AP World History Test

What role did writing and record keeping play?

• Seen as a gift from the gods • Accounting function - strengthened bureaucracy • Gave weight and specificity to orders regulations and laws • Communication • Recording oral tradition

Who was in charge of the Persian govt? How did they get power?

- The king was in charge, got power through the will of the Great Persian god. Persian governors in each of the 23 provinces

How did the Code of Hammurabi demonstrate a practical use of writing?

• Made crystal clear the distinctions between men and women, slaves, commoners, and higher ranked • Solidifies the rules - Writing can be used to communicate laws to be enforced better

Paleolithic

"Old Stone Age" - refers to the peoples who were gathers and hunters - Name is derived from the fact that they used stone tools rather than metal

When does the Qin dynasty collapse? Why?

- 206 BCE because of the brutality and speed of his policies

When did Greece decline? Why?

- 30 BCE Hellenistic kingdoms weakened and vanished - stretched too far leaving them vulnerable to Germanic nomads

When did the Mauryan Empire rule India?

- 326 - 184 BCE - Impressive political structure - Large military force - Civilian bureaucracy (w/ spies) - Had many industries (spinning, weaving, mining, shipbuilding, armaments) - Financed by taxes on land, trade, and herds of animals

When was the Era of Alexander?

- 333 - 323 BCE - Macedonia took over Greece and their King Philip II unified the city-states - Alexander, his son decided to lead those who sought revenge on Persia into attack

Describe the Greco-Persian wars

- 499 BCE to 480 BCE - Caused by their patterns of expansion - Persia took over some small Greek settlements and when these revolted, they had the support of the cities on the mainland - Persia lost (even though they had the odds in their favor), and Greece (especially Athens) had enormous pride

How did Rome transition from a Republic to an Empire? When?

- A civil war is brought about by some of the military leaders having fierce rivalries with each other (first century BCE) - Individual ambition to be powerful brought about the decline of the republic - Authority then was vested in an emperor (Octavian aka Augustus was the first) - 27 BCE

How did civilizations develop?

- A need for order - Protecting privileges of favored groups - An organized state helped in warfare or competition - Through agricultural technology permitting human communities to produce extra and the specialized elite that did not have to themselves produce food

What are essential elements of a civilization?

- A social class structure - A supporting economy - A highly organized state

What was the civil service system?

- A system of selecting administrators from the best of the population It was created to put the best into government, not just those through hereditary ascension

When did China collapse?

220 CE

What were the basic social classes of the early civilizations?

• Upper class: great wealth, had the finest stuff, top positions in religious, military, and political life. • Free commoners: artisans, low level officials, soldiers and police, servants and farmers. Their extra production supported the upper class • Slaves: people owned by other people

How did trade bring the cultural influences of other cultures?

• Writings showed influence of other societies • Worship other places gods • Adapted easier writing systems • Incorporated others currencies into their economy • Art influence through trades of artifacts • Trade of ideas (like a chariot for war, and foreign inventions)

What are the two options for dealing with the culture of conquered people?

○ 1 Assimilation - force them to be like you ○ 2 Multi-ethnic - Let people do their own thing (retain their religion, culture, etc.)

Main achievements in the Paleolithic period

○ Intitial settlement of the planet ○ Creation of earliest human societies ○ Beginnings of the reflections on life and death's greatest questions ○ Breakthrough to agriculture

What did the Qin dynasty do?

- The kingdom Qin ruled was well put together (had bureaucracy, subordinated its aristocracy, had iron weapons for its army, rising agricultural output, growing population, and a political philosophy of Legalism that enforced clear rules with harsh punishments) - Launched a military campaign and defeated the other warring states in 10 years - Then he named himself emperor

How did Greece expand?

- They settled in distant places rather than conquest and takeovers like Persia

How did Rome expand and to where? Why was expansion necessary?

- Through battles and conquests of neighboring territories - The entire Mediterranean basin (Spain, UK, Italy, France, Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, North Africa - Defensive - having a territory meant that you were surrounded by enemies and could be taken over so instead you needed to have their territory to be safer And the cycle continues

How did climate change contribute to the development of agriculture?

- The Ice Age ending coincided with the development of agriculture - Created new conditions that made agriculture more possible in some areas - Climate change pushed certain large mammals to extinction which were depended upon by the Paleolithic people for food - The warmer/wetter/more stable conditions led to the flourishing of more wild plants

Why does Mauryan India collapse?

- The emperors who sought to rule with moral decency and the ways of Buddhism and Hinduism did not establish a strong enough empire to last after his death

How did Rome deal with the people it conquered?

- Was generous - some were granted full Roman citizenship - Others were treated as allies and allowed to keep their current ruler

How were merchants viewed in Chinese society?

- Widely viewed as unproductive and making a shameful profit from selling other people's stuff - Greedy, luxury loving, materialistic - Contrast to society

How did religions impact their governments (China and Rome)?

- Absorbed foreign religious traditions - Rome - Christianity started as a small bud and was practiced mostly by poor, then it spread and started to be persecuted, and finally was adopted by a later ruler hoping to unify population - China - Buddhism came from India and gained prominence when people were confused about why the Han dynasty collapsed, and became one of the religions in the cultural mix of choices

Olmecs (in Mesoamerica)

- Agricultural economy of beans, maize and squash - Series of competing chiefdoms that turned into ceremonial centers filled with temples, altars, pyramids and tombs of rulers - Mexico

What does the civil service system do for the people?

- Allowed the very smart people who passed this exam to move up into high privilege - Gave people of poor communities belief that they could have say in the government - Makes peasants who are selected grateful to the emperor - Helps to centralize power w/ the emperor - shows you have authority independent of the rich people - Anyone who passed the test could be part of bureaucracy - Exclusively male

Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon nomadic ways for a settled existence?

- As human populations grew because of the increasingly rich and diverse environment (caused by the global warming), they became larger and more complex and had less ability to travel around - Households could then store and accumulate goods more - Were able to exploit resource rich areas

How did leaders claim legitimacy?

- At first with persuasion, prestige, and gifts • Then by claims of divine connection to power (appointed by the gods) • That they were sacred and could perform the sacred rituals to keep the cosmos inline • Symbols of being king (crown, thrown, scepter, mace) were said to be of divine origin

When and where did the Neolithic revolution happen?

- Between 12,000 and 4,000 years ago - Separately and independently in many different countries including: ○ The Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia ○ Several places in Sub-Saharan Africa ○ China ○ Southeast Asia ○ New Guinea ○ Mesoamerica ○ Andes Eastern North America

Spiritual life of Paleolithic peoples

- Ceremonial space separate from ordinary life - Part-time shamans (skilled at dealing with spirit world) who entered trances - Some were monotheistic, others had several levels of supernatural beings, others believed in impersonal forces - Venus figurines - Developed a cyclical view of time - Trees, rocks, mountains etc. possessed souls of their own

What was the Greece concept of citizenship?

- Citizenship Free people managing the state affairs, and equality for all citizens before the law - In Persia this was not a concept at all they had rigid monarchies, hierarchies, and inequalities

What are arguments about how agriculture developed?

- Disappearance of many large mammals - Growing populations - Newly settled ways of life - The process of global warming

What does a bureaucracy do?

- Distributes the products of agriculture to the community - Make laws - Enforce laws - Figures out irrigation - Collect taxes

Shang Dynasty (in the Yellow River Valley)

- Early form of written Chinese - Ruler "Son of Heaven" ruled by the "Mandate of Heaven" - China

Mesopotamia (in the Tigris and Euphrates Valleys)

- Gave the worlds earliest written language - Is in Middle East

How did Rome's political system change in 509 BCE?

- Got rid of the king and established a republic - Dominated by men of the wealthy class (patricians) - Two consuls held executive power and were advised by the Senate - The plebeians (the poorer people) had some representation in this Senate

How did the Han dynasty and the Roman Empires collapse?

- Got too big - landlords got rich and everyone else poor - China: Peasant revolt - Yellow Turban Rebellion - Rome: Emperors were murdered by others who wanted to be emperor - epidemics - climate fluctuations - Nomadic societies attacked frequently - In Rome the nomads (Germanics) did not return to their territories and took complete control by 476 BCE

What did Alexander do to make him Alexander the Great

- He stormed and defeated the entire Persian Empire in 10 years accomplishing major expansion into Egypt and Anatolia in the west, Afghanistan and India in the east

How did agriculture effect the environment?

- Human selection of a certain crop or animal modified the genetic composition - Some villages were abandoned when the soil erosion and deforestation led to declining crop yields - Forests and grasslands were turned into cultivated fields and grazing lands

What were the main differences between China's and Rome's empire collapses?

- In China after the collapse, there was 350 years of chaos ○ Then a Chinese imperial state (similar to the Han dynasty) was reassembled - Rome dissolved into highly decentralized political systems with little authority and no encompassing ruler - The greater cultural homogeneity of Chinese culture allowed easier unity where Europe had vast diversity - Chinese bureaucracy provided stability between dynasties - China had secular ideology that was linked to politics - China also had more advance agriculture and more advanced metallurgy

Where is Alexandria? What is special about it?

- In Egypt - Enormous cosmopolitan center with half a million people from so many cultures Went back to being imperial states with a ruler/dictator

How did Rome and China consolidate their rule?

- Invested heavily in public projects like roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, protective walls - Invoked supernatural sanctions (deceased rulers seen as gods, rulers seen as sons of heaven)

How did Persia deal with the non-Persian cultures it captured?

- It welcomed them and thus it helped them gain support from their followers. - Whenever they found the latest and greatest, no matter what culture it was from, it was adopted by the Empire

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (in the Indus River Valley)

- Large and elaborately planned cities - Abandoned because of environmental degradation in 1700 BCE - Between India and Pakistan

What are the uses of fire?

- Light - Heat - Protection (against wild animals) - Smoke (to pacify bees and enable honey gathering to be easier) - Hunting (to scare animals off cliffs) - Cooking food

Where was Classical Greece?

- Located in basically the same spot as now along the coast (South East Europe) - The geography divided the empire by steep mountains and valleys - Contributed to political shape, dividing it into hundreds of city-states or small settlements

How did Mesopotamia and Egypt trade?

• Long-distance trade - mostly luxury goods destined for the elite • Mesopotamia traded with the Indus Valley through seaborne merchants and traders + interpreters taking up residence in Mesopotamia • Along with goods came culture • Traded people • Cultures married between one another

How did environment impact the cultural developments of Egypt and Mesopotamia?

- Mesopotamia's precarious, unpredictable, and often violent environment led them to believe that they were subject to the whims of the quarrelling gods and had less hope of a blessed life after because the gods act on random - Egypt's stable, predictable, and beneficial environment made the people more hopeful and cheery. The constants of the sun and river rise assured them that life would prevail over death. Pharaohs - and then other people could gain access to the afterlife.

Where were the first humans? Why did they migrate to and from the equator?

- Modern humans first were in East Africa 200,000 to 100,000 years ago - They were hunter foragers who gradually migrated, expanding human settlement - When they came upon new environments, they developed new cultures and ways of living - With climate change, humans adjusted with the plants and animals, traveling closer to the equator when the temperature cooled and farther from the equator when the temperature heated up

What kind of taxes did Chinese peasants have to pay? How did peasants cope?

- Monetary taxes - About a month's worth of labors every year on public projects - Military conscription for young men Compensated by: - Had to sell out to large land owners and work on their estates - Rent could be as much as 1/2 or 2/3 of the crop - Others fled or joined gangs of bandits - Periodic peasant rebellions (Yellow Turban Rebellion)

Why are states important?

- Organized around particular cities or larger territories and headed by kings who had control • Exercised more power than the chiefdoms - Temple and private economy kept the rulers in check

How did agriculture create class and gender inequalities?

- People who did not work could be healthy elites who set themselves above the "disease ridden masses." - Farming women were pressured to produce more hands for the field and so had children more often which effected their health greatly - They were made workhorses by their male counterparts and forced to do much while the men did little - Jared Diamond said, "The elite became better off, but most people became worse off."

What was Persepolis?

- Persepolis was the capital of Persia, it was an elaborate imperial center - Reflected the immense wealth and power of the empire Got the best workers to come in and make palaces, audience halls, quarters for the harem, monuments and carvings (expensive!)

Egypt (in the Nile River Valley)

- Pharaohs and pyramids - Egypt

Why are cities significant?

- Political and administrative capitals - Centers for the production of culture (art, architecture, literature, ritual and ceremony) - Market places for trade (local and long distance)

How did agriculture invent new technologies?

- Pots were developed to store things - Textiles/looms for weaving - Metallurgy for making jewelry and weapons - New uses for parts of animals such as to harvest wool and fertilize soil - Ride horses and camels with plows and carts to be more productive Wine and beer to drink

What replaces it? How do they change the empire?

- Replaced by Han dynasty - Moderated the harshness of the previous policies, adopting Confucianism over Legalism, consolidated China's imperial state - Kept the centralized features of Qin's creation

How did China and Rome impact their environments?

- Rome - Mining, smelting, large-scale agriculture and pop growth -> deforestation and soil erosion - Created a shortage of wood in the heartland - Lead pollution from smelting lead, lead water pipes - China - Ironworking -> air pollution - Rapid growing + dense population w/ intense agriculture -> deforestation and soil erosion - Frequent flooding of the river (no trees on banks) Vast pasturelands were turned into farmlands and when they were abandoned wind erosion made deserts

How was the Roman Empire similar and different than the Roman Republic?

- Similar in that it kept the forms of republic - senate, consuls, public assemblies - Called himself first man rather than king or emperor - Conquests reflected the "power of the roman people" - Different in that he exercised sole authority and had the backing of a professional army Enormous personal power

How did slavery originate?

- Slavery likely originated from hunter gatherer societies but flourished and evolved more into the concept of people owning people in the larger urban communities • Slavery was everywhere, an enduring feature of the more complex societies • Slavery changed into a system where the women captured in wars were put into weaving and the men captured helped to maintain irrigation and construct ziggurats. - Available for sale

What were the social structures like for the Paleolithic peoples

- Small (5-50) very tight communities - Highly egalitarian (all people equal) - No specialization (same set of skills) - Men were hunters - Women were primary food gatherers - There were no established leaders who held power

Chavin/Norte Chico (in the Andean South America)

- Smaller cities that had less evidence of economic specialization - Economy was based on fishing - Little evidence of warfare - Peru

What are the basic differences between Sparta and Athens? (governmental)

- Sparta had a council of 28 elders who provided political leadership - Athens aimed in a democratic direction, allowing all citizens to take part in the Assembly - Holders of public office were chosen by lots and paid so even the poor could serve

Oxus or Amu (in the Darya River Valley)

- Substantial fortified centers - Aristocratic social hierarchy - Abandoned and eventually forgotten by 1700 BCE - Afghanistan

What are the theories about how a new civilization formed in India?

- The Aryans invaded and destroyed the Indus valley civilization then created their own along the Ganges river - Aryans migrated slowly into the Indus River valley - The Aryans were already there as part of the civilization the new culture just evolved gradually from the Indus people

How was the political system of Greece different than Persia?

- The Greek political system was different than the Persians because it had small competing city states with some participation in political life by the people - Persia had an absolute unapproachable monarch

Describe the Peloponnesian War

31 to 404 BCE - Caused by Athens trying to assert itself higher than the other states and maintain the power it received since it led the war charges against Persia. Sparta and others supported the traditional independence and so attacked Athens - Athens was finally defeated, but it fractured Greece by amplifying distrust and exhausting a lot of their power, and leaving them vulnerable to nearby rulers like Macedonia

When did Rome collapse?

476 CE

When was the Persian Empire at its height?

500 BCE

When did classical Greece emerge?

750 BCE

What is a Ziggurat? What's its purpose?

A stepped pyramid with a temple on top that serves as a center of preforming rituals and is dedicated to a certain god

Roman Empire (Following 5 questions)

Any salad can be a Caesar salad if you stab it enough.

The Greek Empire (The following 7 questions)

Go Athens! Go Sparta!

Alexander and the Hellenistic Era (Following 3 questions)

Greece part 2

What was the state of the Chinese Empire in 500 BCE?

In shambles, age of warring states, endless rivalries between 7 kingdoms

Green Folder

Introduction of Agriculture

When did the Persian Empire decline? Why?

It declined during Alexanders ten year expedition (333-323 BCE) when he defeated the Persian empire and burned its capital Persepolis to the ground

Where was the Persian empire?

Just North of the Persian Gulf. Extended from Egypt to India

How did patriarchy start?

Men became the primary food producers and so asserted authority over women

What impacts did Mesopotamia and Egypt have on their environments?

Mesopotamia - ○ Deforestation ○ soil erosion, ○ increasing salinization (salt content) of the soil ○ Eventual move to the North because of damage in Sumer (south) Egypt's was more sustainable ○ Irrigation was based on the Nile (natural so better/ less salt) ○ When Nile floods were low, large scale starvation happened

The Persian Empire (The following 7 questions)

Outline of the empire in 500 BCE

How did the landlord class develop and how did they impact the society?

Peasants who originally owned the land for farming were forced to sell it in order to pay their taxes to the government so the landlords bought it from them and allowed them to continue working as long as they gave some (a lot) of their profits to the landlord - These landlords were able to avoid paying taxes, - Could mount their own military forces to challenge the emperor's authority (Emperor did not like landlords)

Purple Folder

Purple Silk was the symbol of immense wealth in Rome because of the Silk Road trading system.

How did Rome an China control their populations?

Rome - granted citizenship to various people for their service in the empire - Allowed cultural freedom - Allowed for a mix of languages - Relied on the army and regional elites to provide cohesion - Elaborate laws China - More assimilation occurred as China - Move to same language - Little competition from other cultures in china - Developed an elaborate bureaucracy - Imperial academy to train officials - Civil service system

What are the key features of Mesopotamian and Egyptian cities?

Sumer (Mesopotamia) had a bunch of independent states all ruled by their own king ○ Urbanized ○ Frequent warfare among the states ○ Rivalries over land and water often led to conflict Egypt merged several states into a large unified territory ○ Travel up and down the Nile made it easier to communicate, exchange, unify, and stabilize ○ Cities were less important than they were in Mesopotamia ○ Political capitals, market centers, and major burial sites gave urbanization - Focus of state was in Pharaoh

China (Following 9 questions)

Terracotta Warriors!

China, Rome, and their downfalls (Following 8 questions)

The d e c l i n e

Describe Persian bureaucracy? Why was it significant?

The bureaucracy had administrators, tax collectors, record keepers, and translators provided a model for all the following regimes in the region

What was the Code of Hammurabi?

The code of Hammurabi dictated that if a free born commoner struck someone of their equal class, they had to pay a small fine, however if they struck someone above them, they would get 60 lashings. • This is significant because the law was different based on the social class you were a part of. If you were lower, you could often be punished more and it gave the upper class far more power.

India

The intermittent empire

How did hierarchies develop?

They developed when greater wealth and resources were stockpiled instead of spread out

Civilization

To have a civilization you need - Culture - unified, arts, writing (record keeping), political organization - kings, urbanization, surplus agriculture

For the following questions, remember a few defining characteristics of the civilizations and where they are located.

You got this!

State

a political structure with some sort of government that carries out laws for the area in encompasses (between its boundaries)

Empire

a state that is expanding, (taking over other places next door)

Bureaucracy

all of the employees that make up the government

How did states help the upper class?

protected the privileges of the upper class • Required farmers to give up a portion of their profit to support the upper class • Demand work on large public projects like pyramids and fortifications • Use force to compel obedience

What roles did women play in the First Civilizations?

• Child bearing • Roles in the home • Weaving • Wife - Slave