AP World History- French Revolution

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

Albert Einstein

Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity.

Sigmund Freud

(1856-1939) Viennese physician; developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.

Count Camilo di Cavour

(August 10, 1810 - June 6, 1861) was a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party.

constitutional monarchy

A form of government in which the king retains his position as head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides in an elected body.

The Estates General

A legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614.

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

Factory system

A system of manufacturing in which all the materials, machinery, and workers required to manufacture a product are assembled in one place.

Battle of Austerlitz

After Austria, Russia, and Sweden joined Great Britain to form the Third Coalition against France, Napoleon scored a brilliant victory at this battle against the Austrians and the Russians in December of 1805. This battle caused Alexander I to pull back, and Austria accept large territorial losses in return for peace as the Third Coalition collapsed. (McKay)

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Triple Entente

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

leisure culture

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports.

romanticism

Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

Industrial Revolution

Began about 1760 in England and later in other countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of hand tools with power-driven machines, as the power loom and the steam engine, and by the concentration of industry in large establishments.

Charles Darwin

Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Belgian Revolution of 1830

Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy.

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

First Coalition

France vs Spain, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, Prussia, Holy Roman Empire, Dutch, and Newfoundland, Austria France called war on Austria and Austria allied with these countries against revolutionary France; therefore, France called for a draft, drafting 800,000

second revolution

From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy, introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.

Karl Marx

German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship.

population revolution

Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Church)

In July 1970, the King Louis XVI was forced, to his horror, accept the passage of this legislation that basically made the Church a department of the state. Bishops were to be chosen by assemblies of parish priests, who themselves were to be elected by their parishioners.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Marquis de Lafayette, with the aid of Thomas Jefferson, wrote this document that used the language of the Enlightenment to declare the political sovereignty did not rest in the hands of a monarch but rather in the nation at large. It also stated that all men were to enjoy all rights and responsibilities and were entitled to freedom of religion, press, and to engage in any economic activity of their choosing.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes.

Balkan nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Olympe de Gouges book would be inspiration for this book by Mary Wollstonecraft's that also pushed for women's reforms similar to the Deceleration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

the Bastille

On July 13, 1789, the people began to seize arms for the defense of the city, and on July 14 several hundred french people marched to this location to search for weapons and gunpowder.

The Tennis Court Oath

On June 20, 1788 the delegates of the third estate, excluded from their hall because of "repairs," moved to a a large tennis court were they swore this famous deceleration.

Battle of Trafalgar

On October 21 of 1805, Admiral Nelson of England died in this struggle between France that ultimately destroyed the French fleet and with it any hope of the French landing in England.

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the monarchy established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850.

age of revolution

Period of politcal upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

socialism

Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man.

trasformismo

Political system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo.

nationalism

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.

radical

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of lower classes.

conservative

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church.

liberal

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

proto-industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

The Rights of Women

Published by Olympe de Gouges it argued that women should enjoy such fundamental rights as the right to be educated, to control their own property, and to initiate divorce.

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

American Revolution

Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America

French Revolution

Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe

Napoleon Bonaparte

Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 at Waterloo.

French Revolution of 1830

Second rebellion against Bourbon monarchy; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.

revisionism

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.

feminist movements

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

Louis XV

Succeeded by his grandson, Louis XVI, France was in debt during and after his rule due to loss of 7 years' war to British

the Directory

The final stage of the french revolution or the name of the government produced by the Thermidorians, the label for those who were opposed to Robespierre. It was led by an executive council of five men who possessed the title of director.

National Assembly

The first French revolutionary legislature, made up primilarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791.

September Massacres

The September Massacres were a wave of mob violence which overtook Paris in late summer 1792, during the French Revolution. By the time it had subsided, half the prison population of Paris had been executed: some 1,200 trapped prisoners, including many women and young boys.

The First Estate

The clergy

The bourgeoisie

The comfortable members of the third estate, or upper middle class. Rose up to lead the entire third estate in the revolution.

The Third Estate

The commoners of France that consisted of, prosperous merchants and lawyers as well as peasants, rural agricultural workers, urban artist, and unskilled day laborers.

The Second Estate

The nobility or the descendants of "those who fought" in the Middle Ages.

Louis XVI

The successor of Louis XV this king of France from 1774 to 1792 failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793).

The Three Estates

The three orders of France: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.

Concordat of 1801

This agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII gave the pope the right for French Catholics to practice their religion freely, but Napoleon gained political power: his government now nominated bishops, paid the clergy, and exerted great influence over the church in France. (McKay)

Treaty of Amiens

This treaty between the British and the French in 1802 which allowed France to remain in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine, and most of the Italian peninsula. A clear diplomatic triumph for Napoleon, and a sign of peace with honor and profit.

Napoleon Bonaparte

This young general, saved the Directory by putting down the rebellion in Paris. He later overthrew French Directory in 1799 and crowned himself emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain, and his failure to invade Russia lead to his abdication in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Marie Antoinette

queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Imperialism

the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.