AP WORLD CHAPTER 18
Sahara Desert
*North* Africa Predominately *Arab Muslims*
The Zanj revolt lasted __ years
14
In the Kingdom of Kongo, who/what was beneath central gov't (king)?
6 provinces administered by governors, each of whom supervised several districts administered by subordinate officials (Provided effective organization until the mid-seventeenth century when Portuguese slave traders undermined the authority of kings and central gov't)
Kingdom of Kongo
A prosperous Congolese state which participated actively in trade networks involving copper, raffia cloth, and nzimba shells from the Atlantic Ocean One of the principalities overcame its neighbors and built the kingdom of Kongo Maintained centralized government with a royal currency system
Early Cities: Jenne-jeno
A vibrant urban society in the middle of the stretches of the Nile River, where low-lying lands forced the river into an inland delta Settlers arrived, equipped with iron tools, and by 400 C.E., the settlement of Jenne-jeno ("Ancient Jenne," located just south of the modern city of Jenne in Mali) Merchants handled iron products, abundant supplies of fish, rice, and domesticated animals, including cattle, sheep, and goats (Participated in an extensive trade network that reached from N Africa and the Mediterranean to the savannas and forests of central Africa)
Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa south of the Sahara Many *geographic barriers* (deserts, rivers, Great Rift Valley (in eastern Sub-Sahara) which is a large crack in which rivers form)
Natives of ______ went into ________ ______ of Africa and brought back to the coast products for trade.
Africa; interior regions
Africans were given jobs specific for their ___ _____
Age grade
Bantu Migrations from 2000 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E., what was spread?
Agriculture and herding (throughout Africa), iron metallurgy, and bananas
Great Zimbabwe
An ancient walled town in Southern Africa
Kin-Based Society
Bantu has no hierarchy/ bureaucracy - governed through family groups Villages - 100 people, ruled by council of male family heads Chief - most prominent village head, represented when dealing with neighbors villages group into districts, people become district loyal often grew very large
Zimbabwe (Means dwelling of a chief)
Best known of the large and powerful kingdoms in east and central Africa Stone walls, great palaces, wealth from trade
Respected position for a man was a _________
Blacksmith
How was wealth measured?
By slaves
Importance of Camels
Came to N Africa from Arabia, by way of Egypt and Sudan (7th century B.C.E.) Replaced horses and donkeys as travel animals Quickened arrival pace of communication across the Sahara Could travel long-distance before needing water
Trans-Saharan Trade and the Islamic States in West Africa
Camels Islamic merchants crossed the desert and established commercial relations They found a series of long-established trading centers such as Gao, a station of caravan routes across the Sahara that offered access to the Nile river valley, a flourishing market for copper, ironware, cotton textiles, salt grains, and carnelian beads
How did you become a slave?
Captive of war, suspected witches, criminals, debtors, etc.
Sundiata established an army dominated by ______.
Cavalry
Swahili City-States
Chiefs gained power through taxing trade on ports Ports developed into city-states governed by kings, eleventh and twelfth centuries Villages had building made of wood and dried mud; by 12th century, Swahili peoples began to construct much larger buildings of coral Ruling elites and wealthy merchants dressed in silk and fine cotton clothing and se their tables with porcelain imported from China
Kongo used ______ as currency
Cowries
Most Africans recognize a dominant, ______, god
Creator
Some Africans recognize lesser _______
Deities
Failure to observe high moral standards would lead to ________
Disaster
Decline of Mali
Due to factions and military pressure from neighbors/nomads Songhay empire replaced Mali (by the late 15th century)
Christianity reached Axum through
Egypt
Christianity was popular in ________
Ethiopia
T/F: Africans practiced strict Islam.
False
T/F: Ethiopian Christians interacted with other Christian communities.
False: They were isolated
Bananas
First domesticated in SE Asia Entered Africa by way of sea lanes across Indian Ocean Led to varied, more nutritious diets, larger food supply, and population growth
Bantu and forest people
Forest dwellers of central africa had a changed relationship with bantu due to migration, pop growth and new communities Earlier - Bantu use forest people as guides Later - Forest people integrate into the Bantu or retreat and become specialists in forest goods
Salt and Gold Trade
Ghana (in W Africa) provided gold (most important), ivory, and slaves for traders from North Africa Exchanged for horses, cloth, manufactured goods, and salt (from N Africa) By controlling and taxing trade in the precious metal, the kings both enriched and strengthened their realm
Islam in West Africa
Ghana kings converted to Islam by the tenth century didn't force on others Improved relations with Muslim nomads and brought them recognition and support from Muslims states of N Africa As the kingdom expanded north, it became vulnerable to attacks by nomadic peoples from the Sahara Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened the kingdom in the early thirteenth century and it soon collapsed
Koumbi-Saleh was a town in _____ known for its _________.
Ghana, buildings
The Swahili ("coasters," refers to those who engaged in trade along E African coast)
Goods from interior regions of Africa: Gold, slaves, ivory, tortoise shells, leopard skins
By the 8th century, _____-____ had become principal commercial crossroads of West Africa
Jenne-jeno Chiefdoms in Bantu Society Population growth strained resources
What kind of organinzation survived into the 19th centuyr in much of sub-Saharan Africa?
Kin-based societies-regional states and kingdoms increasingly prominent
Zimbabwe Economy and government
Kings taxed and controlled trade between interior and coast move gold, ivory, slaves, local products from sources to coast forge alliances with other local leaders using economic sway
Where did Ghana get gold from?
Lands to the south
Mansa Musa and Islam
Made his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325 with a huge caravan Built mosques, particularly in trading cities frequented by Muslim merchants and sent promising students to study with distinguished Islamic scholars northern Africa Established Islamic schools (brought in Arabian and northern African teachers, including four descendants of Muhammad, to make Islam better known in Mali)
The kingdom of Ghana fell to the powerful ____ empire.
Mali
The Mali Empire and Trade
Mali controlled and taxed almost all trade passing through West Africa Enormous caravans with as many as 25,000 camels linked Mali to north Africa
The Zanj revolt occurred in ___________ against the ________
Mesopotamia, Abbasids
Most Africans are ____________
Monotheistic
What did Sundiata's empire include?
Most of the modern state of Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone
Was Africa easy to unite?
No; many *geographic barriers* and much variety in culture (various tribes, traditions, cultures, languages)
The Kingdom of Ghana
Principal state of West Africa at time of Muslims' arrival
Kilwa
Prosperous city-state on east African coast
Diviners were ________ specialists (consulted ______ _____)
Religious, oracle bones
African social class order
Ruling elites --> military nobles--> administrative officials--> religious authorities --> wealthy merchants --> artisans --> business entrepreneurs --> common people --> peasants --> slaves
Islam in East Africa
Ruling elites and wealthy merchants convert (Continued to observe native traditions to provide cultural leadership) Foundation for relationship with merchants, gained them recognition from Islamic states in southwest Asia Eventually became more popular with general public
Mansa Musa
Sundiata's grandson (reigned during high point of empire)
How did Africans keep up with the demand for slaves?
They began raiding smaller states for slaves
Sundiata, or the lion prince, built the Mali Empire (reigned 1230-1255) a.
While away from home he made astute (having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage) alliances with local rulers, gained a reputation for courage in battle, and assembled a large army dominated by calvary
What are some crops indigenous to Africa?
Yams, sorghum, millet
