AP World History - Unit 6.3 + 6.4

Why was Benito Juarez overthrown, and what was the final result of that?

A group of Mexican conservatives and Emperor Napoleon III overthrew the liberal government of Benito Juarez. Mexicans forced French to withdraw from Mexico and Maximillian was executed.

CECIL RHODES- What was his goal?

A railroad that stretched from Cape Town to Cairo connecting all the British-held colonies with a transportation network that would make governance easier and aid in mobilizing for war.

How did Cecil Rhodes impact the politics of southern Africa?

He was the most powerful man in Southern Africa. He sought expanding North to build a railroad. He became prime minister and had racial policies that paved the way for the apartheid.

PALM OIL - What was palm oil used for?

Machinery in Europe's factories needed lubrication. Also candle making.

MINERALS - What came from the following places?

Mexico - Silver Chile - Copper Northern Rhodesia - Copper Bolivia, Nigeria, Malaya, Dutch East Indies - tin

AFRICAN RESISTANCE - Explain what Pan-Africanism was and how it connected to resistance to imperialism.

Pan-Africanism was a shared identity and nationalism shared by Western educated Africans.

What was apartheid?

Racial segregation - plagues South Africa in 20th century.

By 1900, which states had gained their independence from the Ottoman Empire?

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and Montenegro

Why were they important in trade?

They could transport people, mail, and goods on navigable rivers.

Explain how the British tried to obtain more rubber.

They obtained rubber tree seeds. Seedlings would be sent to Ceylon and Singapore. Thousands of acres of forest were cleaned for rubber plantations.

What was the result?

US Victory. 20,000 Filipino troops killed and 200,000 civilians died. 4,300 Americans died.

describe the environmental consequences of industrialization

farmers only could raise cash crops at the expense of other agricultural products

Why were they upset and why did they expect freedom?

After a decisive American victory in the Battle of Manila Bay, exiled Filipino revolutionaries returned. Based on US sympathy for Philippine independence, the rebels expected freedom.

Even though they assimilated, how were they negatively impacted by expansion?

After the discovery of gold on Cherokee land, Americans began to force the Cherokee off their land. The US passed the Indian Removal Act, forcing tribes to relocate to current Oklahoma.

What is guano? Why was it collected?

Bat and Seabird excrement's thats rich in nitrates and phosphates. It was an excellent natural fertilizer.

STEAMSHIPS- Why were steamships limited at first?

Because they required huge wuantities of coal as fuel.

NEW ZEALAND - What was the Treaty of Waitangi?

Britain promised to protect the property rights of the Maori.

What was the Indian National Congress?

British-educated Indians established this as a forum for airing grievances to the colonial government, then it began to call for self-rule.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS - Explain the different between subsistence farming and cash crops. Give examples of each.

Cash crops were grown for commercial value rather than for use by those who grew them. Subsistence farming was in places such as Southeast Asia. Cash crops were things like tea, cotton, and sugar.

As the European middle classes grew, they demanded meat. How did this imapct various forms of trade?

Cattle ranches in Argentinia, Brazil, and Uruguay produced beef for exports. Sheeps herders in Australia and New Zealand exported lamb and mutton. New technology allowed meat to be shipper over long distances.

What improvements allowed steamships to have long distance travel?

Compression refrigeration equipment made it possible to ship perishables.

How did Europeans use railroads to justify imperialism? Who did railroads actually help the most?

Europeans pointed to railroads projects as evidence that imperialism helped people of Asia and Africa. But, it primarily helped the colonizers.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN RESISTANCE - How did Vietnam try to resist French rule?

Ham Nghi's top advisors were vocal critics of the French. The French tried to assert control by raiding the palace, but Ham Nghi was removed. Ham Nghi's supporters continued to resist the French until he was captured.

RUBBER- Who was Charles Goodyear and what products did he impact?

He developed a process called vulcanization which eliminated rubber problems and helped create the modern rubber industry. Rubber bikes, automobiles, hoses, gaskets, waterproof clothes, and shoe soles.

SOUTH ASIAN MOVEMENTS- Who were the sepoys? How did they help Britain maintain their ownership of India?

Indian soldiers under British employ. They made up majority of the British armed forces in colonel India.

Explain Ghost Dance and how it impacted the Sioux.

Indians believed the dead would come back and drive the whites out, restoring their lands and traditions. The Ghost Dance rituals hastened this. The Sioux practiced this and the movement fell at the Wounded Knee Massacre, ending the Indian Wars.

DIAMONDS- What was the impact of the DeBeers Mining Company?

It accounted for 90% of the worlds diamond production.

IVORY - What is ivory? Why did people like it?

It came from the tusks of elephants. It was prized for its beauty and durability.

What was the Sokoto Caliphate?

It established the slave trade as a means of economic growth at a time when the British tried to stop it. It was the largest African empire since the 16th century.

Where is rubber obtained from? Decribe the difficulties with this product/conditions.

It is obtained from rubber trees in the Amazon rainforest. Latex could also be extracted from vines in Central America. They couldnt meet the rubber demands. It forced indigenous peoples into virtual slavery.

How did the introduction of railroads impact transportation of raw materials to Europe and markets in colonies?

It lowered the cost of transporting raw materials for shipment to Europe. Railroads helped open up colonial markets for manufactured goods.

Where was it found?

It originated in West Africa.

How did the Treaty of Paris lead to the Philippine-American War?

It transferred control of the Philippines to the US. When the treaty was ratifies, hostilities broke out in the Philippine-American War.

RESISTANCE AND REBELLION IN THE AMERICAS- Why was the Proclamation of 1763 signifcant?

It was the first time a European government recognized territorial rights of Indigenous peoples.

PHILIPPINES - What began the Philippine Revolution?

Jose Rizal went to Europe to study and started a reform movement. Several revolts broke out in provinces around Manila marking the beginning.

Who were the Xhosa people and why did they kill their cattle?

Natives who fought the British because they didnt want to be ruled by Europeans. Some cattle were getting sick, so the Xhosa started killing their cattle believing these actions would cause spirits to remove the British settlers from their lands.

How did the telegraph transform communication?

News could travel instantaneously. The first transatlantic cable laid between the US and Europe.

How did the United States' Civil War affect British cotton textiles?

Northern Warships blockaded confederate ports, cutting off cotton supply. Farmers in the world replaced food production with cotton to make up for the shortage. Raw cotton production from Egypt and India supported Britain exports of manufactured textiles.

What was it used for?

Piano ketys, billiard balls, knife handles, and ornamental carvings.

How was it obtained?

Prisoners of tribal war were often enslaved to help with palm oil crops. Europeans colonists established oil palm plantations in Malaya and Dutch East Indies.

What was Samory Toure's War and what was its result?

Samory Toure's troops opposed the French attempts to annex West Africa. French succeeded but offer Samory protection. Samory again went to war. He was captured and sent to exile.

What was the Mahdist Revolt and what was its result?

Sudanese resented Egyptian rule and Muhammed Ahmad formed an army to fight against Egypt. The Mahdist's took control around Khartoum, then a British-Egyptian military launched a counter attack, but the Mahdist overran them. After Ahmad's death, the Mahdist disintegrated.

What was the Yaa Asantewaa War?

The 5th and final war of the British trying to subjugate the Asante Empire. The British government demanded the golden stool, so Yaa Asantewaa led a rebellion. It resulted in 2000 Asante and 1000 British deaths. War ended with a British victory.

What was the Anglo-Zulu War and what was its result?

The British fought the Zulu kingdom and was first in favor of the Zulus, but the British eventually defeated them. Their lands became part of the British colony of South Africa

How did the failure of that rebellion impact British control over India?

The British government took a more active role in ruling India. Indian nationalism emerged. Britain exiled and ended the Mughal Empire. The British Raj took its orders directly from the British government.

What led to the Sepoy Mutiny?

The British used rifle cartridges greased in cow and pig fat, which made Hindus and Muslims furious. They thought the British tried to convert them to Christianity.

NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN THE BALKANS - Who was the inspiration for the Balkan states?

The French Revolution. Ethnic natinoalism emerged as the Balkans sought independence.

What were British relations with the Maori after the New Zealand Wars?

The Maori were reluctant to sell more land to settlers, so the British government attempted to pressure the Maori to sell land by sending troops.

GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES- How did the growth of urban populations impact nations?

The demand for food was increasingly met by imports made possible by new technology. Stock exchanges developed.

RAW MATERIALS- What is an export economy?

The demand for raw materials that could be processed into manufactured goods and shipped away turned colonies into export economies.

How were they treated by the British?

The government instructed settlers to treat the indigenous kindly. however, they did not recognize indigenous land ownership. Thousands of Aboriginals were killed.

How did his project impact the indigenous people?

The majority of railway workers in Africa were natives who were paid lower wages. Railroad technology was a means of extracting many resources while paying colonial laborers little.

How did the Cherokee Nation assimilate to white settler culture?

They adopted colonial methods of farmind, weaving, and building. They developed a syllabic alphabet for writing their language. They also adopted a constitution based on the US constitution.

COTTON - Why did Britain ban cotton textiles from India?

They competed with the native wool industry.

RESISTANCE IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND - AUSTRALIA - Who were the Aboriginal People?

They've been in Australia about 50,000 years and have the oldest continous culture ever.

TECHNOLOGICAL REVELOPMENTS - RAILROADS - Describe transportation before the introduction of railroads to colonies.

Transportation from interiors of colonies to coastal ports was by water or roads. Most colonies had few roads and those were poorly maintained and often unstable in rain. Water transportation was limited to coastal areas and river basins.

describe the lingering impact of monoculture on former colonies.

large areas were cleared of forests, afecting biodiverstiy and climate. Cash crops depleted the natural fertility. Farmer colonies are unable to rediversify their land use. They often must import basic agricultural goods.