AP World Chapters 14 + 15

devshirme

- (the collecting or the gathering) was the ottoman policy of taking boys from conquered Christian people to be trained as Muslim soldiers served as "Janissaries" for imperial institutions such as the palace, scribes, religious ways and military's.

Mughal empire

- A muslim state ruling from India in 1529 through 1857. It was a muslim minority ruling over a Hindu majority

Siberia

- A region of central and eastern Russia stretching from rural mountains to the pacific ocean (The Bearing Sea). It is known for it's mineral resources and political exile.

Aurangzeb

- A strain of Muslim thinking found a champion in the emperor who reversed Akbar's policy of accommodation and sought to impose Islamic supremacy. He was one of the Mughal emperors in India and was also the great grandson of Akbar " The Great". Under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.

Benin/Dahomy

- A west-African kingdom ( in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kinds sharply limited engagement with the slave trade. A West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.

yasak

- Also known as a tribute paid in cash or in kind that Russian rulers demanded from the Native peoples of Siberia mainly for pelts

Philippines (Spanish)

- An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Beyond missionary enterprise, other features of Spanish colonial practice in the Americas found expression

Potosi

- City that developed high in the Andes (In present day Bolivia) at the site of the worlds largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570's. The city arose from a barren landscape, high in the Andes a ten-week mule trip away from Lima. Its size is now equivalent to that of London, Amsterdam or Seville. Its wealthy European elite lived in luxury, with all the goods of Europe and Asia at their disposal. This city sometimes referred to as a "portrait of hell".

Settler colonies

- Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the religion. Particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America

plantation complex

- Colonies, such as those in south Africa, new Zealand, Algeria, Kenya and Hawaii where minority European populations lived among a majority of indigenous people -- based upon African slavery beyond the Caribbean and brazil to encompass the southern colonies of British North America where tobacco, cotton, rice and indigo where major crops where

peninsulares

- Descendants of the original conquistadores sought to protect their privileges against immigrant newcomers - Spaniards born in the Americas (creoles) resented the pretension to superiority of those born in Spain... These people came to Latin America and were of the highest social class

Akbar

- Mugal Indias most famous emperor, marrying several of their princesses but he did not require them to convert to Islam. He clearly recognized this fundamental reality and acted deliberately to accommodate the Hindu majority. He reigned in the second half of the 1500's (1556-1605). He is also a descendant of Timur. He consolidated power over Northern India and is religiously tolerant. He was the Patron of Arts including large mural paintings.

African Diaspora

- Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade. The transatlantic spread of African peoples injected into these new societies issues of race that endure still in the twenty-first century. It also introduced elements of African culture, such as religious ideas, musical and artistic traditions, and cuisine into the making of American cultures

"soft gold"

- Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it. The profitability of that trade un furs was the chief incentive for Russia's rapid expansion during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries across Siberia, where it of fur- bearing animals was abundant.

British/Dutch East India companies

- Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples. They received charters from their respective governments granting them trading monopolies and the power to make war and to govern conquered peoples. Thus established their own parallel and competing trading post empires, with the Dutch focused on the islands of Indonesia and the English on India.

"silver drain"

- Term often used, along with "Specie Drain", to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets - eventually the bulk of the worlds silver supply make its way to china. This demand set silver in motion around the world, with bulk of the worlds silver supply winding up in China and much of the rest elsewhere in Asia. Chinese, Portuguese, and Dutch traders flocked to Manila to sell Chinese goods in exchange for silver. The routes operated by this were extraordinarily numerou

Constantinople

- The Ottoman Turks advanced from the West to the East in the 1300's, they initially skipped over Constantinople. The then returned in 1453 to take down the city, and with it the Byzantine empire. This marked the end of the Christian Byzantine

trading post empire

- The Portuguese created this in the Indian Ocean; they aimed to control the commerce, not large territories or populations, and to do so by force of arms rather than by economic competition. This was in seek of the monopolization of the space trade that the Portuguese king grandly entitled. This was a form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.

Columbian Exchange

- The exchange of plants, animals, culture and diseases between Europe and the Americas from the first contact through exploration and colonization - An acute labor shortage was created by the great dying and in turn made room for immigrant new comers, both colonizing Europeans and enslaving Africans

The Great Dying

- The massive epidemic caused by old world diseases after Columbian exchange. It killed ninety percent of natives - Long isolation from the afro-Eurasian world and the lack of most domesticated animals meant the absence of acquired immunities to Old World diseases, such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria and yellow fever

Indian ocean commercial network

- The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500. For many centuries, Eastern goods had trickled into the Mediterranean through the Middle East.

Tokugawa shogunate

- The military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments. They largely closed their country off from the emerging world of European commerce, although they maintained their trading ties to China and Korea.

mestizo

- The most distinctive feature of these new colonial societies in mexico and peru was their emergence. they were a mixed-race, population, initially the product of unions between Spanish men and indian women

mulattoes

- The product of Portuguese-African unions predominated, but as many as forty separate and named groups, each indicating a different racial mixture, emerged in colonial brazil - in colonial latin America Spanish/Africans who were denied all political, economic and social rights due to their mixed heritage of African and Europeans

Qing dynasty empire

- The ruling dynasty of China throughout 1644 to 1912. This is the dynasty that helped expand the dynasty North by enlarging the territorial size of the country. This dynasty was originally from Manchuria. No assimilating foreigners there is too much interest in expansion and court of colonial affairs.

Ottoman Empire

- Was the creation of Turkic warrior groups; the Islamic state was founded by Osman in Northwest Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire the ottoman empire was based in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the middle east, North Africa and Balkans with eastern Europe. Then fell after world war I.

How did Mughal attitudes and policies toward Hindus change from the time of Akbar to that of Aurangzeb?

-Akbar: 1.imposed a policy of toleration 2.limits power of Ulama 3.removed the special tax (jizya) on non-muslims 4.constructed a building for discussions with many different religious people (house of worship) 5.tries to make laws more secular ~Aurangzeb: 1.sought to impose Islamic supremacy 2.heavy taxes to support his wars of expansion 3.brought back jizya 4.way more religious and opposite of Akbar

What were the major features of Chinese empire building in the early modern era?

1.Chinese empire building vastly enlarged the territorial size of China and brought a number of non-Chinese people into the kingdom. 2.It was driven largely by security concerns. Conquered regions in central Eurasia were administered separately from the rest of China. 3.Chinese officials generally did not seek to assimilate local people into Chinese culture and showed considerable respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures of the region.

What large-scale transformations did European empires generate?

1.European empire building caused the demographic collapse of Native American societies. 2.Combinations of indigenous, European, and African peoples created entirely new societies in the Americas. 3.Large-scale exchanges of plants and animals transformed the crops and animals raised both in the Americas and in the Eastern Hemisphere. 4.The silver mines of Mexico and Peru fueled both transatlantic and transpacific commerce. 5.The need for plantation workers and the sugar and cotton trade created a lasting link among Africa, Europe, and the Americas, while scattering peoples of African origins throughout the Western Hemisphere.

What enables Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homeland?

1.Europeans were much closer to the Americas than were their potential Asian competitors. 2.Europeans were powerfully motivated after 1200 to gain access to the world of Eurasian commerce. 3.Groups within European society, including competing monarchs, merchants, impoverished nobles and commoners, Christian missionaries, and persecuted minorities all had strong, if different, motivations for participating in empire building. 4. European states and trading companies enabled the effective mobilization of both human and material resources. 5. Disease in the Americas

What motivated Russian empire building?

1.Fear of the Mongols drove the Russians to conquer the vast Siberian plain. 2.Russian expansion into Siberia was driven by demand on the world market for the pelts of fur-bearing animals, although later some agricultural settlement took place. The motivations of defending Russian frontiers, enhancing the power of the Russian state, 3.The Russians were also motivated by bringing Christianity and attempted conversion of the native Siberians.

How did the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ from those of southern colonies in British North America?

1.In North America, there was less racial mixing and less willingness to recognize the offspring of such unions and accord them a place in society. 2.Slavery in North America was different, being perhaps less harsh there than in the sugar colonies. 3.By 1750, slaves in the United States had become self-reproducing, and a century later almost all North American slaves had been born in the New World. That was never the case in Brazil and the Caribbean. 4.Many more slaves were voluntarily set free by their owners in Brazil than was ever the case in North America, 5.In North America, any African ancestry, no matter how small or distant, made a person "black"; not in Brazil, Moreover, the color was only one criterion of class status in Brazil, and the perception of color changed with the educational or economic standing of individuals.

How did the Russian Empire transform the life of its conquered people and of the Russian homeland itself?

1.In terms of its conquered people, conquest meant the taking of an oath of loyalty to the Russian ruler; the payment of tribute 2.Devastating epidemics 3. Intermittent pressure to convert to Christianity; 4. The loss of hunting grounds and pasturelands to Russian agricultural settlers, which disrupted the local economy and left local populations dependent on Russian markets. 5.The Empire made Russia a highly militarized state and reinforced the highly autocratic character of the Russian state.

What distinguished the British settler colonies of North America from their counterparts in Latin America?

1.Many of the British settlers sought to escape aspects of an old European society rather than to recreate it. 2.The British colonies were almost pure settler colonies, without the racial mixing that was so prominent in Spanish and Portuguese territories. 3.A largely Protestant England was far less interested in spreading Christianity among the remaining native peoples 4.British colonies developed greater mass literacy and traditions of local self-government and vigorously contested the prerogatives of royal governors sent to administer their affairs.

In what ways was the Ottoman Empire important for Europe in the early modern era?

1.The Ottoman Empire represented a military threat to Europe. 2.It impressed some European intellectuals because of its religious tolerance. 3.It occasionally allied with France against their common enemy of Habsburg Austria. 4.The empire was an important trading partner as they controlled access to Eastern goods

In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies?

Africa became a permanent part of an interacting Atlantic world, both commercially and demographically. The Atlantic slave trade slowed Africa's population growth at a time when the populations of Europe, China, and other regions were expanding. The slave trade, in general, stimulated little positive economic change in Africa and led to economic stagnation. It also led to considerable political disruption, particularly for small-scale societies with little central authority that were frequently subject to slave raids. Some larger kingdoms, such as Kongo and Oyo, also slowly disintegrated because of the slave trade. But in other regions, like Benin and Dahomey, African authorities sought to take advantage of the new commercial opportunities to manage the slave trade in their own interests.

To what extent did the British and Dutch trading companies change the societies they encountered in Asia?

Both British & Dutch companies conquered people by force - Islands of Indonesia (Dutch); & India (British). Dutch tried to control shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, and mace. Fought and conquered some small islands - forced them to sell only to the Dutch. On one island, replaced population with Dutch planters - monopoly on nutmeg, mace, & cloves. British created 3 major trading settlements. Naval forces. No match for Mughals - traded with permission. - Cotton textiles.

How did the North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each other? What did they have in common?

Both North America and Siberian fur trades had similar consequences on native peoples: they became dependent on Russian/European goods, land was taken, animals were depleted. In North America, there was competition in commercial negotiations with Indians. Siberia - authorities imposed a tax or tribute paid in furs. Also - private Russian hunters & trappers competed with Siberians.

What was the world historical importance of the silver trade?

Created a global network of exchange. Silver deposits in Bolivia (New Spain) were found and mined and brought via merchants to Philippine Islands. Ist link between Americas and Asia. China commanded taxes to be paid in silver. - value went up. Standard Spanish silver coin - a piece of eight - used by merchants in all continents as a medium of exchange. Created in the city of Potosi in the Andes. Horrendous mining conditions - supported Spanish Empire. Silver profit in Japan created unity (Industrial Revolution)

What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce?

Immediate motivation: the desire for tropical spices - cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper - which were widely used for cooking, etc. Other products from Asia were in demand. Recovery of European civilization after Black Death. Growing western European societies - some had capitalist economies. Europeans resented Muslim monopoly on Indian trade (and Venetian). Find Prestor John. Europe used silver to pay for Eastern goods.

Describe the impact of the fur trade on North American native societies.

Native Americans found many benefits from the fur trade. Europeans gave gifts to native people which were of value to them. Protected them for a time from extermination, enslavement, or displacement. Half about - of native population died from European diseases. Fur trade generated much warfare - competition among Native Americans. French-British warfare -natives took sides. Grew dependent on European trade goods. Alcohol caused new problems with Native Americans.

How did the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British initiatives in Asia differ from one another?

Portuguese: tried to monopolize spice trade with taxes. Failed - so they transported Asian goods. Spanish: Established Philippine Islands (colonial rule). Major missionary effort - Christianity. Dutch: Overtook by force. Stronger than the Portuguese. Organized into a private trading company. Focused on Indonesian Islands. Wanted to control the production of spices. British: Forceful, trading company. Conquered India for cotton textiles.

What explains the rise of the Atlantic slave trade?

Started in the Mediterranean world with sugar. Europeans established sugar-producing plantations in Mediterranean. Required huge capital investment, technology, worker discipline, and a mass market of consumers. Needed slaves as labor source for plantations. Found source in Africa. Used slaves for American plantations - sugar, tobacco, and cotton.

What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade? What did it share with other patterns of slave owning and slave trading?

The Atlantic slave trade was distinctive because of the immense size of the trade. Slaves were treated as dehumanized property. Status of slaves was also inherited - little hope of freedom. Racial dimension: slavery identified with Africa and "blackness." Shared: Slaves from Africa had also been sold to Asia & Europe.

To what extent did the Portuguese realize their own goals in the Indian Ocean?

The Portuguese found that their ships could outgun and outmaneuver competing for naval forces in the Indian Ocean. Cannons for coastal contact. Europeans were crude and not as good as Asian goods. They established bases in many places in the Indian Ocean - "trading post-empire" Tried to monopolize spice trade -required all merchant vessels to purchase a pass on cargoes. Failed - Carrying Asian goods to parts. Unable to sell European goods.

What was the economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru? How did it shape the kinds of societies that arose there?

The economic foundation of colonial rule in Mexico and Peru was commercial agriculture and the mining of silver and gold. This economic base created a distinct social order similar to the Spanish class hierarchy while accommodating racially and culturally different Indians and Africans as well as racially mixed people.