AP World History VOCABULARY

John Locke

(1632-1704) Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings (Social Contract); offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.

Manufacturing Capitalism

-people start manufacturing things, those people controlled everything ex: shoemaker controls entire process of making shoes (where, when, how, etc.)

Aztec Confederation

1300-1519 CE

Women's Suffrage

19th amendment of the US constitution

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Enlightened Despots

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change. Frederick The Great was an example. He actively encouraged better agricultural methods, enacted laws promoting greater commercial coordination and greater equity, and cut back on harsh punishments.

Aragon

Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda.

machine gun

An automatic gun that fires bullets in rapid succession for as long as the trigger is pressed.

Mining Labor

As one viceroy of Peru commented, it was not silver that was sent to Spain "but the blood and sweat of Indians."

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

poisonous gas

Caused blindness, choking, skin blisters etc. This was thrown into enemy trenches to kill or disable troops

Absolute Monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies. Replaced Feudalism which pre-dated it in Western Europe.

1540-1542

Coronado explores present-day Southwest

1519-1524

Cortes leads conquest of Mexico

Scientific Revolution

Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.

1533

Cuzco, Peru falls to Pizarro

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights.

Glorious Revolution

English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king. Inspired by John Locke

William Harvey (1578-1657)

English physician who discovered the workings of the circulatory system, challenging Galen's ideas of human anatomy. The heart functions as a pump.

Isaac Newton

English scientist; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity. He advanced a vision of a scientific method of knowing that might do away with blind reliance on tradition or religious faith.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature.

Adam Smith

Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. He argued that people act according to their self-interest, but, through competition, promote general economic advance through the "invisible hand" of the market forces of supply and demand.

1492

Fall of Granada (last Muslim kingdom in Spain) & completion of Spanish Reconquista; Expulsion of the Jews; Columbus makes landfall in the Caribbean

Caribbean

First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here.

Hispaniola

First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World.

Denis Diderot

French philosopher who was a leading figure of the Enlightenment in France; best known for his work on the first encyclopedia.

Georges Clemenceau

French premier in last years of World War I and during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans.

Granada 1492

From what last stronghold on the Iberian peninsula were the Muslim invaders finally driven out, and in what year was this accomplished, thus reuniting all of Spain under Roman Catholic control?

"great marriage of Peru"

Huancavelica and Potosi

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

League of Nations

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

consulados

Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver reached in return.

Adolf Hitler

Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.

Habsburg kings

Official rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. They concentrated increasingly on developing a stronger monarchy in the lands under their direct control. The power of these rulers increased after they pushed back the last Turkish invasion threat in the 17th century and then added the kingdom of Hungary to their domains.

Parliamentary Monarchy

Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments.

Iberian Peninsula

Peninsula in southwestern Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal

David Lloyd George

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed

Frederick The Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Published Compernisus's findings; added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work; he showed the new pride of scientific achievement.

Labor drafts

Replaced the encomienda workers

1494

Treaty of Tordesillas

mass consumerism

the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods. While hints of this can be found in several pre-modern societies, it developed most clearly beginning in Western Europe from the 18th century onward. eg. growing popularity of cotton textiles, paid professional entertainment growth, circuses, etc.

Flying Shuttle

was developed by John Kay in 1733, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; first developed during the 14th and 15th centuries; largely an artistic movement, it challenged the medieval intellectual values and styles

Dhimmis

"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus. Under the protection of the Ottoman rulers.

Battle of Manzikert

(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.

Zhu Xi

(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action

Boccaccio

(1313-1375) Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society. Promoted classical literary canons against medieval logic and theology, writing in Italian as well as the traditional Latin and emphasizing secular subjects such as love or pride.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation

Akbar

(1542-1605) Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. Nicknamed "The Great"

Roanoke Colony

(1585-88) called the "Lost Colony.", the first English colony was funded by Sir Walter Raleigh in modern day Virginia, unsuccessful ships disappeared or turned back

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Mahmud II

(1785-1839) Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon. Here, Alexander I decided to stop liberal rhetoric and sponsor the Holy Alliance.

B.J. Tilak

(1856-1920) Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Thomas Aquinas

(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Paternalism

(n.) the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated. By the late 1870s, he was pulling back from his reform interest. Censorship of newspapers and political meetings tightened; many dissidents were arrested and sent to Siberia. He was assassinated by a terrorist bomb in 1881 after a series of botched attempts.

Piotr Stolypin (Stolypin Reforms)

- Lived 1862 to 1911 - Appointed prime minister by Nicholas II - Repressed rebellion and rallied property owners behind the tsar - Did cancel payments peasants still owed from emancipation - Encouraged individual ownership - Moderate liberals approved, but he was hated and assassinated (maybe because of the tsar) Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the REvolution in 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry.

Polynesian Expansion

- from SE Asia, expand into the Pacific - domesticables - isolating geography - seafaring technology - overpopulation - not tied to land - imagined a better place, where the "grass is greener"

Britain in the Industrial Revolution

- was home of the Industrial Revolution - started here bc 1)leader in the consumer revolution 2)london was the largest city in Europe 3)newspaper thrived in britain and the advertising they printed increased consumer desires 4)economy benefited from colonies in North America 5)had good infrastructure (waterways, roads) 6)had solid political structure 7)no pattern of tax exemptions for nobility 8)ppl who had money in Britain could rise in the social structure, so there was no exclusive set class for the snobby nobility 9)was the single largest free-trade area in Europe

Francisco Petrarch (1304-1374)

-Father of humanism -celebrated ancient Rome -Classical & Christian values intermingled in his work -Teacher and friend of Giovanni Boccaccio

Yuan decline

-spending -building projects -taxation -reduced harvests -failed invasion of Japan -demise of Yuan -China now impoverished: little money - White Lotus Society

Five pillars of Islam

1) Shahada- profession of faith, testifying you're a Muslim 2) Salat- praying 5 times a day towards Mecca 3) Zakat- 1/40 of all holdings go to charity 4) Sawm- fasting from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan 5.) hajj-pilgramage

External events shaping political thought on Latin American Revolutions

1) The American Revolution; 2) The French Revolution; 3) Haitian Revolution; 4) Spanish political turmoil

Commonalities between eastern and western europe

1) civilization spread northward due to missionary appeal of Christianity; 2) polytheism gave way to monotheism; 3) looked to Greco-Roman past and Christianity for cultural inspiration.

Characteristics of trading system pre-Portuguese arrival

1) there was no central control; 2) military force was usually absent from commercial exchanges within it.

Osman I

1299 - is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Ming Decline

1368-1644. Weak rulers took throne, corruption increased under their rule. Pirates. Defense efforts drained treasury; rulers raised taxes. High taxes, crop failures led to famine, hardship; rebellions broke out.

1865

13th amendment of the United States; abolishes slavery in the United States

Jacques Coeur

15th century French merchant; his career demonstrates new course of medieval commerce.

Father Miguel de Hidalgo y Costilla

1753-1811, criollo priest who gave the 1810 "Cry of Dolores" speech that ignited the war for Mexican independence He called for the American Indians and mestizos of his region in 1810 to support his efforts. But he eventually lost support of the creoles who feared social rebellion. Despite early victories, he was captured and executed. He had social ambitions to unite the social position of the mestizos and American Indians.

Collapse of the Safavid Empire

1773; in addition to the European conflicts, it gave the Ottomans hope that their earlier dominance might be restored.

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. A wealthy creole officer emerged as a leader of a revolt against Spain. He had tried to promote a vision of a Gran Colombia to unite Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador. But political differences and regional interests led to the breakup. He rejected monarchy and remained true to the cause of independence and republican government.

Holland's Golden Age

17th century: use of fortified towns & factories, large warships, and monopoly of products in Asia. Ultimately, the Dutch found that the greatest profits in the long run could be gained from peacefully working themselves into the long-established Asian trading system.

Unification of Italy

1860, ally of Mazzini, recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily. Next, Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel. Last, Italy becomes a united nation, which it hadn't been since the fall of the Roman Empire.

Russian Civil War

1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army. Britain, France, the USA and Japan all sent troops which heightened the suspicion of outsiders.

Six Dynasties

220-581 CE; a period of chaos and division; Warring States Period in China between the Han and the Sui

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

Hong Kong

A British colony in China, received after the first Opium War and returned to China in 1997

Benjamin Disraeli

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Argued for government based on the general will, and this could be interpreted as a plea for democracy.

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

national studies

A Japanese intellectual tradition that emphasized native Japanese culture and institutions and rejected the influence of Chinese Confucianism. The influence of the school grew somewhat in the early 19th century, and it would help inspire ultranationalist sentiment at the end of the century and beyond.

Hajj

A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba

Lutheranism

A Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by Martin Luther

Pan-Slavic Movement

A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia

Orthodox Christianity

A branch of Christianity developed in the Byzantine Empire, after its split from the Roman Empire. It spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Russia.

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; practiced by the Ottomans

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Ottoman [dynasty or empire]

A dynasty established beginning in the 13th century by Turkic peoples from Central Asia. Though most of their empire's early territory was in Asia Minor, the Ottomans eventually captured Constantinople and made it the capital of an empire that spanned three continents and lasted over 600 years.

Extent of Russian Industrialization

A few isolated factories were using foreign equipment to imitate Western European industrialization, but there was no significant change in overall manufacturing or transportation mechanisms.

Civil Disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral and to suffer the consequences. Bandhi practiced this form of political speech which had done so much to win a mass following for the nationalist cause. It also inspired successful struggles for independence in Ghana, Nigeria, and other African colonies in the 1950s and 1960s.

Zhu Yuanzhang

A former monk that led this army in a final victory over the Mongols, became emperor of China and founded the Ming Dynasty

Raoul de Cambrai

A french knight pillaged a convent, raped the nuns and burned them alive.

Shogun

A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name

Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

welfare state

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc. Scandinavian states, most of them directed by moderate socialist parties, increased government spending to address the Great Depression.

Revolutionary Alliance

A group of Chinese revolutionary students who elected Sun Yat Sen their leader. The group failed ten times to overthrow the empire before the 1911 Revolution.

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Beowulf

A hero who fights Grendel, Grendel's Mother and a fire breathing dragon; protagonist

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Junk Ships (Treasure Ships)

A junk is an ancient Chinese sailing vessel/ship design still in use today. Junks were developed during the Song Dynasty (960-1129)[1] and were used as seagoing vessels as early as the 2nd century CE.

Vassal

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

Palace of Versailles

A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavish gardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

A leading figure of the scientific revolution in planetary motion; Was an astronomer and mathematician; using the work of Copernicus, he resolved basic issues of planetary motion.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

bazaar

A market selling different kinds of goods

Maori

A member of a Polynesian group that settled New Zealand about 800 C.E.

Great Trek

A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s. Dutch Boers fled due to missionary pressure and increasing British interference in their lives. Throughout the mid-19th century, the migrating Boers clashed with Bantu peoples, who were determined to resist and seize the lands where they pastured their great herds of cattle and grew subsistence food.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Chiang Kai-shek

A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II.

Kievan Rus

A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine

Indian National Congress (INC)

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. Helped cause the Age of Revolution.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions; inspired American Colonists by the teachings of philosophers like John Locke

Prester John

A mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan.

Jesuits

A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia.

Eastern Europe

A number of Russian patterns were paralleled in smaller Eastern states such as Hungary, Romania, Servia, Bulgaria, Greece. Most aboloished serfdom either in 1848 or just after Russia's move. Most landlord power remained more extensive than in Russia, and peasant unrest followed.

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system

Serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements. It was more influential than under the Song and Yuan dynasties. Youth were subordinated to elders and women to men.

militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war. Naval rivalry was the most apparent and fiercely contested. The German's decision to build a navy that could threaten Great Britain's long-standing control of the world's oceans was one of the key reasons for Britain's move for military cooperation with France and Russia.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations; initiated by Japan for most of the post-classical era except for a small amount of trade with the Dutch

Gallipoli

A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula of Gallipoli during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. role of divinity was a set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun.

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

Berke

A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East.

Autocrat

A ruler who has absolute power; dictator; Peter The Great was one of these.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).

Stock Market Crash of 1929

A severe downturn in stock prices that occurred in October of 1929 in the United States, and which marked the end of the "Roaring Twenties." Despite a few attempts at recovery, the stock market continued to languish, eventually falling almost 90% from its peak in 1929. It took over 25 years for the stock market to get back to the highs of the 1929 market, as the U.S. economy suffered through the Great Depression. Major new legislative and regulatory changes (New Deal) were enacted in an effort to prevent the same situation from happening again.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. Opened in 1869 and steam power supplanted the sail, iron hulls replaced wooden ones, and massive guns, capable of hitting enemy vessels miles away, were introduced into the fleets of the great powers.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Plantation System

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.

Hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

Hymn to Wisdom

A treatise that followed Chan Buddhism, where the ultimate goal is to achieve and know the ultimate Wisdom and find release from the cycle of rebirth.

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Inca socialism

A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa. He advanced realistic portrayal of the human body. Late 15th/early 16th century

747

Abassids take control of Islam

Islamic Conversion

Abbasid era made efforts to win new people to the faith and discarded the notion of dividing booty among the faithful. They led efforts to encourage all people of the empire to join Islam, from the Berbers of North Africa to the Persians and Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Converts were admitted on equal footing with the first generation of believers, eventually eliminating the distinction between Mawali and earlier converts.

Song and Tang empires

Abbasid's trade networks linked to these dynasties in China.

Social Revolution

Abolished the samurai class and the stipends this group had received. The tax on agriculture was converted to a wider tax, payable in money. The samurai were compensated by government-backed bonds, but these decreased in value, and most samurai became poor.

Imams

According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali. Although the later Safavid shahs played down claims to divinity that had been set forth under Isma'il and his predecessors, they continued to claim descent from one of the successors of Ali.

Ministry of Rites

Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars

Sarajevo

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I

Wazir

Administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire; built infrastructure to project their demands for tribute to the most distant provinces of the empire; helped to administer tax collection from all throughout the empire.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements.

Marcus Garvey

African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s.

Vodun

African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.

Candomble

African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people.

Obeah

African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands

Maji Maji Rebellion

Africans thought that if they sprinkled magic water on their bodies, it would turn bullets to water; they attacked the Germans and thousands died by gun fire.

French Decolonization

After WWII France resisted granting its former colonies from Algeria to Indochina (Vietnam), the right to self-rule. Decolonization in French colonies was not peaceful because France felt embarrassed by WWII and initially refused to free its colonies.

US Constitution

After several years of fighting, the US won its freedom and in 1789 set up a constitutional structure based upon Enlightenment principles, with checks and balances between the legislature and the executive branches of government, and formal guarantees of liberties. Voting rights, although limited, were widespread, and the new regime was for a time the most advanced in the world. Socially, the revolution accomplished less as slavery was untouched.

Kulaks

Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land. Yet the reform package became unglued. No only were a few new workers' rights withdrawn, triggering a new series of strikes and underground activities, but the Duma was progressively stripped of power.

Yangzi River Valley

Agriculturally productive region with the important urban center of Nanjing. The Yangzi River Delta was the site of strong industrial and commercial growth in the eighteenth century.

Jizya

Akbar abolished the head tax that earlier Muslim rulers had levied on HIndu unbelievers.

Minority-Majority Rule

Akbar, a Muslim, ruled a predominantly Hindu India, pursuing a policy of reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims, encouraging intermarriage between Hindu Rajput rulers and Mughal aristocracy, promoted Hindus to highest ranks of government, ended ban on building of Hindu temples, ordered Muslims to respect cows (which Hindu majority viewed as sacred).

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe. Made in 1815.

Warsaw Pact

Alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949.

Methodius

Along with Cyril, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

Cyril

Along with Methodius, missionary sent by Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic.

Li Yuan

Also known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu.

Ataturk

Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models

Timur-i Lang

Also known as Tamerlane; leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405.

Medina

Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)

Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

British control over Egypt

Although Egypt was not formally colonized, the British intervention began decades of domination by British consults who ruled through the puppet khedives, and by British advisers to all high-ranking Egyptian administrators. British officials controlled Egypt's finances and foreign affairs, British troops ensured that their directives were heeded by Egyptian administration. Direct European control over Islamic heartlands had begun.

Partition of Southeast Asia and Pacific to 1914

Although a number of industrial powers, including the USA, expanded into the islands of the Pacific over the course of the 19th century, the colonial possessions there were smaller and of less economic value.

Matthew Perry

American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854. The US launched for Japan the same kind of pressure the Opium War had created for China - pressure from heightened military superiority of the West and its insistence on opening markets for its growing economy.

Harry Truman

American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war.

Creole Slaves

American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation.

Cyrillic Alphabet

An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius

Gothic Architecture

An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

icon

An artistic representation, usually of a religious figure

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Manorialism

An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.

Song of Roland

An epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne

Northern Renaissance

An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations Germany, Flanders, France, and England; it took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance. The Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than the Italian Renaissance (c. 1450); featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Merv

An oasis town in the eastern Iranian borderlands of the empire; revolt in 740s by 50,000 Umayyads resentful of Demascas control of the caliphate

Bedouin religion

Animism and polytheism; some Gods recognized a supreme god named Allah but they seldom prayed or sacrificed, concentrating instead on less abstract spirits that seemed more relevant to their daily lives (e.g. the moon god, Hubal)

718

Arab attack on Constantinople defeated.

Dhows

Arab sailing vessels with traingular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.

Zamindars

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

Robert Clive

Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India. The prize was control of the fertile and populous kingdom of Bengal. The foundations of Britain's Indian and global empire had been laid, despite having lost the American colony.

Nurhaci

Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and most ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing.

Treaty of Paris

Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean

661

Assassination of Ali and succession of the Umayyads

Estate agriculture

Associated with consolidation of serfdom in Eastern Europe and Russia. Occured more frequently as price for agricultural commodities rose because of the flow of gold and silver from the new world.

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Chartist Movement

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed.

Victoriano Huerta

Attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

Austrian monk commonly known as the "father of genetics," used pea-plants to discover basic patterns of inheritance, allowing him to identify "dominant" and "recessive" traits. Through observing the frequency of certain traits in pea-plant offspring, he was able to not only create basic statistical models that predicted inheritance but also develop the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment to describe heredity. Czech scientist.

Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters.

Huitzilopochtli

Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god

Tumens

Basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100 and 10.

Battle of Chaldiran

Battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by the Ottomans; checked Western advance of the Safavid empire

Plassey (1757)

Battle in 1757 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory resulted in control of northern India

Turkish Language

Became the dominant language in the Ottoman Empire

Chinese Trade Inbalance

Because China's advanced handicraft industries produced a wide variety of luxury goods, from silk textiles and tea to fine ceramics and lacquerware, which were in high demand in Asia and Europe, China was able to horde considerable American silver (brought by European merchants) than any other single society in the world during the early modern period.

State-sponsored industrialization

Because Russia lacked a preexisting middle class and capital, the Russian state took the lead in the 1870s. State enterprises had to make up part of the gap, in the tradition of economic activity that went back to Peter the Great. An extensive railway network, establishing the Trans-Siberian railroad, helped to stimulate expansion of Russia's iron and coal sectors, export of grain to the West, and the currency to pay for advanced Western machinery. It also opened up Siberia to new development, which brought Russia into a more active contested Asian role. modern factories were beginning to spring up since 1880 in cities like Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Polish cities.

Nationalism

Because there was no sense of Indian national identity, it was impossible for Muslim or HIndu rulers to appeal to the defense of the homeland or the need for unity to drive out the foreigners. Indian rulers continued to fear and fight w/ each other despite the ever-growing power of the British Raj. Old grudges and hatred ran deeper than the new threat of the British.

religious toleration

Before the end of the 19th century, British enforced the rigid divisions of the Hindu caste system, and both the British and Dutch made it clear that they had little interest in spreading Christianity among the Indians or the Javanese.

European Union

Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration.

Island Sea

Beginning in the 16th century, the Atlantic Ocean became known as this, where people, products, and ideas of Europe, Africa and the Americas constantly moved. Africans played an essential role in this process primarily, but not exclusively, through the slave trade.

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

White racial supremacy

Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before World War I; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)

Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik revolution of 1917. He introduced innovations in Marxist theory to make it more appropriate for Russia. He argued that because of the spread of international capitalism, a proletariat was developing worldwide in advance of industrialization. Therefore, Russia could have a proletariat revolution without going through a distinct middle-class phase. He insisted on disciplined revolutionary cells that could maintain doctrinal purity and effective action even under severe police repression. He animated the group of Russian Marxists known as Bolsheviks.

Number of Slaves Shipped from Africa to the Americas

Between 1450-1850, it is estimated that about 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic. About 10-11 million actually arrived due to the 10-20% mortality rate on ships.

Muslim Naval Supremacy

Biggest surprise in military accomplishment over Byzantine Empire in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

1348-1375

Black Death spreads in Europe and Russia

Parliaments

Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.

Recopilacion

Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies.

Council of the Indies

Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.

Louis XVI

Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution

Colonial Resistance

Boycotting, action against customs officials, violence, etc. Conventional resistance eventually ended in defeat. For example, the guerrilla bands in Vietnam were eventually run to the ground. But given European advantages in conventional battles, guerrilla resistence, sabotage, and in some cases banditry proved the most effective means of fighting the Europeans' attempt to assert political control.

1888

Brazil ends slavery

Lord Cromer

British Consul-General in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime.

natal

British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.

Battle of Omdurman (1898)

British meet their foes here. Muslim tribesmen armed with spears are cut down by new, rapid-firing machine guns. Ex of how African forces were blow away by vastly superior military forces. Thousands of Mahdist cavalry were slaughtered. Within a year, the Mahdist state collapsed and British power advanced yet again into the interior of Africa.

Balfour Declaration

British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917

British Raj

British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India.

William Wilberforce

British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807.

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)

Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s, led by Hong Xiuguan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry.

Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-1584)

Brutal tsar that expanded absolutism in Russia by forcing boyars to serve the state in order to keep property; continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. Brutal crackdown on Boyars, whom he suspected of conspiracy.

Hospitable to Travelers

Buddhists, Nestorial Christians, Daosists and Latin Christians made way to the Yuan Court; Marco Polo from Venice traveled extensively in the Mongol Empire in the 13th Century and served as an administrator for 17 years.

Suez Canal

Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment. It soon became a vital commercial and military link between the European powers and their colonial empires in Asia and east Africa. Controlling it became one of the key objectives of their peaceful rivalries and wartime operations throughout the first half of the 20th century.

Spanish decline

By 18th century - Foreign wars, increasing debt, declining population, Buccaneers, internal revolts, powerful competition from France and rising mercantile strength of England and Holland, whose Protestantism also made them rivals to Catholic Spain.

Debtor nation

By 1900, approximately half of Russian industry was foreign owned and much of it was foreign operated, with British, German and French industrialists taking the lead. Loans piles up to the West. Russia surged to 4th in the world in steel production and second to the US in petroleum production and refining. Russian textile output was impressive.

Challengers to British Industrial Supremacy

By the last decades of the century, Belgium, France, and Germany + USA, and were actively building colonial empires of their own. Many of their leaders saw colonies as essential to states that aspired to status as great powers. Colonies, particularly those in Africa and India, were also seen as insurance against raw material shortages and loss of overseas market outlets to EUropean or North American rivals.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Major agent of interregional trade

Byzantine had active exchanges with the Arab world and with other parts of Asia.

Greek Fire

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople

Balkins and western Russia

Byzantines shaped civilization in these regions in the same ways that Islam helped shape civilization in parts of Africa.

Urban II

Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Constantinople

Capital city of the Byzantine empire

Mexico City

Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Hangzhou

Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.

Karakorum

Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan, 1162 - 1227.

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. Nicknamed "The Hammer"

Political Conservatism

Catherine the Great and other Russian rulers began to seek ways to protect the country from the contagion of the French Revolution. Western policies were scrutinized after Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia. Conservative intellectuals supported the move towards renewed isolation. Russia, not the West, they argued, knew the true meaning of community and stability. The system of serfdom provided ignorant peasants with the guidance and protection of paternalistic masters - an inaccurate social analysis but a comforting one.

Aztec Empire

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I.

Political Structure

Centralized imperial rule; Meiji advisors; limited representative institutions copied from the West; influence of wealthy businesspeople and former nobles who influenced the emperor and controlled the Diet; political parties emerged; compared to Russian institutions after Alexander II's reforms: Centralized and Authoritarian; Different from Russia in that Japan incorporated business leaders into its governance structure whereas Russia defended a more traditional social elite.

Domestic cultural innovations

Chairs modeled on those found in India were introduced to the household, the habit of drinking tea swept the empire, coal was used for fuel for the first time, and the first kite soared into the heavens.

New Agricultural Techniques

Champa rice from Vietnam; better use of human, animal and silt manures; more thorough soil preparation and weeding; multiple cropping and improved water control techniques - increased yields of peasant holdings. Inventions such as the wheelbarrow eased plowing, planting, weeding and harvesting.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

Urban growth of Tang and Song

Chang'an had 2 million people. Imperial cities inside of Chang'an. Outside of imperial city, elaborate gardens and a hunting park. Cities spread with shops and commerce. Suburbs sprawled outside. 10% of Chinese lived in cities, was far greater than found in any civilization until after the Industrial Revolution.

Enlightened Despotism

Charles III was an example. New and vigorous Bourbon-dynasty in Spain launched a series of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy. Motivated by economic nationalism.

Royal African Company

Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia.

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

Flying Money

Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency

Wuzong

Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology

Li Dazhao

Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy; headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Romance of the West Chamber

Chinese novel written during the Yuan Period; indicative of the continued literary vitality of China during Mongol rule.

Kabul Khan

Chinggis khan's great grandfather, defeats army of Jin kingdom in northren china

Changes in Urbanization

City growth continued, starting in Britain (50% by 1800); City Governments began to gain ground on the pressing problems created by growth so sanitation improved, death rates fell below birth rates for the first time in urban history; parks and museums and effective regulation of food and housing facilities, and more efficient policy forces all added to the safety and physical/cultural amenities of urban life; crime rates started to fall

Mecca

City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam.

Notable exclusion of Chinese influence

Civil Service Examination

Umayyad

Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661-750

Calpulli

Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.

Dinshawai incident

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement.

effendi

Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence. In contrast to India, where lawyers predominated in the nationalist leadership, in Egypt, journalists led the way.

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Proletariat

Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries. Population growth and rising food prices hit them hard and many had to sell plots of land, migrate to cities for wage work, immigrate to new world.

Amigos del pais

Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform

Tribal Groupings

Clusters of kin-related clan groups, rarely congregated together and then only in times of war or severe crisis.

Code of Chivalry

Code of behavior that governed hard-fought battles between clans.

Global Market Impact on Western Europe

Colonial rivalries and wars; diplomatic hostilities between nation-states; increase of sugar among the upper-class; salt available to basic people over long distances;African slave trade added wealth and capital; manufacturing operations replaced farming; enhanced commercial culture; added tax revenues for growing governments and their military ambitions

White Dominions

Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century. White domains were actually a subset of a larger pattern of colonization known as settler states. Often times settler states would take a different course in areas with temperate climates and become contested settler colonies. In these colonies the temperate climates allowed for large numbers of European migration with a surviving native population mixed in. These types of settlements often made for disputes between Europeans and natives.

tropical dependencies

Colonies with substantial indigenous populations that are ruled by small European political and military minorities with the assistance of colonized bureaucrats, soldiers, clerks, and servants. Such colonies were created by European countries not for settlement, but for economic gain. They are based on the labor of native populations and the products created thereby. Examples of such colonies were the claims of the Europeans in much of Africa, as well as the British Raj in India. These types of settlements were common in harsh environments, or in alien environments such as those of the Pacific and Southeast Asia, where the concept of four seasons is a distant one.

Mathematical and Literary innovations

Comapasses (used since the first century BCE in China) were applied to navigation for the first time; the Abacus was introduced to help merchants count profits and tax collectors keep track of revenues; Block printing (moveable type) helped the production of written records and helped to advance the production of scholarly books and increase literacy more than any preindustrial civilization.

Baibars (1223-1277)

Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.

Triangular Trade

Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe.

Terakoya

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males and 15% of all women were literate, a far higher percentage that anywhere in the West, including Russia, and on part with some of the fringe areas of the West (like the American South).

Long March

Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China.

Mao Zedong

Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958.

Theater flourishes

Compared to Confucians who called actors "mean people", actors and actresses and playrights performed for the Yuan court and the rising merchant classes.

Essay and Poetry decline

Compared to the flowering of literary (poetry and essay writing) accomplishments of the Tang and SOng, the arts languished under the Yuan. But popular enterainers flourished such as the "Romance of the West Chamber"

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. Western forces won, driving the Russian armies from their entrenched positions. The loss was profoundly disturbing to Russian leadership. For the Western powers it was a nice victory not because of the great tactics or inspires principles but rather because of their industrial advantage. They had ships to send masses of military supplies long distances and their artillery and weapons were vastly superior to Russia's home-produced products.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Kangxi

Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus

Wang Anshi

Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society.

Song Dynasty political strengths

Confucian scholar-gentry promoted to stop warlord influence; officials' salaries increased; civil service exams were fully routinized; passing the exam increased and appointments surged; high qualified bureaucrats with well-paid status helped to ascend the scholar-gentry class over its aristocratic and Buddhist rivals.

Cristeros

Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.

Effects of the 1848 Revolutions

Conservatives won back most control but had to make ; failure taught many liberals and working class leaders that revolution was too risky; more gradual methods should be used instead; improved transportation reduced the chance of food crisis which was the traditional trigger for revolution in world history; bad harvests of 1846/1847 had driven up food prices and helped promote insurgency in the cities but famines of this sort did not recur in the West; governments installed riot police; industrial class structure had emerged where the rise of business had eroded the aristocratic elite's advantages. With industrialization, social structure came to rest less on privilege and birth and more on money.

Russian Literature

Consisted of oral folk epics - fused Christian and pagan traditions. Had an overwhelmingly religious character; later emphasized on "noble" suicide; political ideologies more present; in the modern-times, social science fiction was a popular genre

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Swahili Trading States

Continued their commerce in the Indian Ocean, adjusting to the military presence of the Portuguese and Ottoman Turks. On Zanzibar and other offshore islands, and later on the coast itself, Swahili/Indian/Arabian merchants followed the European model and set up clove-producing plantations using African slave laborers.

Arab Peninsula

Covered by some of the most inhospitable desert in the world. Surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea.

African creativity/arts

Crafts such as bronze casting, woodcarving, and weaving flourished. Guilds of artisans developed in many societies. They found ways to incorporate traditional symbols and themes from motherhood to royal power.

World Economy

Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products.

Bessmer Process

Created by Henry Bessmer and first used in Andrew Carnige's steel production, this allowed the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron; second industrial revolution

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression.

Collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Renaissance

Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages.

Conservative reactions

Daimyo were opposed to new concessions to the USA and their opposition forced the shogun to appeal to the emperor. Also, samurai opponents of the bureaucracy were also appealing to the emperor, who began to emerge from his centuries-long confinement as a largely religious and ceremonial figure. The Daimyo defended the status quo but the Samurai were divided. The complex shogunate system had depended on the isolationist policy, it could not survive the foreign influences and internal reactions.

1492

Date: Columbus "Sailed the Ocean Blue" / Reconquista of Spain

1488

Date: Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope

1066 CE

Date: Norman Conquest of England

1227

Death of Genghis Khan

Justification for Mongols not attacking Western Europe

Death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum forced Batu to withdraw from Europe so that he could attend to a succession struggle. Il

632

Death of Muhammad

Seljuk Turks

Defeated by the Mongols in 1243 in Asia Minor (Anatolia) after the Abbasid Caliphate falls, opening up Turkey to the Ottomans who would eventually become the next great power in the Islamic heartlands.

Vulnerabilities of the Byzantine Empire

Defection of their own frontier; support for invaders received from Christians of Syria and Egypt due to lessened tax burden by Muslims; weakened from within and exhausted by the long wars fought with Persia

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. Revolutionaries in these regions devised liberal constitutions to modify conservative monarchies, artisans pressed for social reforms that would restrain industrialization, and peasants sought to complete end to manorialism.

Khedives

Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 brought about by General Nasser.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. Expressed a growing self-consciousness as they began to question the policies of Spain and Portugal. Early movements for independence failed because this class was reluctant to enlist the support of the lower classes.

Maya decline

Desert cities by 800 CE Declined for century except northern yucatan (chichen itza) Invasion, civil war, failure of water control, destruction of forests, epidemics, earthquakes

Mongol influence on Russia

Desire of Russian princes to centralize and reduce the limitations placed on their power by the landed nobility, clergy and wealthy merchants; Russia was cut off from more powerful western European kingdoms and the influences of the Renaissance and Reformation.

Muhammad Abduh

Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry. He argued that Islamic civilization had once taught Europeans much of the sciences and mathematics. Thus, it was fitting that Muslims learn from the advances of the Europeans had made with the help of Islamic borrowings. Strongly rejected the view of religious scholars who contended that the Qur'an was the source of all truth and should be interpreted literally.

Vasco de Gama (Portugal)

Discovered a route to India for Portugal by s a was very profitable for both the country and sailor with his cargo

Imperialism

Displaced samurai were given the chance to exercise their military talents elsewhere. The Japanese need to access markets and raw materials. Japan was poor in basic materials, including coal and oil for energy, the pressure for expansion was great.

Investiture Controversy

Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

Princely States

Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers courts to ensure compliance; made up over one-third of the British Indian Empire

Oases

Dotted the dry landscape, towns and agriculture flourished on a limited scale. Supply of water, shade and date palms, they are key centers of permanent settlement and trade in the desert.

Pugachev Rebellion

During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter

Italian Unification

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Partition of Africa

During the New Imperialism period, all major European powers took control of and annexed parts of Africa. For example, Britain took control of a region including Egypt and continuing south, and also took an area around South Africa. Led by Bismarck, The congress of Berlin agreed to avoid war and partition Africa in 1885.

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Cape Colony

Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus.

Batavia

Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java

Batavia

Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java at Malacca. The Dutch overmatched the declining Portuguese empire. It was closer to the island sources of key spices, it indicated an improved European knowledge of Asian geography. It was also a consequence of the Dutch decision to concentrate on the monopoly control of certain spices rather than on Asian trade more generally. The English fought hard for control of the Spice Islands but ultimately lost, falling back to India.

New York

Dutch settlement that was taken by the English expedition in 1664

Boers/Afrikaners

Dutch settlers in Cape Colony, in southern Africa

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

Boers/Afrikaners

Dutch settlers in South Africa; By 1760s these farmers had crossed the Orange River in search of new lands. They saw the fertile plains and hills as theirs, and they saw the Africans as intruders and a possible source of labor. By 1800, the Cape Colony had 17,000 Dutch settlers, 26,000 slaves, and 14,000 Khoikhoi.

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917. Although many individual Romanov rulers were weak, and tensions with the claims of nobles recurred, the Time of Troubles did not produce any lasting constraints on tsarist power.

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368)

Sail al-Din (Saladin)

Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty.

The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan

Easily the largest empire built before the Industrial Revolution, the Mongol imperium linked most of the great Eurasian centers of Civilization in the 13th century

Syndicalism

Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics

Manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

Merchantalism

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.

merchantalists

Economic thinkers who argued that a ruler's and kingdom's power depended on the amount of precious metals they controlled. This led to an emphasis on using manufactured goods rather than gold or silver in commercial exchanges with other nations or empires.

Ahmad Arabi

Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support.

Ahmad Arabi (1841-1911)

Egyptian military officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance in the army in 1882, which forced the Khedival regime to call in British forces for support.

Wafd Party

Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.

Banner Armies

Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.

Monarchs Ruling At Same Time as Akbar

Elizabeth I (England); Phillip (Spain); Suleyman the Magnificent (Ottoman)

Alvaro Obregon

Emerged as leader of the Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920.

Afrikaner National Party

Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

Basil II

Emperor who led the Byzantines to their last period of greatness; nicknamed "Basil the Bulgur Slayer" - blinded as many as 15,000 captive soldiers.

Effects of Neo-Confucianism

Emphasis on rank, obligation, deference, traditional rituals reinforced class, age and gender distinctions, particularly as they were expressed in occupational roles. Patriarchy returned very strongly as a policy for social harmony and prosperity. Historical experience was the best guide for navigating an uncertain terrain of the future.

Bernard of Clairvaux

Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities.

Pure Land Buddhism

Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among masses of Chinese society.

Inca Empire

Empire in Peru. conquered by Pizarro, who began an empire for the Spanish in 1535

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. Territorial tolerance concept: some princely states and cities chose one religion, some another. Gave Netherlands independence from Spain.

Free Warriors

Enforced the Shaykhs dictates; families made up a majority of a given clan group.

Banking System

England, France and Holland had superior ones of these to their Spanish rivals.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

English philosopher, statesmen, author and scientist; an influential member of the Scientific Revolution; best known for work on the scientific method; urged the value of careful empirical research and predicted that scientific knowledge could advance steadily.

Geoffrey Chaucer

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

Roger Bacon

English scientist and Franciscan monk who stressed the importance of experimentation

Causation for decline of slavery

Enlightenment, the age of revolution, Christian revivalism, growing slave resistence, rise of a class of freed slaves and people of mixed-racial backgrounds, and the Industrial Revolution.

Overview of Tang and Song Dynasties

Eras of Chinese history that were a time of major shifts in the population balance within China, a new patterns of trade and commerce, renewed urban expansion, novel forms of artistic and literary expression, and a series of technological innovations.

Mughal Empire

Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century.

Asante empire

Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650. Rose to prominence in the period of the slave trade. Their cooperation and access to firearms after 1650 initiated a period of certralization and expansion. With control of the gold-producing zone and constant supply of prisoners to be sold as slaves for more firearms, it maintained its power until 1820s as the dominant state of the Gold Coast

1652

Establishment of Cape Town Colony

Persians

Ethnic group that thrived economically and politically under the Abbassid rule.

Leon Pinsker

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe

Factories

European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.

New Technology: Key to Power

Europeans developed deep-draft, round-hulled sailing ships for the Atlantic, used an improved compass, used maps and other navigational devices, explosives from China were adapted into gunnery, improved European metalwork.

Textiles

Europeans had a trade deficit that the demand for Indian cotton had created in the Mediterranean in Roman Times persisted during this time period as well.

Coastal vs. Inland rule

Europeans mostly fortified outposts to directly tap into the Indian Ocean trading network but in certain situations Europeans were drawn inland away from their forts, factories, and war fleets in the early centuries of their expansion into Asia. The Portuguese, and the Dutch after them, felt compelled to conquer the coastal areas of Ceylon to control the production/sale of Cinnamon. The Dutch moved slowly inland from Batavia into the highlands of Java to grow Coffee which was in great demand by Europeans by the 17th century.

Return to Scholar Gentry Social Dominance

Even with peasants making some advances, there was growing power of the rural landlord families who had relatives in the scholar-gentry. They were exempt from land taxes and enjoyed special privileges. They engages in moneylending on the side or gambling dens. More land meant larger wealth gap between the wealthy and peasant class.

Berlin Conference of 1884

Every country who wanted a part of Africa attended, and the continent was divided so no one would get into a conflict over the land.

Reasons for Islamic Conversion

Exempt from Jizya; greater opportunities for advanced schooling and launch careers as administrators, traders or judges.

Commerce

Expanded as big merchant companies established monopoly privileges in many centers.

Caliphs' palaces and herems

Expanded to keep pace with the Abbassid's claims to absolute power over the Islamic faithful as well as the non-Muslim subjects of their vast empire.

1274-1280

Failed Mongol invasions of Japan

Slaves

Families that were often the remnants of rival clans defeated in war and who served the Shaykhs or the clan as a whole

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

1469

Ferdinand and Isabella marry and begin unification of Spain

Hongwu

First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry

1215

First Mongol attacks on North China; Beijing captured (same time in England - the Magna Carta is written)

1219-1223

First Mongol invasions of Russia and Islamic world

Vasco de Balboa

First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains.

Only Arab Muslims

First class citizens in Umayyad empire; core of the army and imperial administration; only they received a share of the booty derived from ongoing conquests; taxed only for charity

1290s

First true guns used in China

Khadijah

First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader

Norse traders

Flourishing trade sent from Scandanavia to Constantinople

University of al-Azhar

Focal center for Muslims from many lands. Some of the thinkers looked to the past, but others, such as al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh, stressed the need for Muslims to adopt Western science and technology.

Humanism (Renaissance)

Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles in particular the study of ancient languages. Religion was not attacked but its principles were no longer predominant.

Time of Troubles (1598-1613)

Followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use power vacuum to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as star in 1613 and the beginning of the Romanov Dynasty.

Laws passed to preserve Mongol control over China

Forbade Chinese scholars from learning the Mongol script which was used for records and correspondence at the upper levels of the imperial government; Mongols cannot marry ethnic Chinese; only women from nomadic families selected for imperial harem; friendships between Chinese and Mongols discouraged; Mongol and Chinese military units were separate.

Death Marches

Forced marches to keep prisoners from being liberated by the Allies. The sight of tens of thousands of British, Dutch, and American troops, struggling under the supervision of the victorious Japanese to survive them to prison camps in their former colonies, left an indelible impression on the Asian villagers who saw them pass by. The harsh regimes and heavy demands the Japanese conquerors imposed on the people of SE Asia during the war further strengthened the determination to fight for self-rule and to look to their own defenses after the conflict was over.

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Suriname

Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance.

African Slavery

Forms of bondage were ancient in Africa, and the Muslim trans-Sahara and Red Sea trades already were well established. The existence of slavery in Africa and the pre-existing trade in people allowed Europeans to mobilize the commerce in slaves quickly by tapping existing routes and supplies. In this venture, they were aided by the rulers of certain African states, who were anxious to acquire more slaves for themselves and to supply slaves to Europeans in exchange for commodities.

Anglo-Boer War

Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa

Battle of the Camel in 656

Fought between Abi-Taliv and Aisha; fought over death of previous caliph won by Abi-Talib; marked return to patriarchal values; Aisha pushed out of state affairs

Battle of Siffin (657)

Fought between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party

Opium War

Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

Emperor Constantine

Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.

World Zionist Organization

Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state.

Tenochtitlan

Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica

Muslim League

Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement

Whampoa Military Academy

Founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai-shek.

Liao Dynasty

Founded in 907 by nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China.

Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu)

Founder of the Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of the Tang; took title of Taizu; Failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent.

Yang Jian (Sui Wendi)

Founder of the Sui dynasty; claimed the title of emperor for himself in 581 and reunified China in 589. Although he was Chinese, he secured power by winning the support of neighboring nomadic military commanders.

Jurchens (Manchus)

Founders of Jin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south.

Khantes

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Alfred Dryfus

French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil's Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France.

Jean Calvin

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763; extended from St. Lawrence River along Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River valley system

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance especially in religion.

Louis Pasteur

French scientist who discovered relationship between germs and disease in 19th century, leading to better sanitation

Napoleonic Wars

French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon. When French troops invaded Portugal, the whole Portugese royal family and court fled the country and sailed to Brazil, setting up the capital of the Portugese empire in Rio de Janeiro. The royal government grew closer and refinforced the colonial relationship as a result.

Tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III

Italian cities

From the twelfth century through the fifteenth century, Mediterranean trade was dominated by

British East India Company

Gained advantages by negotiating with local princes to gain Calcutta which gave access to wealthy Ganges River; and also had enormous influence over the British government and, through Britain's superior navy, excellent communication on the ocean routes.

Manufacturing

Gained ground in the countryside in such consumer goods industries as soy sauce and silk. City merchants organized this. This was comparable to slightly earlier changes in the West and have given rise to arguments that economically Japan had a running start on industrialization once the West revealed the necessity of further economic change.

Expansion of Public Education

General public compulsory education grew up to the age of 12. American schools required high school education by 1900. By 1900, 90-95% of all adults in western Europe and USA could read. Schools also carefully propounded nationalism, teaching the superiority of the nation's language and history as well as attacking minority and immigrant cultures.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

General under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598.

Protestantism

General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese captain in service of king and queen of Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas.

Johannes Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468); credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets. This built upon Chinese technology. Soon books were distributed in greater quantities in the West, which helped expand the audience for Renaissance writers and disseminated religious ideas. Literacy began to rise and new thinking emerged.

Karl Marx

German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship

Catherine the Great

German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century (1729-1796); ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. Like Peter The Great, she was a 'selective westernizer'

Blank Check

Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia

The Three G's

Gold- riches from spices, goods, etc. God- Spread Christianity Glory- explorers wanted to be famous

The Growing Bureaucracy

Government functions and personnel expanded rapidly throughout the Western world after 1870. Civil service examinations were instituted, regulations increased (inspecting factory safety, promoting the health of prostitutes, ensuring hospital conditions, and protecting travel).

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. Long dominated the trade with the islands of Indonesia. European merchants brought new profits back to Europe and developed new managerial skills and banking arrangements.

Feudal Monarchies

Governments in which monarchs rule over kingdoms unified by feudal ties. With strong central power uniting western Europe after the fall of Rome, regional monarchies developed in France and England. Pre-dated the Renaissance era governments.

Yangdi's greatest achievement was

Grand Canal

Husayn

Grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali and Fatimah. He was martyred when refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I of the Umayyad Caliphate and especially revered by the Shi'a Muslims for this.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions

1795

Great Britain seized the Cape Colony and then took it under former British control in 1815.

Magna Carta

Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons in 1215; established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility

Ghinggis Khan

Great Mongol conqueror of the ancient world; Grandson was Kublai Khan

1054

Great Schism in Christian Church (Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox)

National Congress Party

Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

Dutch Studies

Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the 18th century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on few Dutch texts available in Japan.

Hideyoshi/Ieyasu and Christianity

Growing doubts about European intentions and fears that both merchants and missionaries might subvert the existing social order, it led Japan to restrict foreign activities in Japan beginning in the late 1580s. 1) Christian missionaries were forced to leave the Japanese island; 2) By the mid-1590s, Japan was actively persecuting Christian missionaries and converts until Ieyasu banned the faith in 1614. Christians remained underground and were hunted down and killed or expelled. Japanese converts were compelled to renounce their faith and those that refused were imprisoned, tortured and killed.

Russian Peasants

Had to pay both their crops and labor to both their own princes and the Mongol overlords. Become impoverished and establish the serf class in Russia.

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.

Yaroslav the Wise

He ruled Kiev (1019-1054), forged trading alliances with western Europe, and created a legal code

Tsar Alexander II

He was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform ("Emancipator") but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will. He returned to two decades of reform after the loss of the Crimean War. However, his intention was not to duplicate Western measures fully but to protect distinctive Russian institutions, including the landed aristocracy and tightly knit peasant communities.

Sun Yat-sen

Head of Revolutionary alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925.

Muhammad Ahmed

Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi.

Murad

Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.

Calcutta

Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.

Moldboard

Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I

Artisans

Highly valued socially and economically; formed guilds which negotiated wages for their skills to help support them during financial difficulty.

King Leopold II of Belgium

Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders- set off Britain, Germany, and France to do the same

Lord Stanley

Hired by King Leopold II from Belgium to make treaties with African chiefs in the Congo.

Mecca

Holy city of Islam

Improvement in peasant standard of living

Hongwu promoted public works projects such as dike building and the extension of irrigation systems aimed at improving farmers' yields. Forced labor demands were lowered. Hongwu decreed that unoccupied lands would become tax-exempt property of those who cleared and cultivated them.

Reform - Efforts to root out abuses in court politics

Hongwu put clear limits on their influence and to institute reforms that would check the abuses of other factions at court. He advanced honesty, loyalty, and discipline and he severely punished bureaucrats found guilty of corruption or incompetence.

Reasons for Success of Conquistadors

Horses, Disease, Firearms and other Steel Weapons ("Gus, Germs and Steel" - See Jared Diamond)

Imports to China

Horses, Persian rugs, tapestries

Population Revolution

Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent.

zaibatsu

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

1338-1453

Hundred Years' War in Europe

Gaozong

Husband of Empress Wu, became ruler of china in 649 A.D.

The Peasant Question

If the status of serfs changed, could Russia develop a more vigorous and mobile labor force and begin to industrialize?

Japanese Civil War

In 1866 as the Samurai eagerly armed themselves with American Civil War surplus weapons, causing Japan's aristocracy to come to terms with the advantages of Western armaments. When the samurai defeated a shogunate force, many Japanese were finally shocked out of their traditional reliance on their own superiority. The crisis came to an end in 1868 when the victorious reform group proclaimed a new emperor named Mutsuhito whose reign was commonly called "Meiji" or "Enlightened". Key samurai leaders managed to put down the troops of the shogunate.

Mahdist Revolt

In 1882 in a revolution led by Muhammad Ahmad, 1881 had proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the person who, according to an Islamic tradition, would rid the world of evil on September 2, 1898. The Anglo-Egyptian victory brought about the complete collapse of the Mahdist movement. The spears and the magical garments of the Mahdist forces proved no match for the machine guns and artillery of Kitchener's columns.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Palestine Partition Plan

In 1948, with sympathy for the Jews running high because of the postwar revelations of the horrors of Hitler's Final Solution, the member states of the United Nations - with the USA and USSR in rare agreement - approved the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish countries. The Arab states bordering the newly created state of Israel had vehemently opposed the UN action. A war broke out and the Zionists expanded the territory it had been given by the UN. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arab refugees were created, sealing a persisting hostility between Arabs and Israelis that continues to today.

Baghdad

In Iraq near the ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. Center of the Abbasid Dynasty. City had jewel-encrusted thrones, reminiscent of those of the ancient Persian emperors, gazing down on the great gatherings of couriers and petitioners who bowed before them in the marble halls.

Mahdi

In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Ahmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan

Growth of Cities

In Western Europe, this occurred due to growing market demand and increased caloric intake.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

In an effort to expel foreign influence from their country, a secret super patriotic group of Chinese called the Boxers (their symbol was a fist) revolted against all foreigners in their midst. In the process of laying siege to foreign legations in Beijing hundreds of missionaries and foreign diplomats were murdered. Several nations including the United States sent military forces to quell the rebellion. American participation was seen as a violation of its noninvolvement policies.

Spanish Tribute Colonies

In each area where these Europeans went ashore in the early centries of exploration, they set up tribute regimes that closely resembled those imposed on the Native Americans peoples of the New World. The demand for tribute took into account the local peasants' need to raise the crops on which they subsisted.

Lord

In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

Conservative Effects of Emancipation of the Serfs

In some ways, the abolition of serfdom was more generous than the liberation of the slaves in the Americas. Although aristocrats retained part of the land, including the most fertile holdings, the serfs got most of it, in contrast to slaves, who received their freedom but nothing else. However, Russian emancipation was careful to preserve the essential aristocratic power; the tsar was not interested in destroying the nobility, who remained reliable political allies and the source of most bureaucrats. It was designed to maintain the tight grip of the tsarist state. The serfs obtained no new political rights at the national level. They were still tied to their villages until they could pay for the land they were given. The redemption money went to the aristocrats to help preserve this class.

Portuguese Decolonization

In southern Africa, violent revolutions put and end to white settler dominance in the colonies of Angola and Mozambique in 1975 and in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) by 1980.

German unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Attempts at Reform

In the early 1070s and early 1080s, Wang Anshi tried to ward off impending collapse. He institute Legalism, believing that an energetic and interventionist state could greatly increase the resources and strength of the dynasty. He introduced cheap loans and government-assisted irrigation projects to encourage agricultural expansion. He taxed landlord and scholarly classes who had regularly exempted themselves from military service; he used increased revenue to establish a well-trained mercenary force to replace armies that had formerly been conscripted from the untrained/unwilling peasantry class. He tried to reorganize the university/education system; he stressed analytical thinking rather than rote memorization of the classics which had been the scholar-gentry form.

European tribute system in Asia

In the larger empires such as those in China, India, and Persia, and when confronted by martial cultures such as Japan's, the Europeans quickly learned their place. They were often reduced to kowtowing or humbling themselves before the Asian rulers.

Jesuits in Japan

In the late 1500s, they had limited success in converting the regional lords; however, they did make a significant number of converts among the farmers of southern and eastern Japan.

Territorial Expansion

In the mid-19th century, Indian soldiers were sent by the British to punish the Chinese and Afghans, conquer Burma and Malaya, and begin the conquest of South and East Africa. Indian ports were essential to British sea power east of the Cape of Good Hope.

Central Powers

In the same decade the Triple Entente powers increasingly confronted a counteralliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and (nominally at least) Italy.

Effects of the Bourbon Reforms

In the short run, the restructuring of government and economy revived the Spanish empire. In the long run, the removal of Creoles from government, the creation of a militia with Creole officer corps, the opening of commerce, and other such changes contributed to a growing sense of dissatisfaction among the elites, which only their relative well-being and the existing social tensions of the caste system kept in check. Slaves, peasants and indigeneous communties were developing their own dissatisfaction with colonial government.

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Gran Colombia

Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.

Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Christian Missionaries

Infiltrated Chinese coastal areas and tried to gain access to the court, where they hoped to curry favor with the Ming emperors. The Jesuits tried to win over the Ming, attempting to win favor by showing new found scientific learning and technology.

New Economic Policy

Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover.

Comintern

International office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere.

Compass

Introduced by 1100 by Chinese to make contact with source of spices and teas in southeast Asia; Europeans are first to use it by 1187 through their interaction with Arab and Asian traders.

Napoleon

Invaded Egypt in 1798 and sent shockwaves across what remained of the independent Muslim world. He was able to slip his fleet past the British blockade. Eventually, the British caught up with the French fleet and sank most of it at the Battle of Aboukir in August 1798. Supply chain cut off, Napoleon abandoned his army and went back to Paris, France.

Atlantic Revolutions

Is the term for a wave of late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century revolutions associated with the Enlightenment.

Reasons for supporting among the Arab people

Islam's uncompromising monotheism, highly developed legal codes, egalitarianism, strong sense of community.

Ramadan

Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.

Deshima

Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter.

Constitution

Issued in 1889, it ensured major prerogatives for the emperor along with limited powers for the lower house of the Diet, as the new parliament was called.

social question

Issues relating to lower classes in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.

Reforming Effects of the Emancipation of the Serfs

It helped to create a larger urban labor force. It did not spur revolution in agricultural productivity because most peasants continued to use traditional methods on their small plots. Peasant uprisings showed lack of contentment and a sign of political will to seek their own change. Population growth also helped fuel the unrest. Reform was limited and did not go far enough to satisfy key protest groups.

Robert di Nobili

Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during the early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites at first; strategy later widely adapted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed because the high caste were unwilling to worship with low caste groups and to give up many of their traditional believes and religious rituals. He wore Indian brahbmans garmets and adopted a vegitarian diet.

Francisco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Italian Writer; Father of humanism; celebrated ancient Rome; Classical & Christian values intermingled in his work; Teacher and friend of Giovanni Boccaccio

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

"Autocrat of all the Russians"

Ivan III saw himself as a centralizer, adding a new sense of imperial mission, marrying the niece of the last Byzantine emperor.

self-imposed isolation

Japan before the arrival of Commodore Perry

Conscription

Japanese army draft by 1878 and the nation was militarily secure.

Oda Nobunaga

Japanese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command

Diet

Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it.

Population growth

Japanese society was disrupted by this. Better nutrition and new medical provisions reduced death rates, and the upheaval of the rural masses cut into traditional restraints on births. Strained Japanese resources and stability, but it also gave a constant supply of low-cost labor. This was a cause of Japan's class tensions.

Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall

Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity. Failed because the Pope refused to allow Chinese Christians to continue ancestral rites that had been central to Chinese family since ancient times.

Dutch East India Company

Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.

1115-1234

Jurchen rule in China following Tang China's collapse

527-565

Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire

Mongol Social Structure

Khan; Mongols; Central Asian nomadic and Muslim allies who occupied most offices at the highest levels of the bureaucracy; ethnic Chinese; minority people of the south. Ethnic Chinese ran regional and local Yuan bureaucracy but they could only excercise power at the top as advisors to the Mongols or other nomadic officials.

907-1118

Khitan conquest of north China

Ferdinand and Isabella

King of Aragon & queen of Castile who united their kingdoms, drove out the Moors, & sponsored the first voyages to the New World.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Francis I of France

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor.

Nzinga Mvemba

King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom.

Dahomey Kingdom

Kingdom developed among Fon or AJa peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 80 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted western firearms and goods in return for African slaves.

Taipings

Kingdom establish by Hong Xiuquan, heavenly kingdom of great peace, believed in the equality of men and women before god. Of all the rebellions that threatened to topple the QIng Dynasty in the 19th century, this movement posted the most serious alternative to China and Confucian civilization more generally. They wanted sweeping programs for social reforms, land redistribution, and the liberation of women, they attacked traditional Confucian elite and the learning on which its claims to authority rested. They smashed ancestral tablets and shrines, developed a simplified script and mass literacy which would undermine the scholar-gentry's source of power.

Jin Kingdom

Kingdom north of the song empire. Established by the Jurchens after overthrowing Liao Dynasty; ended in 1234

Palmares

Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan

Xi Xia

Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry.

Mataram

Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in 17th century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of kingdom after 1670's allowed Dutch to exert control over all of Java

Chan Buddhism

Known as Zen in Japan and the West; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society.

Chabi Khan

Kubilai Khan's wife. Empress of the Yuan dynasty

Chinese influence on Yuan Dynasty

Kublai Khan fascinated by Chinese culture; Chinese advisers were Buddhist, Daoist and Confucian; Dadu was capital; Chinese rituals and classical music into the royal Yuan court; Chinese calendar.

Mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control.

Mita

Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. Utilized by the Spanish in the Andes such as Peru.

Persian

Language that gradually supplanted Turkish as the language of the Safavid court and bureaucracy.

Arabic

Language that transmitted ideas

Junks

Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties

Silver

Large amounts of it flowed into the Ottomans' lands from mines worked by Native American laborers in the Spanish empire in Peru and Mexico. Inflation helped to undermine the finances and economic solvency of the empire.

Rise of Corporations

Large factories were built and staffed by semi-skilled workers opposed to artisans. Resulted from the second industrial revolution

Landscape paintings

Large paintings that depicted natural landscapes; intense interest in nature that defined the Song era; often accompanied by a poem.

Chang'an (Xi'an)

Large trading city in China created by the Tang Dynasty; major stop along the Silk Road in China

Galleons

Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion.

651

Last Sasanian army defeated and ruler killed, empire fell to Arabs

Puyi

Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912

Moctezuma II

Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés' conquest of Tenochtitlan.

Chongzhen

Last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City at Beijing

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

Later Mughal Emperor (1658-1707). Less-tolerant than predecessors: under him, Islamic law because state law. Destroyed Hindu temples and banned music in court; After his death, French and British began to colonize the east and west coasts of India along with Portugese Goa

Sa'd Zaghlul

Leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana. He developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues. He epitomized the more radical sort of African leader than emerged throughout Africa after the war. The peaceful devolution of power to African nationalists led to an independence of British nonsettler colonies in black Africa by the mid-1960s.

Hong Xiuquan

Leader of the Taiping Rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite.

Jomo Kenyatta

Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau. He was released from prison and by 1963, a multiracial Kenya had won its independence. Under what was, in effect, his one-party rule, it remained until the mid-1980s one of the most stable and most prosperous of the new African states.

Shaykhs

Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children

Nezhualcoyotl

Leading Aztec king of the 15th century. King of Texcoco who wrote hymns to god. Religion never gained popularity.

Xuanzong

Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion; his rule marked the peak of Tang power and the high point of Chinese civilization under the dynasty.

Kenyan African Union (KAU)

Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s.

Francisco Vazquez de Coronado (1542)

Led 1000 men in search for the mythical Seven Cities of Cilbola of gold, Golden cities, in Texas. Expedition left Mexico city and explored the southwestern us and northern Texas. In 1542, Coronado returned to Mexico empty handed. For the next 140 years, the Texas region remained isolated, and no other attempts were made to colonize it.

Francisco Pizarro

Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish

Hernan Cortes

Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan

Mohandas Gandhi

Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I. Stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.

Women's rights in Islam

Legal right in inheritance and divorce; Bride-price be paid by the husband's family is given to his future wife rather than to her father.

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E.

Rurik

Legendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E. The Tsars, Ivan III and Ivan IV, pointed to their family tree, noting their descent from the line of this legendary founder of Russia.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. It was a response to popular agitation.

Congress of Soviets

Lenin's parliamentary institution based on soviets under Bolshevik domination; replaced the Social Revolutionary Party. He pressed Social Revolutionaries to disband, arguing that "the people voted for a party that no longer existed." Russia was thus to have no Western-style multiparty system but rather a Bolshevik monopoly in the name of the true people's will. The Communist party aparatus controlled Russia in this fashion until 1989.

Alexander Karensky

Liberal revolutionary during the early states of the Russian Revolution on 1917; sought development of parlimentary rule; religious freedom

Algerian War of Independence

Liberation movement against French - led to revolts in France - violent - French settler population refused to leave. There were more than a million European settlers in the colony and only served to bolster French politicians to retain it at all costs.

1394-1460

Life of Prince Henry the Navigator

1336-1405

Life of Tamerlane

Women's labor

Like russia, women were widely used in the early labor force. Sweatshop silk production because low wages were an indispensible advantage in competitive global markets. Schooling for girls as part of the new commitment to mass education was provided.

Conservatives

Like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change; Many Western leaders worked to reduce the need for political revolution after 1850; They strove to develop reforms that would save elements of the old regime, including power for the landed aristocracy and the monarchy. Examples: Benjamin Disraeli (UK); Count Camillo di Davour (Italy); Otto Von Bismark (Germany)

Railroad and Canals

Linked cities across EUrope and spurred industrialization and urbanization. They brought resources to the new factories and transported their finished goods to world markets.

Dhimmi

Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists; Umayyads generally tolerated them although they had to pay the Jizya and taxes but their legal systems and communities were left intact

Satyagraha

Literally, "truth-force"; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States.

Bolsheviks

Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.

Negritude

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements.

Bishops

Local church leaders within the Roman Catholic Church

Mullah

Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism

zemstvoes

Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy. Tsar maintained absolute control and authority over his bureaucracy.

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America.

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. Discovered in the mid-16th century.

Isandhlwana

Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over Western Europeans.

Huancavelica

Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí.

Longmen Caves

Luoyang, China. Tang Dynasty. 493-1127 C.E. Limestone featuring Buddhist figures.

Captain James Cook

Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the West; convinced Kamehameha to establish unified kingdom in the islands.

1519-1521

Magellan circumnavigates the globe

Bedouin poetry

Main focus of cultural creativity in the pre-Islamic era; composed and transmitted orally because there was as yet no written language; featured heroics in war and clan's great deeds

Tlaloc

Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain

Eastern Europe contrasted from Western Europe

Major portions of eastern Europe were significantly more advanced than western Europe in political sophistication, cultural range, and economic vitality. Byzantium superior to West in interregional trade.

The Neo-Confucian Assertion of Male Dominance

Male dominance returned in the late-Song period. Stressed the women's role as homemaker and mother. Confined women and emphasized importance of virginity, fidelity for wives, and chastity for widows. Men were permitted to have premarrital sex, take concubines and remarry if a wive died. Neo-confucians attacked Buddhists for advancing career opportunities for women (scholarship, monastic lifestyle) instead of marriage and raising a family. Crafted laws that denied access to political life and prevented them from being educated or entering the civil-serivce examination class. Footbinding instituted.

1260

Mamluks (Slave rulers of Egyptian) defeat Mongols at Ain Jalut; halt Mongol's drive west.

Qing

Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south.

Minority-Majority Rule

Manchus made up less than 2 percent of the population of the Qing Dynasty, occupied a disproportionate number of the highest political positions. Bu there were few limits as to how high talented Chinese ethnic Chinese could rise in the imperial bureaucracy. Unlike the Mongol rulers who abolished it, the Manchus retained the examiniation system and had their own sons educated in the Chinese classics. Manchus stled themselves as the Sons of Heavan and rooted their claims to be ligitimate rulers of China in the practice of traditional Confucian virtues. They were patrons of the arts (Kangxi).

Appearance and attire

Many Japanese copied Western fashions to promote modernity. Western-style haircuts replaced the Samurai shaved heat w/ a topnot. Western style hygiene spread. The Western calendar and metric systems were adopted. Few Japanese converted to Christianity. They wanted to take Western advances and incorporate it with a uniquely Japanese spirit.

629

Marks the year Muhammad's community had won many bedouin allies, and more than 10,000 converts accompanied him on his triumphant return to Mecca. After proving his power from Allah, he smashed the idols of the shrine in the Ka'ba and gradually won over the Umayyads and most of the other inhabitants of Mecca to the new faith.

1469

Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella which unifies Aragon and Castile and the rise of the Spanish Monarchy

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Quit India Movement

Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Conversion

May not have been a motive for Arab Conquest because Arab warriors would have to share the booty of their military expeditions with ever larger numbers if converts were made.

Kuriltai

Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. France wasn't punished too badly but nationalism among the various regions began to develop in response to the growth of French unification.

Osei Tutu

Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire; utilized Western firearms.

Renaissance Effects on Politics/Commerce

Merchants improved banking techniques and became more profit-seeking than their medieval counterparts; city-state leaders experienced with new political forms and functions and sponsored cultural activities and tried to administer an active role in the economy;

Tupac Amaru II

Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution.

Agustin de Iturbide

Mexican (creole) army officer who joined forces w/ the Indians and Mestizos won mexican's independence then claimed himself emperor. He'd been sent to eliminate Mexican insurgents but cut a deal with them instead. He occupied Mexico City in September 1821 and gain support of the army, claiming Mexican independence. This was a conservative victory, creating a monarchy in Mexico with little recognition given to social aspirations and programs of Father Hidalgo. Eventually, Mexico became a republic after efforts to unite the central american states into a Mexican empire failed.

Pancho Villa

Mexican Revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power in 1911; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta.

Diego Rivera

Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Jose Clemente Orozco

Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera's, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology.

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Díaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform.

Red Army

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.

Indians

Misnomer created by Columbus referring to indigenous peoples of New World; implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist; still used to apply to Native Americans

Francisco Madero

Moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913

tribute

Money paid for protection

Dadu

Mongol capital of Yuan dynasty; present-day Beijing.

1236-1240

Mongol conquest of Russia

1235-1279

Mongol conquest of south China; end of southern Song dynasty

1240-1241

Mongol invasion of western Europe

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam.

1253

Mongol victory over Seljuk Turks; Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks

1234

Mongols Conquer the Jin dynasty in China

1368

Mongols expelled from China; Beginning of the Ming Dynasty

1258

Mongols sack Baghdad

1258

Mongols sack Baghdad / End of Abbasid Dynasty and Golden Age

Tatars

Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact. (nickname for "People From Hell")

Tatars

Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact

Suleymaniye

Mosque commissioned by Süleyman I, known as "The Magnificent" in 1550-1557. Found in Constantinople.

Life under earlier Mongol control

Most Russians maintained Christianity under Mongol rule; Mongols were most interested in tribute; most local administrative issues remained in the hands of regional princes, landlords or peasant villages; literacy was lower; Russian cultural life had suffered; economic life had deterioriated; trade had halted and manufacturing was limited; purely agriculture economy dependent on peasant labor

Taj Mahal

Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal

Li Bo

Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings.

El Mina

Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa

Java

Most populated island in Indonesia. In the early years after the Dutch established their Asian headquarters at Batavia on the northwest coast of the island in 1619, it was a struggle just to survive. The Dutch were content to content to become the vassals of and pay tribute to the sultans of Mataram, who ruled most of the island. Eventually, the Dutch played rivals off each other and used superior weaponry to transform the core of an Asian empire for the next 200 years.

Ka'ba

Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam

Russian music

Moved from romanticism of Tchaikovsky to more innovative, atonal styles of the 20th century. Polish and Hungarian composers such as Chopin and Liszt also made an important mark.

Great Trek

Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal.

Zionists

Movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

Mughal emperor who succeeded Shah Jajan; known for his religious zealotry.

Architectural style

Mughals blended the finest in the Persian and Hindu traditions, fusing the Islamic genius for domes, arches and minarets and the balance among them with the Hindu love of ornament. White marble was a Hindu artistic tradition.

Adultry + Infanticide

Muhammad vehemently denounced these practices;

570

Muhammad was born

Khadijah

Muhammad's wife

Gunpowder Empires

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

Indian Numerical System

Muslim invaders of South Asia learned the Indian system of numbers and carried by Muslim scholars and merchants to the Middle Eastern centers of Islamic civilization, eventually making their way across the Mediterranean to Italy and then Northern Europe, eventually proving indispensable to the the modern Scientific Revolution of western Europe.

Empire response to wealth accumulation

Muslim merchants formed joint ventures with Christians and Jews because of their different Sabbath observations allowed commerce to be conducted every day; merchants grew rich from revived Indian Ocean/Silk Road trade; specialization of luxury products for the elite; profits were reinvested in commercial enterprises, land and urban centers; wealth went to charity per the Qur'an; wealth was spent of buildings, hospitals, and running mosques and religious schools baths and rest houses for weary travelers.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muslim nationalist leader in India; originally a member of the National Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during World War II for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani

Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry.

Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence

Muslims were second highest social class. Persians and Turks were admitted to the inner circle of Kublai's administration; Muslims supervised building of Chinese-style imperial city and proposed tax-collection systems; Persian astronomers imported technology; Chinese calendar; map making; Muslim doctors and translated Muslim medicine to imperial library.

Turkish Republic

Mustapha Kemal, army officer, drobe Greek/other Allied forces out of Anatolian Peninsula; Kemal established republic in 1923; constitution modeled after French legal system; secular state; western dress; western alphabet

Twenty-One Demands

Name for Japan's demands to the U.S., including its threat to close China to European and American trade. Resolved by the 1917 Lansing-Ishii Agreement, a treaty which tried to settle differences between the U.S. and Japan.

Hijra

Name for safe passage of Muhammad and a small band of followers from Mecca to Medina. Marks the first year of the Islamic calendar

Nabobs

Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation.

Red Heads

Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear.

Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe

Name of Chapter 10 in Stearns, AP World History

Duchy of Moscow

Name the political center that served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols beginning in the 14th century. Ironically, the Moscow princes initially gained political experience as tax collectors for the Mongols, but gradually they moved towards regional independence.

Strait of Malacca

Narrow waterway located between the islands of Sumatra and Java, Body of water connecting the Indian and Pacific Ocean near Singapore.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

Eastern Bloc

Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany

core nations

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.

Lepanto

Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571

Slave Trade

Nearly all groups in the Muslim areas in Northern Sudan were angered by Egyptian attempts in the 1870s to eradicate the slave trade. The trade had long been a great source of profit for both merchants of the Nile towns and the nomads, who attacked non-Muslim people, such as the Dinka in the south, to capture slaves.

Swazi

New African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane

welfare state

New activism of the western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning.

Industrialization

New government banks funded growing trade and provided capital for industry. State-built railroads spread across the country, and the islands were connected by rapid steamers. New methods raised agricultural output to feed the people of the growing cities. Guilds and internal tariffs were abolished to create a national market. Land reform created clear individual ownership for many farmers, motivating expansion of production and the introduction of new fertilizers and equipment. Japan maintained closer supervision of its foreign advisors than Russia, creating transportation networks, mines, shipywards and metallurgical plants.

School of National Learning

New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century. The Japanese elite kept up with the developments of the West through the Dutch community at Deshima. Japan's approach in their avid interest contrasted sharply with Chinese scholar-gentry's indifference to the "hairy barbarians" from the West.

technocrat

New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II.

Luo

Nilotic people who migrated from Upper Nile valley; established dynasty among existing Bantu population in lake region of central eastern Africa; center at Bunyoro. This kingdom exercised considerable power in the 16th-17th centuries.

Bedouin

Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.

Khitan

Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century

Secular

Non-religious; Japan slowly started becoming this way, particularly among the upper classes. One important precondition for the nation's response to Western challenges in the that it precluded a strong religious-based resistance to change.

Luzon

Northern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort.

Commercialization

Occurred in Europe during the 16th century due to the price inflation after the massive importation of gold and silver from Spain's new colonies in Latin America had forced prices up. The availability of more money, based upon silver supply, generated this price rise. Inflation encouraged merchants to take new risks, for borrowing was cheap when money was losing value. This led to the formation of the great trading companies, often with governmental backing in Spain, England, the Netherlands, and France.

Porfirio Diaz

One of Juarez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government.

Belisarius

One of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in north Africa and Italy

Comunero Revolt

One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Grenada (Columbia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.

Abbasid Caliph

One of some 800,000 people who were reportedly killed in Mongol retribution to resistence of defending Baghdad.

Zeng Guofan

One of the ablest scholar-gentry officials in the last half of the 19th century. Advocated the introduction of Western technologies and military reforms, and proved to be one of the staunchest defenders of the Qing dynasty.

W.E.B. DuBois

One of the most influential African American intellectuals and spokesmen of the 20th century. His extensive and widely-read writings on the plight of blacks in American society and critiques of racism were foundational to both civil rights movements in the United States and African resistance to colonialism.

Leopold Sedar Senghor

One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values, president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980

Global Effects of the Great Depression

Only Soviet Union left mostly unscathed. Many looked to Communism/Socialism as "the answer." Many nations turned to deficit spending, which exacerbated situations leading to WWII.

Secret Army Organization (OAS)

Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence. After losing and Algeria winning independence in 1962, over 900,000 left Algeria within months after its birth. Many of them went to France.

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called the "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution.

pan-Africanism

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I

Safavid Dynasty

Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722.

European-style family

Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married. Goal was to limit family birth rates. Emphasized the importance of husband-wife relations. Closely linked family to individual property holdings, for most people could not marry until they had access to property.

Suleyman the Magnificent

Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.

Vizier

Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th century often more powerful than sultan

Janissaries

Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

Abdul Hamid

Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908

1453

Ottomans capture Constantinople

South African racism

Over the centuries, Afrikaners had built up an ideology of white racist supremacy. Although crude by European or American standards, Afrikaner racism was far more explicit and elaborate than that developed by the settlers of any other colony. It was grounded in select biblical quotations and the celebration of their historic struggle to oppose both African 'savages' and the British 'imperialists.'

Universal education system

PRovided primary schools for all. Stressed the importance of technical subjects along with politcial loyalty to the nation and emperor. Elite studetns at the unversity level also took courses emphasizing science. Many went on to study in other countries. The use of foreign books on morality was prohibited, and intense government inspection of textbooks was intended to promote social order.

Supreme Soviet

Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions. The Communists had quickly reestablished an authoritarian system, making it more efficient than its tsarist predecessor had been, complete with updated versions of political police to ensure loyalty.

Avoiding Wave of Political Revolutions

Partly due to political repression, Russia largely was spared the European revolutions that occurred from 1830-1848. Russia helped Austria in 1849 put down a nationalist revolution in Hungary, which helped monarchies and reminded Russia's eagerness to flex its muscles in wider European affairs.

Fulani

Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto. By the 1840s, the effects of Islamization and the Fulani expansion were felt across much of the interior of west Africa.

Mosaics

Patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs. These experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning. Russian physiologist

Age of Revolution

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

Window on the West

Peter the Great's city of St Petersburg with a port easily accessible to Europe

Iron Curtain

Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946

Rowlatt Act

Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919. These conditions fueled local protest during and immediately after the war. And Gandhi eventually forged this localized protest into a sustained all-India campaign against the policies of the colonial overlords.

coffeehouses

Places where men gathered to drink, smoke tobacco, gossip, do business, and play chess

Apartheid

Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. He proved that the planets moved around the sun rather than the earth which the Greeks had thought. Based his findings on mathematics. Historians have since uncovered similar geometrical findings from Arab scientists in the 13th and 14th centuries. Scientists in China, India and Mayans already realized the central position of the sun.

Sunnis

Political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads

Anarchists

Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and Americas in late 19th and early 20th centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881

Socialism

Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man.

Green movement

Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth

Convention People's Party (CPP)

Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast.

Decembrist Uprising

Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I. It urged reform of tsarist autocracy, showed that liberal values had spread to elements of the Russian elite, but its failure was significant. Repression of political opponents stiffened, and the secret police expanded. Newspapers and schools were tightly supervised.

Trasformismo

Political system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo.

Radicals

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes

Conservatives

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church.

Liberals

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

Nationalism

Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin.

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Gregory VII

Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture.

Boxer Rebellion

Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. Portuguese successfully controlled it in the 16th century which served as a naval base and factories to warehouse spices and other products to store or ship to Europe or elsewhere.

Angola

Portugal sent expeditions into this region in search of slaves from the initial coastal settlements

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer who started exploring the east African coast and eventually reached Calicut on the southwestern coast of India; gave Portugal a direct sea route to India

Luanda

Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola.

Ormuz

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network.

Goa

Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network

Dom Joao VI

Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. Printing presses began to operate in the colony, schools were created, and commerce, especially with England (who had helped them escape Portugal from the Napoleonic Wars) boomed in the newly open ports.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Indian Ocean

Portuguese seafarers who sailed down and around the coast of Africa were successful at gaining access to this region despite efforts by the Ottomans to drive them out of this region. Proved to be more destructive to their decline than Ottoman defeats in the Mediterranean.

Vulnerabilities of the Sasanian Empire

Power fractured and held by landed, aristocratic class that harshly exploited the farmers who made up most of the population of the empire; zoroastrianism lacked popular roots; visionary reformers were stifled

Footbinding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

Import Economy

Pre-WWI Japan was far from West's equal. It was a resource poor nation. Although economic growth and careful government policy allowed it avoid Western dominatino, Japan was newly dependent on world economic conditions. It needs exports to pay for machine and resource imports. Silk production grew rapidly, the bulk of it destined for Western markets. Most of it was based on the labor of poorly paid women who worked at home or in sweatships, not in mechanized factories.

Proto-industrialization

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.

Mexican Mural Movement

Primarily in public arts. Begins in Mexico in response to political upheavals, including the Civil War of 1910-1920. Left wing in its orientation, it revives interest in mural techniques as well as promoting socio-economic messages and a focus on precolumbian life.

Marquis of Pombal

Prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. The Portugese version of the Spanish Bourbon reforms and enlightened despotism.

Asian sea trading network

Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks.

Marshall Plan

Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance.

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Morley-Minto Reforms

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

Standard of Living

Quality of life based on ownership of necessities and luxuries that make life easier. Increased for many ordinary people and merchants by 1600 in Europe.

Marriage

Qur'an stressed the moral and ethical dimensions of this institution - emphasizing kindness and the nuclear family. It encouraged this instead of casual sexual relationships that was widespread in the pre-Islamic world

National Liberation Front (FLN)

Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.

Land and Freedom Army

Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau.

Chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Greek Revolution

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

Quran

Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam

Partition

Refers to the European division of Africa at the end of the 19th century, the Western Powers had actually carved up the globe into colonial enclaves for centuries.

witchcraft persecution

Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption.

King Bela of Hungary

Refused to submit to Batu's demands for tribute. Mongols defeated Hungary in 1240 as a result, leaving them free to raid the Adriatic Sea.

Castile and Aragon

Regional kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims and ultimately united under the Spanish monarchy.

1260-1294

Reign of Kublai Khan, Great Khan and emperor of China

1271-1368

Reign of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in China

Clan cohesion

Reinforced by fierce inter-clan rivalries and struggles to control vital pasture lands and watering places

Din-i-Ilahi

Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed.

Economic/Social Impact of Renaissance

Renaissance kings were still confined by the political powers of feudal landlords. Ordinary people were little touched by Renaissance values; the life of most peasants and artisans went on much as before; economic life changed little outside of Italian commercial centers. Even in upper classes, women sometimes encountered new limits as Renaissance leaders touted men's public bravado over women's domestic roles.

May Fourth Movement

Resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism.

Joint Stock Companies

Resisted territorial acquisitions. Wars were expensive, and direct administration of African or Asian possessions cut into the profits gained through participation in the Asian trading system, chief concern of the Dutch and English directors.

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs. Attacked popular superstitions and magical belief. Produced the Jesuits.

Rapid Population Growth

Resulted due to agricultural changes, commercialism, manufacturing, warming of the temperature, agricultural goods and technology innovation, promotion of earlier marriage and sexual relationships, advances in scientific understanding, increased literacy.

War of Spanish Succession

Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to England and French. It permitted England to trade slaves in Spanish America. Spain's commercial monopoly was now being broken not just by contraband trade but by legal means as well.

Patterns of Expansion

Resulted from Cossacks; fleeing serfs; awarding loyal nobles and bureaucrats by giving them estates in new territories; trading connections with new Asian territories and their neighbors

Decline of central asia

Resulted from Russia's early expansion along with that of the Ottoman Empire to the south.

Family Life

Retained many traditional aspects. Japanese were eager to maintain the inferiority of women in the home. Shitoism, which appealed to the new nationalist concern with Japan's distinctive mission and religious functions of the emperor, won new interest.

Neo-Confucianism

Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.

Commercial Revival

Revived the Afro-Eurasian trade network which had declined after the fall of the Han and Rome.

French Revolution

Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. Response to Enlightenment thinkers who had urged the need to limit the powers of the Catholic Church, the aristocracy, and the monarchy. Social changes reinforced the ideological challenge. The middle class wanted greater political roles. Many peasants wanted greater freedom than their landlords were willing to give.

Cash Crops in American Southern Colonies

Rice, Sugar, Tobacco, then Cotton

Extraterritoriality

Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. As in China, this meant that Westerners living in Japan would be greatly governed by their own representatives, not Japanese law.

Self-determination

Right of people in a region to choose their own political system and its leaders.

Khartoum

River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815.

White population of South Africa

Roughly equally divided between the Dutch-descended Afrikaneers and the more recently arrived English speakers, was a good deal larger than that of any other European settler society. Although they were only a small minority in a country of 23 million black africans and 3.5 million East Indians and coloreds (mullatoos, in American parlance), by the mid-1980s, South Africa's settler-descended population had reached 4.5 million.

Yang Guifei

Royal concubine of Tang emperor Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into administration led to revolt.

Audiencias

Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of the New World; there were 16 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates.

Carolingians

Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century.

King Louis XIV of France

Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right theory, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves.

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca

Vladimir I

Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity

Sultans

Rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire

Tangut

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226.

Southern Song Dynasty

Rump state of Song Dynasty from 1127-1279; carved out of the much larger domains ruled by the Tang and nothern Song; culturally one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history.

Xuanzong's interests

Running the vast empire took a back seat to being a patron of the arts and enjoying the pleasures of the imperial city.

Haciendas

Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy.

Novgorod

Rurik founded city; first important Russian city; modern day Estonia

Territorial Expansion

Russia had confirmed its hold on Poland at the Congress of VIenna in 1815. Although Polish nationalism opposed Russian Rule, Tsar Nicholas I put down the revolt with great brutality, driving many leaders into exile. Russia also continued its pressure of the Ottoman Empire, whose weakness attracted their eager attention. France and Britain helped the Ottomans counter Russian aggression. Russia also supported many nationalist movements in the Balkans, including Greek independence in the 1820s.

Reasons for Russian Growth

Russia's world rank was a function of its great size and population and natural resources more than its mechanization and industrialization efforts. Many Russian factories were not up to Western standards, not was the labor forced highly trained. Agriculture was backwards and the peasants were illiterate and had neither the capital nor motives to change their ways.

Battle of Kulikova

Russian army victory over the forces of the Golden Horde; helped break Mongol hold over Russia.

Moscow

Russian city that grew during the Golden Horde. Becomes the choice of the seat of Orthodox leaders.

Third Rome

Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Russian Orthodoxy

Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Serfdom and the Agrarian Society

Russian landlords eagerly took advantage of Western markets for grain, but they increased their exports not my improving industrial techniques or modernining their infrastucture, but rather by tightening the labor obligations on their serfs. This was a common practice in much of Eastern Europe in the 19th century. In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia imported some Western machinery and other costly equipment as well as luxury goods

Sergei Witte

Russian minister of finance 1892-1903, believed industrial backwardness threatened Russia's power and greatness, encouraged building of railroads, established high protective tariffs to build domestic industry, put the country on the gold standard to strengthen Russia finances, used the West to catch up with the West

Boyars

Russian nobles; The rise of the nobles were the result of the effort to recruit soldiers, the tsars began to grant hereditary territories to military nobles; this included strict controls over the peasant serfts on those lands. Regulation on serfs tightened; these nobles began to rise in power and conflict eventually emerged between them and tsars until the tsars squashed their power.

Saint Sophia Cathedral

Russian orthodox church built in Kiev

Tribute

Russian princes were forced to submit as vassals of the Khan of the Golden Horde and to pay this.

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin

Intelligentsia (Russia)

Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West. Although it rested on some of the principles that had roused intellectuals in the West, it went deeper in Russia. It was more radical, capable of motivating terrorism. It wanted political freedom and deep social reform while maintaining a Russian culture different from that of the West, which they saw as hopelessly materialistic. Their radicalism may have stemmed from the demanding task they set themselves: attacking key Russian institutions while building a new society that would not reproduce the injustices and crippling limitations of the Western world.

Old Believers

Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization.

Constantinople

Sacked by the Ottomans in 1453

Isfahan

Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture.

Shah Abbas the Great

Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology. Similar to the Janissaries, slave regiments, which were wholly dependent on Abbas's support, monopolized the firearms that had become increasingly prominent in Safavid armies.

Vikings

Scandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Alexis Romanov

Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church. Purged the church of many superstitions and errors that had crept in during Mongol times he said. He exiled dissidents religious conservatives (Old Believers) to Siberia or southern Russia to help maintain religion and extend Russia's colonizing efforts.

Yangdi

Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618

White Lotus Society

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule. Leaders claimed to have magical powers to heal their followers and confound their enemies helped encourage further peasant resistence against the Mongols.

Sikhs

Sect in northwest India; early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling

sikhs

Sect in northwest India; early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. Martin Luther protested the grants of salvation for money

Gavriel Princip

Serbian nationalist, assassin of Archduke Ferdinand in July 1914. Member of the Black Hand.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Tanzimat Reforms

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

1756-1763

Seven Years War

Mitsubishi Company

Several companies began to spring up during the Industrialization of Japan. Among them was the Mitsubishi company, which was founded in 1870 and still in business. The industrializing of Japan produced sustained economic growth for the country, and also led to strengthening the military.

19th Century Islamic World

Severe reverses for the people of the Islamic world. By the century's end, it was clear that neither religious revivalists, who called for a return to a purified Islam free of Western influences, nor the reformers, who argued that some borrowing from the West was essential for survival, had come up with a successful formula for dealing with the powerful challenges by the expansion-minded powers of industrial Europe. Failing to find adequate responses and deeply divided, the Islamic community grew increasingly anxious over dangers that lay ahead. Islamic civilization was by no means defeated. But its continued visability clearly was threatened by its powerful European neighbors, which had become masters of much of the world.

Hussein

Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931.

Status of women

Showed signs of improvement under the Tang and early Song before deteriorating steadily in the late Song. Male-dominated hierarchy promoted by Confucianism. Marriage alliances developed. Opportunities for personal expression increased for women in Tang/Song. Tang women could wield considerably power at the highest levels of Chinese society (Wei - concubine of Yang Guifei). Law allowed for divorce by mutual consent.

Standard of Living

Silver helped ensure that this was higher in China than in Western Europe until the early 19th century

China

Silver was the only currency accepted by this country to agree to trade its coveted luxury goods desired in European cities.

Karbala

Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate

The Middle Passage

Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th-18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture

Saltwater slaves

Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black.

Bulgaria

Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014

Disease that affects Native population

Smallpox, influenza, and Measles

Revisionism

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions.

Nadir Khan Afshar (1688-1747)

Soldier-adventurer following the fall of the Safavid empire in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom.

women's role in islamic society

Some of Muhammad's earliest and bravest followers; Women accompanied forces in battle and were even martyrs for the new faith; Hadith's and Qur'an were recorded and/or compiled by women; not allowed to lead prayers; active role in the politics of the early community;

Humayan

Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter

Pedro I

Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor. Indpendence did not upset the existing social organization based on slavery, nor did it radically change the political structure.

Peter I "Peter the Great"

Son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models

Additional weaponized innovations

Song armies and warships additionally were equipped with naphtha flamethrowers, poisionous gases, and rocket launchers.

Song Dynasty political weaknesses

Song was weaker in political and economic strength compared to the Tang; imperial policies reacted to a strong civilian administration of the scholar gentry class who could be governors; military commanders were rotated to prevent them from building up a power base in the areas where they were stationed.

Feminist Movement

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru. He tried to create a United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata but regional differences, Spanish control continuing in certain regions, and political rivalries broke up the countries into Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile. By 1825, all of Spanish South America had gained political independence, emerging as indpendent republics with representative governments. The nations were born of the Enlightenment and the ideas of 19th century liberalism.

Lesotho

Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government.

Mindanao

Southern island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest

Cape of Good Hope

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

Silver

Spain dominated trade initially due to imports of this precious metal from the Americas.

Seven Years War

Spain had allied with France so it became apart of the global fight between France and England. During this fight, Spain lost Florida and England held Havanna, Cuba. Creoles were given military rank to fend off attack. Frontiers were expanded in loosely controlled regions such as California who were settled by missionaries/small frontier outposts.

Francis Xavier

Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites.

Moors

Spanish Muslims

New Spain

Spanish colonial administrative unit in 1400s and 1500s *Spain tightly controlled empire in the New World *Mainly located in North and Central America, including the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies *To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors (ecomiendas) using Native American slaves under conquistadors *With the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs

Pedro de Valdivia

Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541.

Bourbons

Spanish dynasty that came into power with Charles III and instituted Englightened Despotism and the Bourbon Reforms. State monopolies in tobacco and gunpowder, opened new areas of development, in exchange for developing the economies of the regions.

Charles III

Spanish englightened monarch; ruled from 1759-1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire (The Bourbon Reforms). Expelled the Jesuits who had shown more allegiance to Rome instead of Spain.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Spanish Armada (1588)

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.

Jose de Galvez

Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants for local government. Impoved tax collection but created resentment among the Creole class.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Spanish philosopher who was in the Great Debate. Opposed de las Casas, and believed the conquest of the Natives was good

Amistad (1839)

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616); northern renaissance writer.

Saint Sophia

Spared by the Mongols when it burned Kiev in the winter of 1240.

Pochteca

Special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items

Russian Revolution of 1905

Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.

Scholar-Gentry

Status declines sharply during the Yuan; very little influence and resentment grows among Confuscian purists in the Yuan.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Toltec culture

Succeeded Teotihuacan culture in central Mexico; strongly militaristic ethic including human sacrifice; influenced large territory after 1000 C.E.; declined after 1200 C.E.

Abbasid Caliphate

Succeeded the Umayyads, transforming Islam into a universal religion that spread accross much of North Africa and Euro-Asia. Islamic civilization flourished even as their empire began to fragment into regional power centers.

Khalifa Abdallahi

Successor of Muhammad Ahmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898. He built a closely controlled society in which smoking, dancing, alcoholic drink were forbidden. Islamic and religious practices were enforced strictly. Foreigners were imprisoned and expelled, and the ban on slavery was lifted.

Joseph Stalin

Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of Communism; represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through World War II; furthered cold war with Western Europe and the United States; died in 1953.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Isma'il

Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor

Land Redistribution

Sui and Tang dynasties broke up great estates of old aristocracy and redistributed land more equitably among the free peasant households. Designed to reduce power of aristocracy and improve social/economic position of peasants in Confucian society. Aristocracy eventually supplanted by scholar-gentry class who's social-economic status had increased.

Selim III

Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807

Golden Age of China

Tang Dynasty; 618-907 CE: Flourished due to invention of printing, trade routes (silk road), acceptance of all beliefs & cultures, & written records of everything

Zakat

Tax for charity was obligatory in the new faith of Islam

Logistical structure

Technical trade education were established, banks and post offices developed, regularizing of commercial laws, the government provided a structure that it could develop on many fronts. Copied many practices established in the West, but with adaptation suitable for Japanese conditions.

1206

Temujin takes the name Chinggis Khan; Mongol state founded

Indies piece

Term used within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave

No Man's Land

Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous

Alsace and Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Allah

The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith.

Egyptian Independence

The British departure occurred in stages, beginning in 1922 and culminating in the British withdrawl to the Suez Canal zone in 1936. But although they pulled out of Egypt proper, the khedival regime was preserved and the British reserved the right to reoccupy Egypt should it be threatened by a foreign aggressor.

Scholar-gentry

The Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many bureaucrats were chosen

Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief. Continued to gain among the ruling Japanese elite at the expense of Buddhism.

Western influence of legislature

The Diet was set up on the German model and members wore Western style clothing.

Dutch Trading Empire

The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.

Morocco

The French annexed this country to their North African colonies, which already included ALgeria and Tunisia. Germany twice threatened war if the French advance continued. But crisis was finally over in 1911 when the Germans were bought off by the French concession of territory from their possessions in central Africa.

British East India Company

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British Government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which had previously been controlled by this organization.

Sati

The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. Bolstered by the strong support and active cooperation of Western-educated Indian leaders, such as Ram Mohun Roy, the British outlawed sati in the 1830s.

Tainos

The Indians who inhabited San Salvador and many Caribbean islands and who were the first people Columbus encountered after making landfall in the New World.

Cultural Superiority

The Khitans, who had been highly sinified, or influenced by Chinese culture, during a century of rule in north China, seemed content with the treaty because they viewed the Song empire as clearly Culturally superior and could learn from them in statecraft, the arts, and economic organization.

Tsar

The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.

Philippines

The Spanish, taking advantage of the fact that the islands lay in the half of the world the Pope had given them to explore and settle in 1493, invaded the islands in the 1560s.

Southern regional economy

The Yangzi basin and other rice-growing areas of the south were fast becoming the major food producing areas of the empire. By late Tang and early Song times, the south had surpassed the north in both crop production and population.

640

The ancient center of learning and commerce, Alexandria, Egypt, was taken and most of Egypt was occupied and the Muslims headed West towards Libya and North Africa.

Justinian Code

The body of Roman civil law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian around A.D. 534.

Civil Service Examination

The bureacracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressures, and opened up to talent on the basis of merit. Expanded rapidly.

Abu al-Abbas

The chief leader of the rebellion that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end; a descendant of Muhammad's uncle; he was a Sunni Arab

Three Estates

The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land

Chinese Revolution of 1911

The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.

Umma

The community of the faithful and transcended old tribal boundaries and made possible a degree of political unity undreamed of before Muhammad's time.

Versailles Treaty

The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.

Serbia

The creation of new, independent Slavic kingdoms in the Balkins, such as this region, showed the Byzantine empire's diminished power.

Sasanian Empire

The dynasty that ruled Persia (contemporary Iran) in the centuries before the rise of Muhammad and the early decades of Islamic expansion.

Duma

The elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Commercial/Cultural isolation

The export of silver and copper was greatly restricted, and Western books were banned to prevent Christian ideas from reentering the country. Foreigners were permitted to live and travel only in very limited areas.

Ivan III, "Ivan the Great" (r. 1462-1505)

The first ruler of Russia. He broke away from the Mongols and established the Russian Empire, but modeled after them. He expanded principality of Moscow towards Baltic Sea. He made weaker states pay tribute to Moscow instead of the Mongols. He married last Byzantine emperor to increase authority. Prince of Duchy of Moscow; Claimed descent from Rurik; Responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of Tsar or Caesar - equivalent to emperor.

Afro-European Slave Trade

The first slaves brought directly to Portugal from Africa arrived in 1441, and after that date slaves became a common trade item. The Portugese and later other Europeans raided for slaves along the coast, but then found that slave trade became a more secure and profitable method of acquisition. Slave Trade expanded when the Atlantic islands of Madeira (Portugal) and Canaries (Spain) developed sugar plantations which demanded many workers to toil under difficult conditions.

cotton textile industry

The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its

Oxford and Cambridge

The first universities in England- founded in the 13th century, they soon became the two biggest centers of learning in England

Cultural transformation

The foreign British started to rule one of the oldest civilizations and consciously began to transmit the ideas, inventions, modes of organization, and technology associated with Western Europe's scientific and industrial revolutions to the peoples of the non-western world. English education, social reforms, railways and telepgrah lines were only part of a larger project by which British tried to remake Indian society.

Confucianism Revival

The great influence of the Song scholar-gentry was to return the Confucian ideas and values that dominated intellectual life. Texts were reinstituted and prioritized over Buddhism.

Encomendero

The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. He was responsible for their integration into the church.

Noble Savage

The idea that primitive human beings are naturally good and that whatever evil they develop is the product of the corrupting action of civilization. The Enlightenment helped to generate this idea.

Amerigo Vespucci

The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Roots of Decline

The means by which the Song emperors had secured their control over China undermined their empire in the long run: weakness vs. Khitan empire; nomadic peoples on the northern borders; tribute was a great drain on resources of the empire; growing Chinese peasantry; cost of the army (1 million by mid-11th century); emphasis on civil administration/scholar-gentry; growing disdain for Song military elite; preoccupation with funding as patrons of the arts

Khan of the North

The name that Peter III( The Great) used when he was talking to the Mongols, he also swore his promises on the Koran while he was in their territories.

Settler colonies decolonization

The pattern of relatively peaceful withdrawl by stages that characterized the process of decolonization in most of Asia and Africa proved unworkable in most of the settler colonies. These included areas like Algeria, Kenya, and Southern Rhodesia, where substantial numbers of Europeans had gone intending to settle permanently in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Age of Agricultural and Population Growth

The people of Southern China were given a great boost by the importation, through the Spanish and Portuguese merchant intermediaries, of new food crops from the Americas, particularly root crops from the Andes highlands. These became vital supplements to rice or millet diet of the Chinese people. It also became a hedge against famine. By 1600 the population of China had risen to as many as 150 million from 80-90 million in the 14th century. By 1800, it had surpassed 300 million.

Infant Mortality Rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country. Dropped significantly between 1880-1920.

Mandate system

The plan to allow Britain and France to administer former Ottoman territories, put into place after the end of the First World War. France and Britain controlled Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Palestine. Britain also oversaw certain protectorates on the Arabian peninsula such as Yemen, Aden, Kuwait, and also Egypt and Sudan.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Manufactured goods

The position of artisan workers in the towns deteriorated because of competition from imported manufacturers from Europe.

Sati

The practice followed by small minorities, usually upper caste, of Indians of burning widows on the funeral pyres of their deceased husbands. Akhbar legally prohibited it which was a risky political move because many Hindu elite considered the practice important.

Manufacturing

The process of making a raw material into a finished product; especially in large quantities. Colonial markets stimulated this. Most peasants continued to produce mainly for their needs, but agricultural specialty and technical improvements led to many new branches of manufacture in metals, mining, farming in both rural and urban environments.

Muhammad

The prophet and founder of Islam

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves; Increased in many regions especially in the Americas due to desire to expand exports

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Purdah

The seclusion of Indian women in their homes. Akbar tried to provided relief by encouraging the merchants of Delhi and other cities to set aside special market days for women only.

October Revolution (Bolshevik Revolution)

The second part of the Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party. Lenin, a student of Marxism, put forth the idea that the proletariat (working class) would rise up against the bourgeoisie (owners). In October 1917 the Bolsheviks gained control of the Petrograd soviet and overthrew the provisional government in a bloodless coup. With the Bolsheviks in control, efforts were made to transform the political and economic landscape of the nation; Russia pulled out of WWI, and legislation was passed that redistributed land to the peasants. Russia, renamed the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics (USSR) was the world's first communist nation.

Great Schism

The seperation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE)

Sui Dynasty

The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China. Lasted in the early 580s.

mid-14th century

The spread of the Black Death

Cold War

The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare.

Mita System

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.

Mita System

The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. Spanish used the system previously employed by the Inca and conscripted more than 1/3 of them into a coerced labor force to mine silver and other labor tasks.

Japanese nationalism

The twisting of traditional Japanese values to create unwavering loyalty to the Emperor and his orders. Traditions of superiority, cohesion and deference to the rulers, new tensions generated by rapid change. Played a unique role in sacrifice and struggle in a national mission to preserve indpendence and dignity in a hostile world. Firm police repression of dissent and the sweeping changes of the early Meiji years certainly helped explain why Japan avoided the revolutionary pressures that hit Russia, China and other countries after 1900.

King John of England

The tyrannical king who signed the Magna Carta that LIMITED THE POWER OF THE KING.

Ayan

The wealthy landed elite during the Ottoman Empire that colluded with provincial officials to cheat the sultan of a good portion of the taxes due to him, and they skimmed all the revenue they could from the already impoverished peasantry in the countryside.

Ayan

The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule.

1453

The year that Constantinople was sacked by the Ottoman Turks and meant that Byzantium had collapsed.

Merchant class

These classes, especially those in long-distance trade, reaped the biggest profits from the economic boom. But much of their wealth was transferred to the scholar-gentry via taxes or bribes.

Yungle

Third Ming emperor responsible for launching the Zheng He expeditions.

Uthman

Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan

Ogedei

Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death

Henry the Navigator

This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

1832 Reform Bill

This allows some members of the upper middle class to vote by lowering the property right requirement to vote. Also restructures Parliament seats and gets rid of some "rotten boroughs." The king threatened to raise more peers to the House of Lords because they would not pass the bill. Great Britain

Red Sea

This body of water separates the Arabian Peninsula from Africa.

Partition of India

This led to the movement of millions of people in South Asia after India got its independence from Britian. In the summer of 1947, the British handed power over to the leaders of the majority Congress party, who headed the new nation of India, and to Jinnah, who became the first president of Pakistan.

House of Peers

This part of the Japanese Diet was composed of men who had either inherited their positions or who were appointed for life by the emperor. They sometimes obstructed party governments in favour of emperor-centred authoritarian politics.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Gandhi

This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.

Trench Foot

This was an infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. In the trenches men stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. The feet would gradually go numb and the skin would turn red or blue. If untreated, trench foot could turn gangrenous and result in amputation.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front after threats from foreign monarchs to resist the movement. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

"Little Slavic Brothers"

This was why Russia always supported Serbia, and why there was so much tension between Austria and Russia.

Presidencies

Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India; capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay.

Conversion

Through mullahs, the bulk of the Iranian population was converted to Shi'ism during the cneturies of Safavid rule. Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and the followers of Sufi preachers were pressured to convert to Shi'ism.

Holy Roman Emperor

Title given to a person who had charge of not only the empire, but also the church; Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split with Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany

Jinshi

Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office

Khagan

Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.

Asantehene

Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool. With this new structure ans a series of military reforms, conquest of the area began. By 1700, the Dutch on the coast realized that a new power had emerged, and they began to deal directly with it.

Purpose of the Grand Canal

To link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangzi River basin more than 500 miles to the south. Since great river systems were essential to China's agrarian economy, the movement of people and goods in from West to East was easier. That could change now that the Grand Canal linked north and south.

Sinification

To reconcile the ethnic Chinese who made up the vast majority of their subjects, the Manchu rulers shrewdly retained much of the political system of their Ming predecessors. Added the court calendar, Confucian rituals, allowed scholar-gentry to serve in the Ming court to continue, pardoned many who had led resistence against Manchu rule.

Cotton

To shore up his economic base, Muhammad Ali ordered the Egyptian peasantry to increase their production of this raw material that were growing in demand in Europe.

Cultural adaptation

To survive in the hot tropical environments of south and southeast Asia, the Dutch and English, were forced to adapt to the ancient and sophisticated host cultures of their Asian colonies. Many took to wearing looser-fitting cotton clothing. The Dutch abandoned canal building because the bred disease and insects. English smoked Indian hookhas and delighted in performances of Indian "dancing girls." The Europeans who went to Asia were overwhelmingly male, and commonly had liasons with Asian women but these cross-racial liasons became unthinkable by the last half of the 19th century when social distance and racism became more pronounced.

Edo

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate. Most of the lands were controlled by the Tokugawa family or were held by the daimyo who were closely allied with the shoguns.

Quetzalcoatl

Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god

Ali

Took Muhammad's place in Mecca and risked becoming a target of assassination after Muhammad fled to Medina.

Gamal Abdul Nasser

Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Kiev

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.

Kiev

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century; sacked by the Mongols

Tariff

Trade tax policies that discouraged manufacturing in colonial areas and stimulated home based manufacturing.

Mughals

Traded spices and cotton textiles in exchange for New World Silver.

Boer Republics

Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s.

1271-1295

Travels of Marco Polo to central Asia, China and Southeast Asia

Umayyads

Tribal clan who had grown rich on the profits from commerce.

Quraysh

Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E.

Sepoys

Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India. At first, Indian princes regarded the British as allies whom they could use and control to crush competitors from within India or put down usurpers who tried to seize their thrones.

Emancipation of the Serfs

Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land. It came roughly about the same time that the United States and Brazil decided to free slaves (some of the last nations to abolish the practice). Neither slavery nor serfdom suited the economic needs of a society seeking an independent position in Western-dominated world trade. Some Russians reformers accepted new humanitarian ideals which had spread globally, that attacked systems of unfree labor.

Vivaldis

Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic

Viceroyalties

Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king.

Tang and Song Dynasties

Two of China's most celebrated dynasties which ruled from the early 7th century to the late 13th century. Chinese society advanced in virtually every area - population, territory - to create the most prosperous empire on earth.

Macao and Canton

Two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty

Cixi

Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.

660

Umayyads proclaimed Mu'awiya the new leader of the Umayyads which directly challenged Ali's position.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) and teamed up with Christians to defeat the Mongols

Baghdad to Berlin

Under the instruction of German advisers, the Ottomans built railways and telegraph lines from Germany to modern-day Iraq.

Global Market Impact on New World Order

Unfree labor systems to supply goods for world trade became more widespread than ever before; slavery and serfdom deeply affected Latin America and Eastern Europe; Slave Trade exploded in West Africa; New foods and wider trade patterns helped some societies deal with scarcity; individual merchants and landowners gained new wealth; China prospered from imports of Silver; mixture of profits and compulsion brought more and more people and regions into the world economy network.

Letrados

University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan.

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. Inspired Christopher Columbus and other navigators.

Battle of the River Zab

Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

indigenous Population After Spanish Arrival

Virtually disappears. In Mexico, for example, war, destruction and disease brought population from 25 million in 1519 to less than 2 million in 1580.

1405-1433

Voyages of Admiral Zheng He on Indian Ocean; Chinese trading expeditions

Reaction and Disaster: The Flight to the South

Wang's ability to propose and enact reforms depended on continuing support from the Shenzong emperor. Neo-confucians came to power and reversed Wang's legalist reforms. As a result, economic/political conditions continued to deteriorate and peasant unrest grew. After the Jurchens invaded and the Song fled south, surviving as the Southern Song Dynasty from 1167-1276 which was weak politically but one of the most vibrant cultural periods in Chinese and human history.

Mexican Civil War

Wanting democracy to triumph there, Wilson refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president. It has devastated the country. 1.5 million people had died, major industries were destroyed, ranching and farming disrupted.

Umayyad family killed

Wanting to eliminate them altogether to prevent reoccurring challenges to rule, members were invited to a reconciliation banquet and killed. Others were tracked down and eliminated. A grandson of the former Umayyad caliph escaped to Spain to establish the Umayyad caliphate of Cordoba which lived on for centuries after the rest of the Umayyad empire had disappeared.

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

War between Japan and Russia over Manchurian territory; resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese navy

Chinese Civil War

War between communist Mao Zedong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaotung peninsula

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Total War

Warfare of the 20th century; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity.

Yuan Shikai

Warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916.

The Mfecane

Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa.

Ridda Wars

Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Tambos

Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages

Causes of Manchu Control

Weaknesses of declining Ming regime, rather than the Manchus' own strength gave an opportunity to seize control of China. In 1644, the Ming called in the Manchus to help put down a widespread rebellion near the Great Wall. Exploiting the political divisions and social unrest that were destroying what was left of Ming authority, the Manchus boldly advanced on the Ming capital in Beijing. It took 2 decades to conrol the rest of China but soon the Manchus established a new Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty.

Compradors

Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world.

Marattas

Western India peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in 18th century

Yellow Peril

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region

Ram Mohun Roy

Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati

Lima, Peru

What South American city was used as the center of Spanish government in the 1600s?

Portuguese tribute system

When Vasco Da Gama returned on a second expedition to Asian waters in 1502, he was able to force ports on both the African and Indian coasts to submit to a Portuguese system. He assaulted towns that refused to cooperate.

Mumtaz Mahal

Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal

Only success example in history

Winter invasion of Russia

Navy

With the aid of Western advisors and formal officer training, a modern navy was created.

Muhammad Ali

Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848.

Nobunaga and the Portuguese

Worked closely with Portuguese to acquire arms; Portuguese played an important role in initial stages of unification; The Portuguese played a crucial in Japan in 2 ways: 1) Provided arms to Nobunaga(GUN). Developing an infantry superior to the traditional samurai 2) Portuguese serve as a conduit for trade b/n China and Japan

Atlantic Charter (1941)

World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization

Causes of revolt on Xuangzong

Yang Guifei's arrogance, greedy relatives and excessive ambition; economic distress; neglect of state affairs; chronic military weakness; jealousy among rival cliques

Political goals of the Grand Canal

Yangdi intended to facilitate control over the southern region by courts, bureaucracies, and armies centered in ancient imperial centers such as Chang'an and Luoyang in the north. Canal made it possible to transport revenue and food north. More than a million forced laborers had worked and died to create the canal which also featured imperial highways along the banks on both sides.

1562

Year - Britain begins its slave trade

1204

Year - Constantinople attacked as part of the Fourth Crusade. Initially set up to conquer the Holy Land from Muslims, actually turned against Byzantium. Venetian merchants briefly unseated the emperor and weakened the whole Byzantine structure.

1534

Year - First French explorations of Canada

1597

Year - Japan begins its isolation policy

1517 CE

Year - Martin Luther/95 theses

1258

Year - Mongols sack Baghdad, end of Abbasid caliphate

1514

Year - Portugese had reached the islands of Indonesia, the center of spice production, and China.

1542

Year - Portugese reach Japan

1126

Year - Song Dynasty flees to South China

1641

Year - The Dutch take Malacca from the Portuguese

1433

Year - end of Zheng He's voyages/Rise of Ottomans

610

Year Muhammad received first of many revelations, which his followers believe Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel.

960

Year Song dynasty was started

622

Year of the safe passage of Muhammad and a small band of followers from Mecca to Medina.

732 CE

Year: Battle of Tours

1018

Year: Reconquista of Spain

1348-1380

Years - Black Death

1096-1270

Years of the Crusades

800-814

Years: Charlemagne's empire

1150-1300 CE

Years: Gothic Archtecture spreads

Maximilien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.

Third Golden Age of the Silk Road

Yuan Dynasty allowed merchants to prosper and commerce boomed, partly because of MOngol efforts to improve transportation and expand the supply of paper money. This contrasted with Confucian thinkers long dismissed merchants as parasites.

Urban growth

Yuan continued the expansion of cities that had occurred during the Tang and Song dynasties. Mongols were attracted to urban life.

Patrons of the Arts

Yuan dynasty drew scholars, artists, artisans, and office-seekers from many lands to the Yuan court, especially from the Muslim kingdoms.

Haganah

Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s.

Seljuks

a Turkish group who migrated into the Abbasid Empire in the 10th century and established their own empire in the 11th century

Abassids

a family that took over the caliphate after the Ummayads. capital was baghdad.

Parlimentary Democracy

a form of goverment in which voters elect repersenatives to a law making body called parliment; almost all Western nations now had parlimenatary systems, usually democracies of some sort, in which religious and other freedoms were widely protected.

Indigenism

a literary, artistic, and political movement beginning in the late 1800s, but most characteristic of twentieth-century nationalism, that honored the indigenous heritage but focused on assimilating indigenous people into national life.

Junta

a military group ruling a country after seizing power; ruled the Spanish crown after a general insurrection in 1808. A crisis of legitimacy reverberated throughout the American colonies.

Gunpowder

a mixture of powders used in guns and explosives created in Classical China; First used for fireworks, by the late Song, explosive powder was widely used by the imperial armies in a variety of grenades and bombs that were hurled at the enemy by catapult.

Yurt

a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia such as Mongols, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles.

Analects

a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples; restored to prominence by the Ming Dynasty

Western Crusades

a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by Pope Urban II and the Catholic Church, with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem. Basically, people who weren't Christian were kicked out (muslims and Jews

Nation-State

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent. Unlike great empires, they ruled people who shared a common culture and language, some important minorities apart. They could appeal to certain loyalty that linked cultural and political bonds. They typically promoted merchantalism and kept Western Europe politically divided and often at war.

Niccolo Machiavelli

a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527). Author of "The Prince" in the 16th century; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance.

Bosporus

a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; along with Hellespont

Racial Hierarchy

a system of stratification that focuses on the belief that some racial groups are either superior or inferior to other racial groups; a creation of white europeans.

Proto-globalization

a term sometimes used to describe the increase of global contacts from the 16th century onward, particularly in trade, while also distinguishing the patterns from the more intense exchanges characteristic of outright globalization

Triangle Trade

a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa

Treaty ofTordesillas

agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.

smog

air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents. Grievance that helped spur the American Revolution.

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce. On November 11, 1918.

Cyrillic Alphabet

an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages

Tabriz

an ancient city in northwestern Iran; capital of Safavids; too far from Ottoman supply areas to be a threat to the Ottomans.

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

internal combustion engine

an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine; second industrial revolution

Pogroms

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Pogroms

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe. As a result, many Russian Jews emigrated. This was part of the repression against other minority nationalists to partly dampen unrest and gain support of the upper-class conservatives.

Black Hole of Calcutta

an underground prison for holding prisoners, many of whom died in captivity; the Bengal ruler attacked Fort William and imprisoned the local British population here; the British used this incident to rally their forces, recapture Calcutta, seize territory and gain control of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Goals of Neo-Confucianism

answer questions about spiritual legacy, combine 5 classics with new ideas into 4-canon of books, school "legacy of mind and heart", and combined confucian principles with metaphysical ideas;

Veneration of Mary

asking Mary to join her prayers to ours, to act as a "go between" to God for us

kin-related clan groups

basic social group of the Bedouins; groups in highly mobile tent encampments.

Pedro II

became emperor of Brazil at age 15 and helped Brazil develop into a strong country

Silver

began to replace paper money in China who began requiring tax payments in this currency.

First Industrial Revolution

beginning in Great Britain in the 1780s, which gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal

Queues

braided hair, the Manchurians forced the Chinese to shave their foreheads and braid their hair as a sign of submission

Aztec Tribute System

brought much-needed food and sacrificial victims into the empire.

Motives for Arab Conquest

built unity among arab warriors; provided a release for pent up energies; booty led to jihads (holy wars); glorify their new religion

Bastille Day

celebration in France to celebrate when people stormed the bastile and is recognized as the start of the french revolution. This triggered a general proclamation abolishing manorialism, giving peasants clear title to much land, and establishing equality under the law. The privileges of the Catholic church were also attacked and church property was seized. A strong parliament was set up to limit the king, and about 1/2 of the adult male population (those with land) could vote.

Novogorod

city spared by the Mongols since Prince was submissive

joint-stock trading companies

commercial expansion of the 16th and 17th centuries was made easier by new forms of commercial organization like this; individuals bought shares in companies and received dividends while board of directors ran company and made important decisions

Men-On-The-Spot

company directors, governors, high commissioners, consuls who found themselves in positions of control w/in colonies. Before the industiral revolution which produced the telegraph, there was very little control over those who actually ran their trading empires.

Seed Drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Causes of the Great Depression

credit buying, overproduction, less consumer spending, falling stocks

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Engineering feats of Song/Tang

dams and dikes and regulating the flow of water in complex irrigation systems; Grand Canal; Build bridges (arched and segmented to trussed and suspension, most of the basic bridge types known to humans were pioneered in China.)

Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours

defeated a large army of Spanish Moors and prevented Muslims from moving into Western Europe in 732

Civil Service Examination

discontinued by the Mongols, was reinstated and greatly expanded by the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Era and the Qing that followed, it played a greater role in determining entry into the Chinese bureaucracy than had been the case under any earlier dynasty.

Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)

dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico

Agricultural Improvements

drainage techniques in Netherlands; nitrogen-fixing crops to reduce the needs to leave land idle; strockbreeding improvements; seed-drilling; scythes instead of sickles for harvesting increased production; introduction of potato from the late 17th century onward.

William the Conqueror

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; extended feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs and centralized monarchy

Private enterprise

economic system that allows individuals to pursue their own interests without undue governmental restriction. A vital textile industry arose.

Muslim warriors

elite that was concentrated in garrison towns and separated from the local population; intended to isolate them from assimilating into the subjected cultures because intermarriage meant conversion and the loss of taxable subjects

Stirrups

enabled the warrior to ride and handle heavier weapons.

Sinification

extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions

jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy. Most European leaders of both the great powers and smaller states, such as those in the Balkans, were eager to vie for increased territories and obsessed with keeping their rivals from advancing at their own country's expense.

Siege of Vienna

failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

famous Muslim historian; teacher at Al-Azhar University; wrote the first world history from a Muslim perspective called Muqaddimah; historian that fraternized with Timur-i-Lang

Peter Aberlard

famous scholastic who used a method of systematic doubting in his writing and teaching

Monoculture

farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year. Egypt increased cotton production and the landed class grew wealthy but the great majority of the peasants went hungry. The expansion of cotton production at the expense of food production rendered Egypt dependent on a single export. They were vulnerable to sharp fluctuations in demand on the European markets to which most of it was exported.

Exports out of China

fine silk textiles, porcelain, paper

Abu Bakr

first caliph after death of Muhammad

Teotihuacan

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Mississippi Mound Builders

first people to live in Tennessee who get their name from the hills of earth they built and left behind

Babur the Tiger

founded the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur, and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother.

Babur

founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warrior (Timer) and one side of the Mongol khans; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. Nicknamed "the Tiger"; great warrior; patron of the arts

Welfare

government aid to the poor; Governments began or supplementing traditional groups such as churches and families. Otto von Bismark was a pioneer in this area in the 1880s as he tried to wean German workers from their attraction to socialism. German social insurance began to provide assistance in cases of accidents, illness, and old age.

Kubilai Khan

grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271

Islamic Art and Learning

great mosques and palaces; philosophy (recovered works of Plato); mathematics and science (recovered works of algebra, medicine, geometry, astronomy, anatomy, and ethics were saved from Greeks) and copied in Arabic and dispersed throughout the empire

The decline of the Umayyad dynasty was due to

growing unrest among non-Arab Muslims (converts) who demanded access to political power and equal political treatment; resentment of lavish lives and harems enjoyed by Umayyad leaders; mawali were critical as not being recognized as fully Muslim.

Abassid commercial goods and products

handicraft production; furniture, carpets, glassware, jewelry, tapestries.

poligamy

having multiple spouses; Men were allowed to marry up to four wives under Umayyad rule; but forbade it if the man could not afford to care for his spouses equally. Women could not have multiple husbands

Women in pre-Islamic Arabia

higher status than women in other empires at the time (Byzantine and Sasanian); men were often in caravan trade, so women took on economic roles in the towns, some even managing trade activities in the towns; not secluded or veiled; commonly had "sister wives" due to polygamy; advice highly valued in clan and tribal councils

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people; Jeremy Bentham and James Mill. These thinkers were convinced that British society was far more advanced than Indian society and promoted the introduction of new ways of thinking in India, as well as the eradication of whey they considered Indian superstitions and social abuses such as sati.

Ayllus

in Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler

Clovis

king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy

Xi Xia Empire

kingdom of the Tangut people that was north of Song kingdom in mid-11th century that collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders. Encouraged western investment in railways and factories in the areas they governed, and they modernized their armies. Combined with the breakdown of Taiping leadership and the declining appeal of a movement that could not deliver on tis promises, the genry's efforts brought about a very blood suppression of the Taiping Rebellion.

V.I. Lenin

led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia

Topiltzin

most influential Toltec leader; dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl

Count Camillo di Cavour

named prime minister in 1852 by King Victor Emmanuel, he led the northern troops to victory and unification of Italy in 1861

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. Collapsed after the invasion of the Mongols in 1243, which opened the way for the Ottomans to seize power.

Mawali

non-Arab converts to Islam, still had to pay taxes of non Muslims, not fully accepted into the umma; no share of the booty and found it nearly impossible to get positions in army or bureaucracy

Spheres of Influence in China

one country would have special authority or presence and another country would have a different area of authority. China became divided by European powers. The different European countries supported each other through the spheres of influence because of economic advantage. The British, French, Germans, Russians had won long-term leases of several Chinese ports and the surrounding areas.

Ministry of Industry

one of the most powerful agencies of Japan; at its peak, it essentially ran much of Japanese industrial policy, funding research and directing investment. 1870. By 1880, model shipywards, arsenals, factories provided experience in new technology and disciplined work systems for many Japanese.

Trade Union

organization of workers with the same trade or skill; developed as a response to the rise of corporations during the second industrial revolution

Cossacks

peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. Helped to prompte migration to newly sized lands, particularly in the south.

Friars

people who belonged to religious orders but lived and worked among the general public. They converted Filipino leaders who then directed their followers to build new settlements that were centered like Iberia and the New World. Most Filipinos were converted to Catholicism like those in Latin America.

colonial administration

placed in colonies and meant for three goals: colony has to pay for its own administration, must be self sufficient, preserves domestic peace and promote economic growth that would generate income for Africans and European investors

Damascus, Syria

political center of Islam under the Umayyad

Balkan Powder Keg

refers to the Balkans in the early part of the 20th century preceding World War I.

Mongol Women

refused to adopt footbinding; they retained property rights and moved freely about town; they rode along side men on the hunting parties or on their own;

Batu

ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.

Sepoy Rebellion (1857)

rumor spread that stated the cartridges of guns were greased with cow fat (offended Hindus) and pig fat (offended Muslims), troops than refused to use the guns, British arrested them an a rebellion began

Monsoon winds

seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain

Viceroys

senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representatives of the king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties; usually high ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or governmental experiences. The Portuguese also used viceroys who resided in Goa for their possessions in the Indian Ocean, and then after the mid-17th century for their colony in Brazil.

Hawaii

settler colony of the United States when it proclaimed annexation in 1898.

Unification of Germany

started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France

State involvement in expanding Agrarian production

state officials encouraged peasant groups to migrate to uncultivated areas; supported military garrisons to protect new settlement; state-regulated irrigation and embankment systems advanced agrarian expansion.

barbed wire

strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage

European North: Russia/Poland/Germany/France

struggled to rival sophistication of outsiders; new trading activities brought north in contact with the major centers of world commerce such as Constantinople.

microscope and telescope

technology that allowed gains in biology and astronomy

Indians

term for what most Americans referred Native Americans to as

Proto-globalization

term used to describe the increase of global contacts from the sixteenth century onward, particularly in trade, while also distinguishing early modern developments from the more intense exchanges characteristic of outright globalization.

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad; practiced by the Safavids

class struggle

the conflict of interests between the workers and the ruling class in a capitalist society, regarded as inevitably violent.

Alexander I

the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Merchantalism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism. Used by absolute monarchs who held that governments should promote the internal economy to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations, lest money be lost to enemy states. Tariffs were imposed on imported goods, tried to encourage their merchant fleets, and sought colonies to provide raw materials and a guaranteed market for manufacturered goods produced at home.

Ali

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

Batu Khan

the grandson of Genghis Khan who took over the armies of the North and conquered Russia in 1240 AD; Ran the Golden Horde

Slavs

the group of people in southeastern Europe who were the same ethnic group as the Russians

Latin

the language of the Romans; the official language of the Roman Catholic Church into the 20th century

Low Countries

the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands

Suffragist Movement

the movement to get women the right to vote

New World

the name given by Europeans to the Americas, which were unknown to most Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus

Empress Wu

the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.

February Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

Celebacy

the state of being unmarried in order to dedicate their whole lives to Christ and his people; Roman Catholic practice

Theodora

the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

907

the year that Chinese rebels sacked and burned the Tang capitol and murdered the last heir

1054

the year the Catholic church officially split

Religious Dissenters

those who followed a religious faith other than the official religion of England; Quakers and Calvinists (Protestant Churches)

Saladin the Great

united Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in 1187

Slaves

unskilled labor - assigned to prominent families as domestic servants or served the caliphs and their advisers; possible to rise out of slavery; but endured dangerous and brutal living conditions including the drudge laborers devoted to draining marshlands and salt mine workers in Iraq (most of which came from East Africa non-muslims).

Curved Roof with raised eaves

upturned corners that one associates with Chinese culture, dates from the Tang period. Imperial decree, this architectural technique were reserved for people of high rank - the scholar-gentry families. Intricately carved and painted roof timbers topped with glazed tiles of yellow or green, the great dwellings of the gentry left no doubt about the status of those that lived in them.

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule which began in 1603. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Flying Shuttle

was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand;

Ilkanate (Khanate of Persia)

was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the ruler of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

Features of Chinese Junk ship technology

water-tight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, oars, sails, compasses, bamboo fenders, gunpowder-propelled rockets

Nur Jahan

wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign.

1607

year - Foundation of Jamestown

1509

year - first spanish colonies on the Latin American mainland

1004

year the Song were forced by military defeats at the hands of the Khitans to sign a series of humiliating treaties with their smaller but more militarily adept northern neighbors. Heavy tribute would be paid to Liao dynasty to keep it from raiding/conquering the Song.

commercial expansion of the Song

• Commerce expanded in cities and trading towns • Money made of copper coins • Deposit shops- a place to leave money (credit was invented) • Flying money- first dollar bills