apes

Directions: select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the data table below that shows the annual anchovy catch and average sea surface temperature off the coast of Peru from 1995 through 2001. YEAR ANCHOVY CATCH SEA SURFACE TEMP 1995 8.6 18.9 1996 8.9 15.5 1997 7.7 15.6 1998 1.7 26.2 1999 8.7 15.4 2000 11.2 15.5 2001 7.2 16.9 the low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of

reduced ocean upwelling along the coast

Students sampled several different gardens near their school and measured the percentage of silt, sand, clay, and humus content present in each sample. Their results are shown in the table below. (table representing different samples of soil and the percentage of sand, silt, clay, and humus in each sample) Based on the data in the table above, which of the following samples would be the most prone to become waterlogged?

sample D (20% silt, 25% sand, 45% clay, and 5% humus)

Of the following, which has the greatest permeability?

sand

Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size?

sand - silt - clay

What are the proportions of sand, silt, and clay for the soil at point T (furthest left point)? (soil composition diagram with lines and letters on it)

sand 60% , silt 30% , clay 10%

Which of the following is true about the region of Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere?

the highest concentration of naturally occurring ozone form in this layer

Which of the following should be included in a watershed map to best determine the non-point source of a pollutant, such as fertilizer, found in a river?

the land use upstream of the river and water quality indicators in streams that run downstream into the river

The graph below shows the altitude and temperature for different layers of Earth's atmosphere. (graph showing different layers of the atmosphere and how temperature changes as the altitude increases) Based on the diagram, which of the following identifies a characteristic of the atmosphere between the stratopause and the tropopause?

the ozone layer is in the stratosphere

the phenomenon causing global warming occurs primarily in this region of the atmosphere

troposphere

Students want to determine the impact of soil erosion from the development of new housing. They plan to measure the density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of a river that flows through their town. The town is built in a heavy forested area. but a large area of trees along the river was recently clear-cut to allow for the construction of a new housing development, which has caused exposed soil to wash into the river. The river flows north to south through the town and is still forested both up and downstream of the town. Which of the following explains the variable that would be the best for students to measure to determine the direct impact of soil erosion caused by the construction project on the river?

turbidity, because a decrease in water clarity would indicate an increase in soil erosion

Which of the following shows the approximate concentration of CO2, N2, and O2 in dry air?

CO2<1% , N2 78% , O2 21%

The following questions refer to the labeled locations on the map. (world map in all white with letters A-E) desalination is used to supply much of this region with freshwater.

D (near the ocean)

Which latitude on the diagram above experiences 24 hours of daylight on December 21? (globe with lines at the arctic circle(A), tropic of cancer(B), equator(C), tropic of capricorn(D), antarctic circle(E))

E (antarctic circle)

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statement immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. (black/white world map with letters A-E in different locations) The location where one tectonic plate is being forced beneath another, creating a volcanic arc.

E (islands near china)

Directions: The following question(s) refer to the lettered areas of the map below. (world map in black and white showing plate boundaries and letters of different places A-E) area that exhibits island arcs

E (pacific ocean/near australia)

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statement immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. (black/white world map with letters A-E in different locations) the intraplate location where hot-spot volcanism is occurring

A (hawaii islands)

At which of the following sites does seafloor spreading result in rifts and possible volcanoes? (picture of a globe and showing how different plates move)

A(divergent/furthest right)

Which of the lettered choices in the soil profile above represents the region the region with the greatest concentration of organic material? (soil layers chart starting with a as the top soil and moves down to E)

A(top layer)

Directions: The following question(s) refer to the lettered areas of the map below. (world map in black and white showing plate boundaries and letters of different places A-E) area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary

B (in the atlantic ocean)

At which of the following sites would activity result in volcanoes, islands arcs, and mountains? (picture of a globe and showing how different plates move)

B(convergent/farthest left)

Directions: The following question(s) refer to the lettered areas of the map below. (world map in black and white showing plate boundaries and letters of different places A-E) area that exhibits a growing nonvolcanic mountain chain due to uplift

C (in asia/near india)

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statement immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. (black/white world map with letters A-E in different locations) the location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary

C (pacific ocean)

At which of the following sites is an earthquake most likely to occur as two plates slide sideways past each other? (picture of a globe and showing how different plates move)

C(transform/on a line closest to bottom)

Directions: select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the data table below that shows the annual anchovy catch and average sea surface temperature off the coast of Peru from 1995 through 2001. YEAR ANCHOVY CATCH SEA SURFACE TEMP 1995 8.6 18.9 1996 8.9 15.5 1997 7.7 15.6 1998 1.7 26.2 1999 8.7 15.4 2000 11.2 15.5 2001 7.2 16.9 the high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to

El Niño

Reasons that human populations historically have settled in floodplains include which of the following? I. the soil in floodplains is usually fertile II. the terrain in floodplains tend to be flat III. floodplains are closed to rivers for transportation

I, II, and III

El Niño and La Niña are natural phenomena associated with changing water temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. The occurrence of these events can result in changes in global weather and ocean circulation patterns. Which of the following changes in eastern Pacific Ocean food web is typically associated with La Niña events?

Increased phytoplankton concentrations

Which of the following correctly characterized one of Earth's atmospheric layers? (graph showing different temperatures as the altitude increases)

Layer D is the thermosphere, where auroras are found

The shaded area in New York State, Pennsylvania, and Ohio in the northeast United States is referred to as a snowbelt. On average, this region receives much more snowfall than surrounding areas. (US map with parts of NY, Pennsylvania, and Ohio shaded) Which of the following best explains why the shaded area receives more snowfall than other parts of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio?

Moisture picked up from the warmer water in the Great Lakes is deposited as snow downwind

El Niño, a periodic warming of ocean surface waters, occurs in which of the following regions?

Tropical East Pacific

The following questions refer to the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the temperature profile shown below. (graph indicating layers of the atmosphere and how the temperature changes as the height increases) region where the protective ozone layer is located

Stratosphere

The diagram below is an illustration of global atmospheric circulation. (picture of globe showing the different wind cells, C being nearest the equator and A nearest the poles) Which of the following causes the air to rise high into the atmosphere in the areas labeled A,B, and C on the diagram?

Warm, moist air that is less dense than the surrounding air

Students want to determine the impact of soil erosion from the development of new housing. They plan to measure the density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of a river that flows through their town. The town is built in a heavy forested area. but a large area of trees along the river was recently clear-cut to allow for the construction of a new housing development, which has caused exposed soil to wash into the river. The river flows north to south through the town and is still forested both up and downstream of the town. Which of the following would be the best control sample for the study?

a sample of water collected just downstream of the northern forest

Directions: The following question(s) refer to the diagram below, which shows 100mL of water being poured through a soil sample. After the water has passed through the soil, 98mL of water is measured in the collection tray below the sample. (picture showing water being poured into a soil mixture and exiting into a collection tray) Of the following, which is the most likely composition of the soil sample?

clay 10% , silt 10% , sand 80%

the primary cause of Earths seasons is the

constant tilt of Earth's rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun

the rapid rate of this process in tropical forests results in low-nutrient soils

decomposition

most of the Earth's deserts are at approximately 30 latitude, north and south, because these latitudes are characterized by

descending dry air currents

The diagram below is an illustration of global atmospheric circulation. (picture of globe showing the different wind cells, C being nearest the equator and A nearest the poles) Which of the following is a biome found at 30N and 30S as seen in the diagram?

deserts

The following questions refer to the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the temperature profile shown below. (graph indicating layers of the atmosphere and how the temperature changes as the height increases) region with the lowest atmospheric pressure

exosphere

El Niño and La Niña are natural phenomena associated with changing water temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. The occurrence of these events can result in changes in global weather and ocean circulation patterns. Which of the following is a positive effect likely to result from an El Niño event?

fewer hurricanes forming in the Central Atlantic basin

the most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere

nitrogen

the most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere is

nitrogen

Directions: The following question(s) refer to the diagram below, which shows 100mL of water being poured through a soil sample. After the water has passed through the soil, 98mL of water is measured in the collection tray below the sample. (picture showing water being poured into a soil mixture and exiting into a collection tray) Which of the following properties of the soil sample most influences the flow of water through the sample?

permeability

The water-holding capacity of soil is LEAST likely to be affected by the addition of which of the following?

pesticide

most volcanism in the world is associate with

plate boundaries

the Sun's radiation provides the energy for all of the following EXCEPT

plate tectonics

Which soil composition would be the best choice for lining a landfill? (soil composition diagram with lines and letters on it)

point W (clay)

During an El Niño - Southern Oscillation event, which of the following best describes conditions in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., near Peru and Ecuador)?

sea surface temperature - high rainfall - high

Which soil indicated on the soil triangle above would most likely have the highest water-holding capacity? (soil triangle chart indicating 5 spots on the triangle shown by letters A-E)

soil c (closest to to top/clay)

An environmental engineer wants to examine the permeability of different soils to determine the best natural containment system to protect groundwater from pollutants. The engineer tests four four different soil samples, places them into a wet column, and pours 50mL of water over each sample. The engineer records the total amount of water that moves through the column as well as the total amount of time for the water to fully percolate though the soil. The data from the study are shown below. (graph showing 4 samples of soil, flow time, total volume of water recovered, and permeability of the soil, as the flow time increases the water recovered decreases, and permeability decreases) Which of the following best describes why the engineer chose to calculate the permeability of the soil sample in the experimental design in order to evaluate a natural containment system to protect groundwater?

soils that have low permeability would best help protect groundwater because the soil traps pollutants so that chemical and biological breakdowns can occur

The diagram below is an illustration of global atmospheric circulation. (picture of globe showing the different wind cells, C being nearest the equator and A nearest the poles) Which of the following is the source of energy driving the circulation pattern labeled C in the diagram?

solar radiation

the beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere

stratosphere

Which of the following best describes why understanding a watershed and its boundaries is important in designing housing developments along a river?

surface water and stormwater runoff will drain downstream within the watershed boundaries, so it is important to understand the flow of water through the watershed

The axis of Earth in relation to the Sun is tilted at a 23.5 degree slant, as illustrated in the diagram below. Use the diagram below to answer the next three questions. (picture of globe showing the earth's tilt and how the sunlight hits the earth) Which of the following correctly describes the season and length of day at the tropic of Cancer at the time of year shown in the diagram?

the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun so it is winter at the Tropic of Cancer and daylight is less than twelve hours per day

Hoover Dam is the largest dam in the United States, built on the Colorado River to supply hydroelectric power and flood control. Which of the following best describes a downstream environmental effect of Hoover Dam on the Colorado River watershed?

the damming of the Colorado River led to a change in stream flow, preventing river water and sediments from the delta area

Students want to determine the impact of soil erosion from the development of new housing. They plan to measure the density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of a river that flows through their town. The town is built in a heavy forested area. but a large area of trees along the river was recently clear-cut to allow for the construction of a new housing development, which has caused exposed soil to wash into the river. The river flows north to south through the town and is still forested both up and downstream of the town. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the study?

the density of a species of algae growing along the bottom of the river

Which of the following best explains why City B regularly receives less precipitation than City A? (picture of city A near water then a mountain then City B)

the rain shadow effect causes City B to be drier because the mountain blocks precipitation from reaching the city

An environmental engineer wants to examine the permeability of different soils to determine the best natural containment system to protect groundwater from pollutants. The engineer tests four four different soil samples, places them into a wet column, and pours 50mL of water over each sample. The engineer records the total amount of water that moves through the column as well as the total amount of time for the water to fully percolate though the soil. The data from the study are shown below. (graph showing 4 samples of soil, flow time, total volume of water recovered, and permeability of the soil, as the flow time increases the water recovered decreases, and permeability decreases) Which of the following best describes the independent variable in this research design?

the sample of material chosen as the potential container material is the variable being tested, so it is the independent variable

Which of the following does NOT exert a major influence on Earth's overall climate?

the seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins

Which of the following factors is fundamentally responsible for seasons on Earth?

the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation

The axis of Earth in relation to the Sun is tilted at a 23.5 degree slant, as illustrated in the diagram below. Use the diagram below to answer the next three questions. (picture of globe showing the earth's tilt and how the sunlight hits the earth) If the diagram illustrates Earth's relative position on December 21 of a given year, which of the following statements would be correct?

the tropic of cancer has a shorter day and lower solar radiation intensity because there is a direct relationship between day length and radiation intensity

The axis of Earth in relation to the Sun is tilted at a 23.5 degree slant, as illustrated in the diagram below. Use the diagram below to answer the next three questions. (picture of globe showing the earth's tilt and how the sunlight hits the earth) Which of the following areas receives the most intense solar radiation at the time of year shown in the diagram, and why?

the tropic of capricorn, because this latitude is nearly horizontal to incoming solar radiation

In the desert regions of the southwestern United States, daily high and low temperatures will frequently fluctuate by 40F or more. Which statement below best explains the large variation in temperature? (map of southwestern US-arizona, new mexico, texas, and oklahoma)

there are no bordering oceans or large bodies of water to provide a stabilizing humidity to the air

Based on the data in the diagrams, in which layer of the atmosphere would short wave radio signals be reflected? (model A- indicates the height of the layers of the atmosphere from troposphere 11km to exosphere 500+ km) (model B- indicates heights of the layers of the atmosphere by showing things that define the layer by what happens in that layer)

thermosphere

The following questions refer to the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the temperature profile shown below. (graph indicating layers of the atmosphere and how the temperature changes as the height increases) region largely responsible for the weather experienced at the Earth's surface

troposphere

The following questions refer to the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the temperature profile shown below. (graph indicating layers of the atmosphere and how the temperature changes as the height increases) region that contains the majority of molecules in the atmosphere

troposphere

most oxygen is found in this layer of the atmosphere

troposphere

A student group is involved in a restoration study of a nearby disturbed area. They decide to collect six soil samples and analyze them for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Two of the samples are found to be very high in C and N, but the other four samples are low in both. The students also notice that the color of the two soil samples that are high in C and N is very dark. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the data?

two of the samples were collected from an A horizon, and the others were collected from a B horizon

Most deserts on Earth are located near the 30 north and 30 south latitudes because humidity is lower at 30. The best explanation for the lower humidity is that

warm air rises at the equator, cools, and sinks at 30 latitude

Brown pelicans are fish eating birds. As a result of an El Niño event, the population of brown pelicans in southern California declines. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the El Niño event and the population decline?

warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites

Which of the following is the most likely effect of a strong El Niño event on the weather patterns in the United States?

wetter weather and cooler than average temperatures in the southeastern states and warmer temperatures in the Pacific Northwest