AP World History - Chapter 18 <Study Guide>

25. Big Picture Question: In your synthesis of the chapter, what did humankind gain from the Industrial Revolution and what did it lose?

Among the gains were an enormous increase in the output of goods and services because of a wholly unprecedented jump in the capacities of human societies to produce wealth. Other gains included unprecedented technological innovation; new sources of power; and new employment opportunities for participants. The losses included the destruction of some older ways of life; the demise of some older methods of production; miserable working and living conditions for many of the laboring classes; new and sometimes bitter social-and class-based conflicts; and environmental degradation. (Original: See entire chapter.)

24. How does Strayer explain "dependent development" as a new form of colonialism? Give examples.

It was expressed in the power exercised by foreign investors. The U.S. owned United Fruit Company in Central America was allied with large landowners and compliant politicians, and the company pressured the governments of these "banana republics" to maintain favorable conditions to U.S. businessmen. This indirect imperialism was supplemented by repeated U.S. military intervention in support of American corporate interests in Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Mexico. The U.S. also controlled the Panama Canal and acquired Puerto Rico as territory (Original: p. 554; With Sources: pp. 852-853)

4. What was distinctive about Britain that may help to explain its status as the breakthrough point of the Industrial Revolution?

It was the most commercialized country in Europe. It had a growing population that ensured a steady supply of workers. British aristocrats engaged in new mining and manufacturing enterprises. The merchant fleet was protected by the British Navy. Its policy of religious toleration welcomed people with technical skills regardless of their faith unlike France's persecution of Protestants. It had tariffs to help cut cheaper Indian textiles. Britain made laws to easily form companies and forbid unions. Roads and canals helped to unify the internal market. It had patent laws and helped to protect the interests of investors. The country had a ready supply of coal and iron. The country's island location protected it from invasions that so many continental European states had suffered. (Original: pp. 532-533; With Sources: pp. 830-832)

22. What was the result of the Mexican Revolution of 1917?

Mexico had a new constitution that proclaimed universal suffrage. It provided for the redistribution of land. It stripped the Catholic Church of any role in public education and forbade it to own land. It gave more fights to workers, such as a minimum wage and an eight-hour work day. It placed restrictions on foreign ownership of property. (Original: p. 553; With Sources: pp. 851-852)

14. What were some reasons that Marxist socialism did not take root in the U.S.?

One is the relative conservatism of major union organizations The immense religious, ethnic, and racial divisions of American society undermined the class solidarity of American workers, and made it more difficult to sustain class-oriented political parties and socialist labor movements. There was a higher standard of living for American workers in response to the country's remarkable economic growth. Higher level of home ownership among U.S. workers By 1910, white collar workers in sales, services, and offices outnumbered factory labor. (Original: p. 544; With Sources: p. 843)

17. Until 1897, a thirteen hour work day was common. What other factors contributed to the making of a revolutionary situation in Russia?

Ruthless discipline and overt disrespect from supervisors created resentment. Life in large and unsanitary barracks added to workers' sense of injustice. The absence of legal unions and political parties often erupted into large-scale strikes. Peasant uprisings, student demonstrations, revolts of non-Russian nationalities, and mutinies in the military all contributed to the upheaval. (Original: p. 547; With Sources: p. 845)

6. How did Britain's middle class change the roles of women?

Women were cast as homemakers, wives, and mothers charged with creating an emotional haven for their men. They were the moral center of family life, educators of respectability, as well as consumers. Middle class women on the farms or in artisan's shops were subordinate and worked alongside their husbands. However, by the 19th C. some middle class women began to enter teaching, clerical, and nursing professions. A lower middle class began to rise and included clerks, salespeople, bank tellers, hotel staff, secretaries, etc. This class represented about 20% of Britain's population and provided new employment opportunities for women. (Original: pp. 536-537; With Sources: pp. 834-835)

16. What did Peter the Great do for Russia?

enlarged and modernized the Russian Army created a new education system for sons of noblemen Russian nobles were instructed to dress in European styles and to shave their beards. St. Petersburg—the newly created capital—was to be Russia's "window on the West." (Original: p. 546; With Sources: p. 844)

18. Explain the tsar's limited political reforms.

failed to tame working-class radicalism or to bring social stability to Russia In 1906-1907, when a newly elected and radically inclined Duma refused to cooperate with the tsar's new political system, Tsar Nicholas II twice dissolved that elected body and finally changed the electoral laws to favor the landed nobility. In Russian political life, the people had only a limited voice. (Original: p. 547; With Sources: pp. 845- 846)

21. What was the impact of the export boom on the various social segments of Latin American society?

(Original: p. 552; With Sources: pp. 850-851) Positive Effects Negative Effects Upper Class Land-owning upper class was 1% of the population They saw their property values increase. They benefited the most. They benefited the most. Middle Class Middle class was 8% of the population Skills proved valuable and prosperity grew Lower Class Urban workers who labored in the mines, ports, in the railroads, and a few factories organized themselves and created unions and engaged in strikes. Suffered the most and benefited the least from the export boom Many farmers lost land from the government attacks on communal landholdings and peasant indebtedness to wealthy landowners. Women and children now were required to work as field laborers.

Caudillo

A military strongman who seized control of a government in nineteenth century Latin America (Original: p. 549; With Sources: p. 847)

5. How did the Industrial Revolution transform the British aristocracy?

As large landowners, the British aristocracy declined as urban wealth increased with the rise of businessmen, manufacturers, and bankers who had been newly enriched by the Industrial Revolution. By the end of the century, landownership had largely ceased to be the basis of great wealth and businessmen, rather than aristocrats, led the major political parties. (Original: p. 535; With Sources: pp. 833-834)

11. What did Marx believe about capitalist societies and capitalism in general?

Capitalist societies could never deliver on the promise of ending poverty because private property, competition, and class hostility prevented those societies from distributing the abundance of industrial economies to the workers whose labor had created that abundance. Capitalism was flawed, doomed to collapse amid a working class revolution as society polarized into rich and poor. (Original: p.539; With Sources: p. 837)

1. Explain why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe first rather than elsewhere.

Certain patterns of Europe's internal development favored innovation. Its many small and highly competitive states provided an "insurance against economic and technological al stagnation," which the larger Chinese, Ottoman, or Mughal Empires perhaps lacked. In the absence of an effective tax collecting bureaucracy, the need for revenue pushed European monarchies into an unusual alliance with their merchant class. States were granted charters and monopolies to private trading companies, and governments founded scientific societies and offered prizes to promote innovation. European merchants and innovations from the 15th C. onward gained an unusual degree of freedom from state control and higher social status in some places than their counterparts. (Original: p. 530; With Sources: pp. 828-829)

19. What were the raw materials being exported from Latin America after 1860?

Chile—copper Bolivia—tin Peru—guano Amazon rain forest—wild rubber Mexico—sisal Central America—bananas Argentina—beef Ecuador—cacao Brazil and Guatemala—coffee Cuba—sugar (Original: p. 550; With Sources: p. 848)

8. How was the environment in which most urban workers lived?

Cities were vastly overcrowded, smoky, poor sanitation, periodic epidemics, few public services or open spaces, and inadequate water supplies. (Original: pp. 537-538; With Sources: p. 836)

2. What does Peter Stearns say about the Industrial Revolution?

Europe's Industrial Revolution stemmed in great part from Europe's ability to draw disproportionately on world resources. (Original: p. 532; With Sources: p. 830)

10. How did Karl Marx understand the Industrial Revolution?

For Marx, class struggle was the central dynamic of industrial capitalist societies. (Original: p. 539)

12. What did Marx look forward to?

He looked forward to a communist future in which the great productive potential of industrial technology would be placed in service to the entire community. (Original: p. 539)

9. How did industrial factories offer a work environment different from the artisan's shops or the tenant's farm?

Long hours, low wages, and child labor were nothing new to the poor, but the routine and monotony of the work, dictated by the factory whistle and the needs of the machines, imposed novel and highly unwelcome conditions of labor. (Original: p. 538; With Sources: p. 836)

13. What hadn't Marx foreseen?

Marx hadn't foreseen the development of a strong middle class social group, nor had he imagined that workers could better their standard of living within a capitalist framework. (Original: p. 540; With Sources: p. 838)

Bolsheviks

Members of the most radical of the socialist groups in Russia (Original: p. 547; With Sources: p. 846)

23. Was Latin America able to participate in the global economy through an industrial revolution of its own? Why or Why not?

No. It developed a form of economic growth that was largely financed by capital from abroad and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions. (Original: p. 554; With Sources: p. 852)

Lenin

Pen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917 (Original: pp. 547-548; With Sources: p. 846)

Haciendas

Plantations of the wealthy (Original: p. 549; With Sources: p. 848)

Proletariat

Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population (Original: p. 539)

Bourgeoisie

Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople" (Original: p. 539)

20. In return, what did Latin Americans import?

Textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods (Original: p. 550; With Sources: p. 849)

Duma

The elected representative assemble grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution (Original: p. 547; With Sources: p. 845)

7. Over time, which class suffered most and benefited least from the transformations of the Industrial Revolution?

The laboring classes. (Original: p. 537; With Sources: p. 835)

3. What did the new societies of the Americas offer?

They offered a growing market for European machine-produced goods and generated substantial profits for European merchants and entrepreneurs. (Original: p. 532; With Sources: p. 830)

15. What were the differences between industrialization in the U.S. and that in Russia? (Original: p. 542-547; With Sources: pp. 841-846)

United States U.S. was the Western world's most exuberant democracy in the 19th C. Change bubbled up from society as free farmers, workers, and businessmen sought new opportunities and operated in a political system that gave them varying degrees of expression. Workers in the U.S. were treated better and had more outlets for grievances because of trade unions. U.S. industrialization was associated with capitalism and competition. Russia Russia remained an outpost of absolute monarchy. Change was far more initiated by the state itself in its efforts to catch up with the more powerful innovated states of Europe. Russia developed an unusually radical class consciousness, based on harsh conditions and the absence of any legal outlet for the grievances. Industrialization in Russia was associated with violent social revolutions through a socialist political party inspired by the teachings of Karl Marx.