AP WORLD UNIT 4

In which of the following regions between 1450 and 1750 was Christian missionary activity met with the LEAST amount of resistance by non-European states? A. The Americas B. The Middle East C. The Indian subcontinent D. Central Asia

A. The Americas

Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? A. The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires B. The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death C. The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange D. The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world

B. The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death

The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following? A. The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century B. The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century C. The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries D. The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century

B. The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century

The agriculture and labor systems that the Portuguese developed on the Atlantic island of Madeira in the 1450s were implemented in which of the following places a century later? A. Nova Scotia for cod fishing B. Falkland Islands for sheep herding C. Hawaii for pineapple cultivation D. Brazil for sugar production

D. Brazil for sugar production

What similar view of Doña Marina is portrayed in both images? A. She is portrayed as a heroine. B. She is portrayed as a victim. C. She is portrayed as a collaborator with the Aztec elite. D. She is portrayed as an essential part of the negotiations.

D. She is portrayed as an essential part of the negotiations.

Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table? A. Large-scale migration from the Pacific Islands to the Americas for plantation labor B. Conflict between Pacific Island states C. The spread of epidemic diseases as a result of contact with Westerners D. The expansion of the Japanese empire in the Pacific

D. The expansion of the Japanese empire in the Pacific

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A. Diseases caused pandemics. B. Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C. The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D. European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.

A. Diseases caused pandemics.

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. B. Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. C. African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. D. African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.

A. Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s? A. It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. B. It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. C. It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. D. It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.

A. It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy.

Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker's depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ? A. Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills B. China's naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin C. The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region's commercial isolation D. The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands

A. Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills

The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750 ? A. Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs. B. Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule. C. Religious conversion by state rulers was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations. D. The territorial expansion of Asian land-based empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.

A. Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs.

Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A. Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa B. The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia C. The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas D. European imports of sugar and tobacco

A. Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? A. The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians B. The desire to spread democracy C. The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies D. The need for industrial resources

A. The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians

The object shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments between 1450 and 1750 ? A. The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan B. The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule C. The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia D. The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes

A. The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan

Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ? A. The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations B. The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China C. A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China D. A great expansion in slave labor in India and China E. A major disruption of the economies of India and China

A. The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations

The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? A. Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B. European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. C. Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants. D. European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.

A. Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.

Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of A. appointed administrators B. independent merchants C. written constitutions D. chartered companies E. elected presidents

A. appointed administrators

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by A. increased production of cash crops like sugar B. growth of silver mining in New Spain C. industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D. African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods

A. increased production of cash crops like sugar

Between 1500 and 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean because A. large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper B. the major European states were competing with each other for imperial hegemony C. these colonies had strategic military importance D. these areas had small populations and were thus easy to control E. many Europeans were interested in getting away from Europe's wintry climate

A. large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was A. the demand for weapons among African elites B. bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners C. the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network D. the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas

A. the demand for weapons among African elites

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A. the introduction of new crops from the Americas B. the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C. the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D. unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires

A. the introduction of new crops from the Americas

Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.? A. Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes. B. Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. C. Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes. D. Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.

B. Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods.

Which of the following most clearly differentiates the sixteenth century from the previous period in world history? A. Establishment of nation-states in the Americas B. Extension of sugar production to the Americas C. Use of steamships D. Interest in Asian spice trade E. Existence of slave trade

B. Extension of sugar production to the Americas

Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China? A. A sharp decline in average global temperatures B. Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops C. Innovation in birth control measures D. Improvement in surgical procedures

B. Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops

Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China? A. A sharp decline in average global temperatures B. Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops C. The rise of parliamentary governments D. Innovation in birth control measures E. Improvement in surgical procedures

B. Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops

The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century? A. Chinese goods were becoming less desirable than Dutch goods.. B. Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals. C. Imports from China and Europe discouraged local production in Japan. D. Chinese and Dutch imports accounted for only a small fraction of all imports to Japan. E. Japan's ruling samurai elite became wealthy and powerful due to their control over local markets and merchants.

B. Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals.

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that A. salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth B. Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces C. because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation D. Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him

B. Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces

The map above illustrates which of the following? A. The most frequent destinations for African emigrants of the twentieth century B. Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries C. Proportional flows of African agricultural commodities during the nineteenth century D. Winds and water currents that affected trans-Atlantic and trans-Saharan trade

B. Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries

Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history? A. Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development. B. Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres. C. The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases. D. The Columbian Exchange was accompanied by the spread of missionary religions.

B. Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres.

Which of the following most directly facilitated the conquest alluded to in the passage? A. Spanish control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade B. Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity C. The completion of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula D. The establishment of a cash-crop plantation economy on some of the islands in the in the Atlantic Ocean

B. Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity

Which of the following would complicate generalizations made from this world economy theory? A. France's absolute monarchy and military conquests B. Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa C. The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia D. The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas E. European import of sugar and tobacco

B. Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"? A. The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya. B. The Spanish conquered all Maya towns. C. Maya people became poor. D. The Spanish assassinated the king's eldest son.

B. The Spanish conquered all Maya towns.

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A. The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He B. The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans C. The spread of epidemic diseases D. The growth of the African slave trade

B. The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following? A. The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks B. The beginning of the process of industrialization C. The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies D. The rapid growth of China's population under the Song and Ming dynasties

B. The beginning of the process of industrialization

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange? A. The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas B. The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas C. Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas D. European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia

B. The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas

A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? A. The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research B. The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean C. The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city-states D. The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China

B. The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B. They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. C. They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. D. They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.

B. They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

Which of the following was a major environmental effect of the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. Global warming, caused by the burning of large areas of forest B. Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients C. Depletion of groundwater supplies caused by excessive irrigation in agricultural areas D. Increases in the populations of major indigenous animal species

B. Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients

Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? A. The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs were. B. Spanish tolerance of Aztec religion and culture weakened Aztec resistance. C. The Spanish were able to exploit the poverty in the Aztec Empire which caused a revolt of Aztec farmers against the Aztec ruling class. D. The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. E. The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.

C. The Spanish were able to exploit the poverty in the Aztec Empire which caused a revolt of Aztec farmers against the Aztec ruling class.

The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? A. The establishment of plantation economies B. The spread of printing-press technology C. The development of trading-post empires D. The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire

C. The development of trading-post empires

Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? A. The need for labor in new mining centers B. The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire C. The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations D. The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites

C. The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations

Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe. B. They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. C. They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries. D. They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.

C. They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries.

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? A. To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice B. To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states C. To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year D. To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society

C. To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year

The economies of the southern colonies of colonial British America developed most like colonial economies in A. Canada B. the Dutch East Indies C. the Caribbean and Brazil D. Ireland and Scotland E. Massachusetts and New York

C. the Caribbean and Brazil

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT A. the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast B. destabilization of local African societies C. the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market D. increased violence through widespread use of firearms

C. the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750? A. European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B. Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere C. European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere D. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

D. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? A. Grains such as wheat and barley B. Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges C. Animal products such as wool and beef D. Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

D. Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation? A. Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China. B. European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of military force. C. Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region. D. European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

D. European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the geographic expansion of Safavid trade during the period from 1450 to 1750, as indicated in the passage? A. Sufi efforts to spread Islam along trade routes to the east B. Safavid support for the conquest of India by the early Mughal emperors C. The expansion of trade in gunpowder weapons in the Indian Ocean and Africa D. Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia

D. Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia

Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America. Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes? A. Terraces and cacao B. Encomiendas and corn C. Horses and potatoes D. Slave labor and sugar

D. Slave labor and sugar

Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? A. The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs. B. The Spanish were able to use their understanding of Aztec culture to create effective propaganda that weakened Aztec resistance. C. The Spanish were able to exploit discontent within the Aztec state to trigger revolt of the lower classes against the Aztec ruling class. D. The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. E. The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.

D. The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs.

All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT: A. The Maya king died in the epidemic. B. Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide. C. The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests. D. The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

D. The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart? A.The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia B. The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire C. The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor D. The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

D. The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? A. The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. B. The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. C. The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. D. The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

D. The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT A. the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas B. soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean C. American foods becoming staple crops in Africa D. air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

D. air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

All of the following factors contributed to significant growth in worldwide population from 1750 through 1900 EXCEPT A. decline of epidemic disease B. introduction of Western Hemisphere food crops to new areas C. expansion of land under cultivation D. new grain crops developed in the Green Revolution

D. new grain crops developed in the Green Revolution

During the period 1600—1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that A. promoted trade and expansion B. encouraged emigration and colonization C. opened their countries to European merchants D. regulated interactions with foreigners E. led to wars involving all of East Asia

D. regulated interactions with foreigners

The main arguments of the two sources are most similar in their emphasis on the A. importance of European-manufactured exports to Asia B. different economic relationships that specific European states had with Asia C. exceptional qualities of European states that enabled them to dominate the global economy D. significance of European access to precious metals from the Americas

D. significance of European access to precious metals from the Americas

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the Columbian Exchange? A. European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B. African livestock to the Western Hemisphere; European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere food to Europe C. Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the New World D. European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere E. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

E. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B. Lack of European interest in African goods C. A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa D. Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa E. Fear of dying from tropical diseases

A. Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? A. Dominican friars knew the Maya language. B. The Maya were converted to Christianity. C. The Maya nobility lost its social status. D. Maya people before the conquest were illiterate.

B. The Maya were converted to Christianity.

Which of the following would illustrate an objection to this world economic theory? A. African imports of European guns B. The use of serfs to produce grain for export in Poland C. The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America D. Import of European art works by planters in the United States south E. The plantation system in the Caribbean

C. The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America

Between 1450 and 1750, which of the following were produced on large plantations by slave labor for the world market? A. Wheat and barley B. Corn and beans C. Bananas and oranges D. Wool and beef E. Sugar and tobacco

E. Sugar and tobacco

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention? A. The compass B. Silk weaving C. Steam power D. The stirrup

A. The compass

The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following? A. The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor B. The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence C. The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery D. The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé

A. The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor

The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions? A. Africa B. The Caribbean C. Russia D. South America

A. Africa

A historian researching the effects of epidemic disease on the population levels of seventeenth century colonial Peru would probably find which of the following sources most useful? A. Church records of baptisms and funerals B. Accounts by Spanish doctors of cases of miraculous healings C. Transcripts of court cases involving inheritances D. Petitions from Amerindian groups to the colonial government requesting tax relief

A. Church records of baptisms and funerals

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s? A. The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe B. The establishment of regular trade contacts between Europe and the Americas C. The decline of Venetian control of the trade in Asian luxury goods D. The establishment of direct overseas trade links between India and Europe

A. The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period? A. The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. B. The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies.. C. By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America. D. By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America.

A. The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers.

Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period? A. Easing of tensions among European states B. Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans C. Europeans' increased interest in foreign languages and cultures D. Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia

B. Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans

Which of the following best illustrates the argument described in the passage above? A. Spanish and Portuguese plantation owners imported large numbers of African slaves to work their fields. B. Amerindians were killed in large numbers by diseases such as smallpox and measles. C. Some Amerindian societies prior to European contact had high population densities and large urban centers of comparable scale to those in Europe. D. The Spanish system of forced labor in mines such as those in Potosí resulted in thousands of deaths among the Amerindian population.

B. Amerindians were killed in large numbers by diseases such as smallpox and measles.

Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A. Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B. Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C. The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D. By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.

B. Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that A. in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity B. in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states C. in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity D. in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity

B. in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states

The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located A. on the eastern coast of Africa B. on the western coast of Africa C. on the Pacific coast of Central America D. on the Pacific coast of South America E. in the Pacific Islands

B. on the western coast of Africa

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of A. cotton B. sugar C. tobacco D. rice E. coffee

B. sugar

The two interpretations of economic history of the early modern period differ most strongly concerning A. the motivations for European colonization of the Americas B. the relative importance of Europe in the global economy C. the significance of economic developments in Europe prior to 1500 D. the justification for European claims of economic superiority

B. the relative importance of Europe in the global economy

Under the Japanese system of feudalism after 1600, the emperor served as the symbol of authority while real power was held by A. the crown prince B. the shogun C. the samurai class D. powerful merchants E. Shinto priests

B. the shogun

Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ? A. Widespread religious tolerance and diversity B. Encouragement of the development of industrial manufacturing in their territories C. Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians D. Settlement of millions of Europeans in each of their colonial territories

C. Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians

The expansion of trade routes along the coast of Africa as shown on Map 2 was most directly facilitated by which of the following? A. Expanding Chinese influence as a result of maritime voyages under the Ming dynasty B. Changes in fishing practices in the Indian Ocean C. Improved ship designs and navigational technologies D. Commercial decline in Europe as a result of the global cooling of climate known as the Little Ice Age

C. Improved ship designs and navigational technologies

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A. Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B. Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C. Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D. Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

C. Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following? A. Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China. B. Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China. C. Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China. D. Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.

C. Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.

Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ? A. Western Europeans' discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates B. The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean C. Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration D. Qing China's resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

C. Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration

Sun Yuting's analysis of the factors that contributed to the relative economic strength of China and Great Britain best illustrates which of the following continuities from the period 1450-1750 ? A. The expansion of empires led to the collapse of existing trade networks. B. The transfer of European navigational technology expanded global trade significantly. C. The global circulation of goods was fueled by European merchants' access to Asian markets. D. The establishment of state monopolies in certain industries led to higher prices for luxury items.

C. The global circulation of goods was fueled by European merchants' access to Asian markets.

In the period after circa 1450, trade along the routes shown on the map declined in large part because of the A. decrease in the demand for African manufactured goods in Europe B. collapse of European economies in the wake of the bubonic plague C. disruption caused by the adoption of new gunpowder weapons D. increase of maritime trade along the African coast

D. increase of maritime trade along the African coast

In the period 1550-1750, most of the world's ten largest cities were located in which of the following regions? A. The Middle East B. Western Europe C. North Africa and southern Europe D. South Asia E. East Asia

E. East Asia