Works with businesses to set price limits and minimum wage by allowing the businesses who sign up for it to put a special eagle logo on their products.

Social Security Act

Created so that the younger generations would pay for older generation's retirement.

Townsend

Created the idea of Social Security. Used to get people out of the workforce and to inject money into the economy.

Glass-Steagall Act

Created under Hoover. Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

NIRA - National Industrial Recovery Act

Creates the NRA and PWA.

CIO-Congress of Industrial Orginizations

Creates very large unions for all of one industry. -All of steel etc. (Contrasts other labor unions such as AFL, it's for industry not skill)

Clarence Darrow

Defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial. He argued that evolution should be taught in schools.

Dust Bowl

Due to drought in the Midwest huge dust clouds are built up destroying crops and causing mass exodus from farms. People who Exodus these farms are called the oakies.

Explain how the following impacted or how they impacted the 1920s: entertainment, political corruption,

Entertainment: Led to the rise of a consumerist culture. Political Corruption: Led to distrust of the gov't

Sick Chicken Case

Example of the court trying to challenge new deal agencies. In this case the NIRA.

Court Packing Plan

FDR wanted to increase the size of the supreme court and appoint new justices to vote in his favor. (FDR's biggest political blunder)

Communists

People who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property. Caused mass panic across the united states.

HOLC-Home owner's loan coorperation

Federal government incentive's banks to offer cheap loans.

Frances Perkins

First women in the presidential cabinet. Secretary of labor.

NLRA - Wagner Act

Gives labor unions the right to collective bargaining.

CCC- The Civilian Conservation Crops

Gov't hires young people to work in national/state parks and build new infrastructure. Part of the New Deal under Roosevelt.

TVA- Tennessee Valley Authority

Government funded programs to dam up rivers in the south to provide jobs and bring electricity to poor rural regions.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

The Farm Bloc

Group of farmers working/voting together during the great depression.

"return to normalcy"

Harding's campaign promise after WWI.

3 Presidents during 1920s - 30s

Harding: Return of laizzes faire, hands off approach. Corruption-Tea pot scandal Economist Mellon-Trickle Down Economics Coolidge: Even more laizzes faire, "silent cal" Herbert Hoover: Inherited the great depression. Attempted to fix it through working with private industry failed to make matters better. Extremely unpopular.

How was FDR's response to the Depression different from Hoovers?

He was a pragmatist rather than an ideologue. He worked with people to try and give them jobs and raise morale rather than work mostly with corporations.

Did FDR go too far or not far enough? Consider his critics from both the left and the right.

He was much more effective at creating fixes for poverty and fixed many major problems, but he many times due to tradition of lassez faire refused to do more radical things such as the dole.

Hoover & the depression

He was slow to respond, but eventually offered some government assistance to those in need. People didn't think he helped at all and named the poor towns they lived in "Hoovervilles".

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

RFC-Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Hoovers response to the Depression. Passed in January 1932, this measure loaned billions money to banks and insurance companies and RRs. and provided funds for state and local programs providing relief

"New Negro"

Idea that promoted "'Negro Nationalism' which exalted blackness, black cultural expression and...black exclusiveness.'"

How did the New Deal expand the federal government's authority and responsibility?

It forced the federal government to intervene much more heavily on the affairs of the country. It gave rise to the idea that the government can and should be involved with the economy as well as promote public welfare.

How might the decade of the 1920s be called the decade of prosperity? Or not?

It gave rise to new economic growth although that growth led mostly to wealth disparity and eventually the GD.

KKK

Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them. Saw a resurgence after WWI with the rise of fundamentalism.

Quota laws

Limited immigration by allowing only a certain number of people from each country to immigrate to the U.S directly after WWI. Favored Northern and Western Europe.

New Woman

More sexual, more independent, destruction of the "cult of domesticity"

New Consumer Based Society

Movies, Radio, Airplanes, Automobiles, people with extra income began to

Al Capone

New York mobster who ran alcohol during prohibition. He became incredibly famous and wealthy until finally being taken down on tax fraud.

Modernism—philosophy, literature, art

New focus on the present, push away from ideology etc.

Speculation

Over land speculation and speculation on stocks caused inflation and eventually led to the great depression.

AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act

Pays farmers to produce less food in order to raise the value of crops and stop farm foreclosures.

•Trace the rise of fundamentalism in the early part of the 20th century. How did this impact 1920s culture.

Response to WWI, fear of new roaring 20s culture, etc. Caused rise of hate groups like the KKK and caused natavist response movements.

What were the differences in the First and Second New Deals?

Second new deal became more about reform and operated on the idea that we must help the public to help the private sector.

Huey Long

Share the wealth, eccentric, borderline communist, very popular, Louisiana senator. -Created the idea that anyone who gets over 1,000,000 dollars a year loses any money over 1,000,000 dollars.

WPA-Works Progress Administration

Similar to the PWA, they hire writers and artists to build public works projects.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

John L. Lewis

Spokesman for labor unions. "The Face of Labor"

Political scandals

Tea Pot Dome Scandal Harding's Affairs Corrupt Advisers

"associationalism"

Term used by Herbert Hoover, developed in his book American Individualism (1922), that when applied to the relations of government and business, prescribed a kind of middle way between the regulatory and trust-busting traditions, a way of voluntary cooperation.

Albert Fall

The Secretary of the Interior who accepted bribes from an oil company and started the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Emergency Relief Construction Act

The United States's first major-relief legislation. enabled under Herbert Hoover and later adopted and expanded by Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of his New Deal. It created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which released funds for public works projects across the country

Mencken

The bad boy of Baltimore; young author who admired their critical attitude toward American society; American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, rotarians, and the middle class,

What happened to the Progressivism during the 1920s? consider their goals; what led to the transformation?

The ideas of efficiency and standardization in the 1920s became very prominent with the rise of people such as Henry Ford and the assembly line. Social reform took on a much more liberal ideology.

•What motivated America's turn toward nativism (or return)? How was it manifested?

The return of conservationism and fundamentalism in response to WWI and the roaring 20s led people to turn very anti-foreign. It manifested in acts such as the Quota laws trying to prevent immigrants.

Fundamentalism

The rise of a conservative doctrine in an attempt to return to the previous status quo. It led to things such as the scopes trial where they attacked evolution.

•How did new developments in science and literature both influence and reflect a "new mentality" in the 1920s?

This new idea of the unstable and meaningless world gave rise to new forms of morality and created the unique, liberal culture of the 20s.

Newton

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

•Describe the "temper" of the 1920s? What factors contributed to it?

This was the fundamentalist reaction against the new roarin 20s culture.

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

Under Hoover, used to loan out money to maintain banks.

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

Flappers

young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion