ap1 Chapter 9

articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, nerves, blood vessels

7 basic features that all synovial joints have in common.

fibrous

A ___ joint has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue. holds together the ends of bones and bone parts. examples is sutures, teeth and intersseous membrane

synovial

A ____ joint has a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones. The articulating surfaces are enclosed within a connective tissue capsule, and the bones are attached to each other by various ligaments. ends of bones covered with articular cartilage; joint cavity separates the articulating bones; joint enclosed by an articular capsule, lined by a synovial membrane, contains synovial fluid. Example is the knee and shoulder joint. ribs # 2 to 7 attachment to sternum.

periodontal membranes

A tooth is held firmly in place by _______

articular cartilage

All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial join are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called _____. This cartilage has numerous functions; It reduces friction in the joint during movement, acts as a spongy cushion to absorb compression placed on the joint, and prevents damage to the articulating ends of the bones. It lacks a perichondrium. Mature cartilage is avascular so it does not have blood vessels to provide nutrients to and remove waste products .

tendon sheath

An elongated bursa called a ___ wrapes around tendons where there may be excessive friction. These are especially common in the confined spaces of the wrist and ankle.

iliofemral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral

The articular capsule of the hip is reinforced by three spiraling ligaments known as the .

glenoid labrum

The fibrocartilaginous _____ encircles and covers the surface of the glenoid cavity. a relatively loose articular capsule attaches to the surgical neck of the humerus.

retinacular fibers

The ligamentous fibers of the hips articular capsule reflects around the neck of the femur. They provide additional stability to the capsule. Traveling through these fibers are retinacular arteris which supply almost all of the blood to the head and neck of the femur.

effort arm

The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort is called the

exercise

The repetitious compression and expansion that occurs during ___ is viatal to maintaining healty articular cartilage because this action enhances its nutrition and waste removal.

inverse

The structure of each joint determines both its mobility and its stability. There is an ___ relationship between mobility and stability in articulations.

articular disc

The temporomandibular joint has several unique anatomic features. A loose articular capsule surrounds the jint and promotes an extensive range of motion. It contains an ____ that is a tick pad of fibrocartilage separating the articulating chambers. As a result, the temporomandibular joint is really two synovial joints. one between the temporal bone and the articular disc, and a second between the articular disc and the mandible.

lubricate the articualar cartialge on the surface, nourish the articular cartilages' chondrocytes, act as a shock absorber

The three functions of synovial fluid

angular motion

__ either icnreases or decreases the angle between two bones. These movemnts may occur at amany of the synovial joints. includes the following flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abjudction, adduction and circumduciton.

cartilaginous

___ joint has no joint cavity and occurs where bones are jointed by cartilage. pad of cartilage that is wedged between the ends of bones. Example is intervertebral joints.

joint

___ or articulation, is the place of contact between bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bones and teeth

temporomandibular ligament

___ or lateral ligament of the tmj, is composed of two short bands that extend infeiorly and posteriorly from the articular tubercle to the mandible.

acetabular labrum

a fibrocartilaginous _____ further deepends this socket of ths hip joint. The hip joint's more extensive bony architecture is therefore much stronger and more stable than that of the glenohumeral joint. Conversly, the hip joint's increased stability means that it is less mobile than the glenohumeral joint. The hip joint must be more stable because it supports the body weight.

multiaxial

a joint is ___ if the bone moves in multiple planes or axes.

biaxial

a joint is ___ if the bone moves in two planes or axes.

uniaxail

a joint is said to be ___ if the bone moves i just one plane or axis.

sensory nerves, blood vessels

all synovial joints have numerous ___ and ___ that innvervate and supply the articular capsule and associated ligaments.

biomechanics

anatomists often compare the movement ot the mechanics of a lever; this practice of applying mechanical principles to biology is known as

condylar joints

are biaxial joints with an oval, convex surface on one bone that articulates with a concave articular surface on the second bone of the joint. Biaxial joints can move in two axes, such as back and forth and side to side. examples are the knuckles (metacarpophalangeal (mp)

ligaments

are composed of dense regular connective tissue, and they connect one bone to another. They function to stabilize, strengthen, and reinforce most synovial joints.

sutures

are immobile fibrous joints that are found between certain bones of the skull. They have distinct, interlocking, usually irregular edges that both increase their strength and decrease the number of fractures at these articulations.

tendons

are like ligaments are are composed of dense regular connective tissue but they are not part of the synovial joint itself. They bind muscle to bone. They also help stabilize joints becasue they pass across or around a joint to provide mechanical support, and sometimes they limit the range or amount of movement permitted at a joint.

fat pads

are often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint. They act as packing material and provide some protection for the joint.

extrinsic ligaments

are outisde of, and physically separate from the joint capsule.

tibiofibular ligaments anterior, posterior

are the two ligaments that bind the tibia to the fibula

glenohumeral ligaments

are three thickenings of the anterior portion of the articular capsule. These ligaments are often indistinct or absent and provide only minimal support.

hip joint

as known as the coxal joint, is the articulation between the head of the femur and the relatively deep, concave acetabulum of the os coxae.

lateral ligament

binds the fibular to the foot on the lateral side. prevents overinversion of the foot. inversion twisting the sole medially.

pivot joint

bone with a rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone. A uniaxial joint. The first bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the second bone. an example is the proximal rasioulnar joint., atlantoaxial joint between the first 2 cervical vertebrae.

articulate

bones are said to ___ with each other at a joint.

hinge joint

convex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another bone. Movement is confined to a single axis, like the movement of a door, or elbow joint, knee, finger.

medial meniscus, lateral meniscus

deep to the articular capsule and within the knee joint itself are a pair of C-shaped fibrocartilage pads positioned on the condyles of the tibia. They partially stablize the joint medially and laterally, act as cushions between articular surfaces, and continuously change shape to conform to the articulating surfaces as the femur moves. They are called the ____ and ____.

suture

dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones

syndesmosis

dense regular connective tissue fibers (interosseous membrane) between bones. joined together by long strands of dense regular connective tissue only. found between the tibia and fibular and allow for slight mobility

articular capsule

each synovial joint is composed of a double layered capsule called the

symphysis

fibrocartilage pad between bones.The fibrocartilage resists both compression and tension stresses and acts as a resilient shock absorober. These are amphiarthroses and allow slight mobility. example is pubic symphysis.

plane joint

flattened or slightly curved faces slide across one another. It is the simplest synovial articulation and the least mobile type. Usually only allows only limited side to side movements in a single plane and because there is no rotational or angular movement in this joint. Gliding. The articular surfaces of the bones are flat or planar. Examples include the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

synchondrosis

hyaline cartilage between bones, considered immobile. Example are the epiphyseal plates in children. Also formed by costal cartilage between the rib and the first joint to the sternum known as the costochondral joint.

bursa

is a fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined internally by a synovial membrane. Many synovial joints usually have these. They also may be connected to the joint cavity or completely separate from it. They are designed to alleviate the friction resulting from the various body movements, such as where a tendon or ligament rubs against bone.

diarthrosis

is a freely mobile joint.

talocrural joint

is a highly modified hinge joint that permits both dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. It includes two articulations within one join capsule.

elbow joint

is a hinge joint composed of two articulations (1) the humeroulnar joint where the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus and (2) the humeroradial joint, where the capitulum of the humerus artculates with the head of the radius.

plantar flexion

is a movement of the foot at the talocurural joint . standing on your toes.

rotation

is a pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis. two types lateral and medial

acromioclavicular joint

is a plane joint between the acromion and the lateral end of the clavicle. A fibrocartilaginous articular disc lies between the joint cavity between these bones. this joint works with both the sternoclavicular joint and the glenohumeral joint to give the upper limb a full range of movement.

sternoclavicular joint

is a saddle joint formed by the articulation between the manubrum of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle. It also has an articular disc that paarticions it into 2 parts.

circumduction

is a sequence of moements in which the proximal end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the distal ends makes ciruculat motion. ie. swining your lower leg or lower arm in a circle.

gliding

is a single movement in which two opposing surfaces slide slightly back and forth or side to side with respect to one another. example, carpals or tarsals.

amphiarthrosis

is a slightly mobile joint. One type of fibrous joint and one type of cartilaginous joint are classified as this.

ligament of the head of the femur

is a tiny ligament in the hip, that originates along the acetabulum. its attachment is the fovea of the head of the femur. This ligament does not provide strength to the joint; rather, it typically contains a small artery that supplied the head of the femur.

protraction

is an anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position, as when jutting your jaw anteriorly at the temporomandibular joint.

lever

is an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point

synarthrosis

is an immobile joint. Two types of fibrous joints and one type of cartilaginous joint are classified as this.

glenohumeral joint

is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint. It is a ball and socket joint formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. it permits the greates range of motion of the join in the body, and so it is also both the most unstable joint in the body and the one most frequently dislocated.

flexion

is movement in an anterior posterior plane of the body that decreases the angle between the bones. ie bicep curls

adduction

is moving toward he middle. bringing your leg back to the middle position.

sphenomandibular ligament

is one of the ligaments that support the tmj. I is a thin band that extends anteriorly and inferiorly from the sphenoid to medial surface of the mandibular ramus.

saddle joint

is so named because the articular surfaces of the bones have convex and concave regions that resemble the shape of a saddle. This biaxial joint allows a greater range of movement than either a condylar or hinge joint. the joint of the thumb is an example. This joint permits the thumb to move toward the other fingers so that we can grasp objects.

temporomandibular joint (tmj)

is the articulation formed at the point where the head of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone; specifically, articular tubercle anteriorly and the mandibular fossa posteriorly. This small, complex articulation is the only mobile joint between the bones in the skull. this joint functions like a hinge during depression and elevations, it glides for biting forward, back, and sideways.

depression

is the inferior mvoement of a part of the body. ie bringing the shoulders down

knee joint

is the larges and most complex diarthrosis of the body. It is primarly a hinge joint, but when it is flexed, it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding.

coracoclavicular

is the ligament that supports the acromioclavicular joint that binds to the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula. If this ligament is torn the acromion and clavicle no longer align properly (known as shoulder separation).

deltoid ligament

is the medial ligament that binds the tibia to the foot; prevents overeversion of the foot. eversion tunring the sole laterally

pronation

is the medial rotation of the forarm so the palm of the hand so thumb is closer to body and palms face back

fulcrum

is the name of the fixed point that the level moves around. Example in a seesaw

extension

is the opposite of extension, it is the movement in an anterior-posterior plane that increase the angle between the articulating bones. ie stretching

retraction

is the posterirly directed movement of a body from anatomic position.

elevation

is the supeior movement of a body. brining the shoulders up

hyperextension

is when a joint is extended more than 180 degrees.

subination

is when palms face forward and thumb is further away from body.

connective tissue

joints are categorized structurally on the basis of the type of ___ that binds the articulating surfaces of the bones and whether a space occurs between the articulating bones.

structural,functional

joints are classified by both ___ and ___

anular ligament

ligament of the elbow joint surrounds the neck of the radius and binds the proximal head of the radius to the ulna. This ligament helps hold the head of the radius in place.

rotator cuff

ligaments of the glenohumeral joint strengthen the joint only minimally. Most of the joint's strength is due to the ____ muscles, surround it. These muscles work in a group to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity. The tendons of these muscles encircle the joint and fuse with the articular capsule.

synovial fluid.

lining the joint cavity is the synovial membrane which secretes ____. This is viscous oily sbustance located within a synovial joint, it is both the secretions produced from the synovial membrance cells and filtrate formed from blood plasma.

abduction

means to move away and it is a lateral mvoemnt , away from the body midline. moving your leg lateral.

effort, resistance

movement occurs when an ___ applied to one point on the level exceeds a ___ located at some other point.

dorsiflexion

occurs when the joint is bent such that the dorsum of the foot and toes moves toward the leg. ex dig in your heels and toes can't touch floor.

lateral flexion

occurs when the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane laterally away from the body. example side stretch

ball and socket

one type of multiaxial joint

joint cavity

only synovial joints house a ____ which is a space that permits separation of the articulating bones. The articualr cartilage and synovial fluid within this together reduce friction as bones move at a synovial joint.

gomphosis

peridontal membranes hold tooth to bony jaw, "peg in socket"

intrinsic ligaments

represent thickenings of the articular capsule itself. These include extracapsular ligaments outside the joint capsule and intracapsular ligaments within the joint capsule.

ball and socket joint

round head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depression in another bone. Are multiaxial joints in which the spherical articulating head of one bone fits into the rounded, cuplike socked of a second bone. Examples are shoulder joints, and hip joints. This joint is considered the most freely mobile type of synovial joint.

anterior cruciate ligament acl

the cruciate ligament known as acl extends from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia. prevents hyperextension. movement past hit from front

posterior cruciate ligament pcl

the cruciate ligament known as pcl runs from the anteroinferior femur to the posterior side of the tibia. prevents hyperflexion. extension past hit from back

radial collateral ligament

the elbow joint (lateral) ligament that is responsible for stabilizing the joint at its lateral surface, it extends around the head of the radius between the anular ligament and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

ulnar collateral ligament

the elbow joint (medial) ligament that stabilizes the medial side of the joint and extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus both to the coronoid process of the ulna and to the olecranon.

first class lever

the fulcrum is in the middle between the effort and the resistance. example sissors, see saw, moving neck side to side

coracoacromial

the glenohumeral joint has a ligament that extends across the space between the coracoid process and the acromion.

coracohumeral

the glenohumeral joint has a ligament that is a thickening of the superiod part of the joint capsule. It extends from the coracoid process to the humeral head.

synovial membrane

the inner layer of the synovial joint is called the ______. It is composed of areolar connective tissue; it covers all the internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage and line the articular capsule, and helps produce synovial fluid.

cruciate ligaments

the knee also has ____ ligaments that are deep to the articular capsule of the knee joint. They limit the anterior and posterior movement of the femur on the tibia. They cross each other in the form of an x.

patellofemoral jint

the knee is composed of two separate articulation, this one is between the patella and the patellar suface of the femur.

tibiofemroal joint

the knee is composed of two separate articulations, this one is between the condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia.

fibular collateral ligament

the lateral ligament of the knee, prevents hyperadduction of the leg at the knee

resistance arm

the lever part from the fulcrum to the point of resistance is the

acromioclaviuclar

the ligament that provide stability to the acromioclavicular joint. that is fibrous capsule

tibial collateral ligament

the medial ligament of the knee, prefents hyper abduction of the leg at the knee.

fibrous layer

the outer layer of a synovial joint is called the _____. It is formed from dense connective tissue. It strengthens the joint to prevent the bone from being pulled apart.

second class lever

the resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied effort. Example is a wheel barrow., contraction of a calf muscle,

arthrology

the scientific study of joints is called

interosseous membrane

the shafts of the two articulating bones are bonund by broad ligamentous sheet called ____. It also provides a pivot.

inversion

the sole of the foot turn medialy

eversion

the sole of the foot turns to face laterally

uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

three type of movement categories under synovial are

gomphosis, suture, syndesmosis

three types of firous joints are

plane, hinge, pivot

three types of uniaxial joints

reposition

thumb moves away from fingers.

oppostion

thumb moves toward fingers

condylar, saddle

two types of biaxial joints

synchondrosis, symphysis

two types of cartilaginous joints are

synostoses

when the bones have completely fused across the suture line, these obliterated sutures become _____

third class lever

when the effort is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum, as when picking up a small object with a pair of forceps. these are the most common levers in the body. Example elbow, temporomandibular joint.