APES ch 19,20,21 test
53) Vegetable oil ________. 53) A) can be directly burned as fuel B) is a necessary ingredient in biodiesel C) must be processed into biodiesel to operate engines D) is a fossil fuel E) is nonrenewable
A) can be directly burned as fuel
26) Energy conservation in the United States ________. 26) A) can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption B) is unlikely to ever occur C) can be accomplished by changes in tax laws D) will be a reality only if there is another major war E) can be accomplished only through changes in environmental laws
A) can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption
10) The world's most abundant fossil fuel is ________. A) coal B) natural gas C) oil D) biodiesel E) methane
A) coal
36) Oil shale deposits ________. A) contain organic kerogen which can be processed into petroleum B) are only a tiny fraction of the U.S. and Canadian potential oil reserves C) can be pumped from underground reservoirs like conventional crude oil D) have been too expensive to extract and use as energy resources E) are concentrated in the Middle East
A) contain organic kerogen which can be processed into petroleum
14) The run-of-river approach to hydropower often involves ________. 14) A) diversion of a portion of a river's flow through pipes B) impounding water in reservoirs behind concrete dams C) the purchase of state-run dams by major corporations D) the most expensive type of dams to build and maintain E) dams that are reliable but unsustainable
A) diversion of a portion of a river's flow through pipes
20) Nuclear power plants ________. 20) A) experienced the most growth in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s B) were first developed commercially in the early 1990s C) produce more greenhouse gas emissions than burning fossil fuels D) are illegal in France and Lithuania E) supply most of U.S. electricity
A) experienced the most growth in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s
15) Biomass energy is energy contained in ________. A) firewood and other plant material B) the Earth's heat C) the sun D) wind E) water
A) firewood and other plant material
40) Globally, more than 80% of all primary energy for today's economies comes from ________. 40) A) fossil fuels B) hydropower installations C) solar, wind, and ocean tides and waves D) nuclear power E) biofuels
A) fossil fuels
34) Carbon sequestration ________. A) involves converting carbon dioxide gas to a liquid form for storage in the ocean or underground B) has proved to be more dangerous to the environment than releasing carbon emissions C) converts carbon from carbon dioxide emissions into smaller elements that do not contribute to global climate change D) involves capturing carbon emissions and then releasing them into the stratosphere E) has been used by U.S. electrical plants since 1955, converting carbon dioxide to limestone
A) involves converting carbon dioxide gas to a liquid form for storage in the ocean or underground
38) Both pyrolysis and gasification are ways of producing ________ from ________. A) methane and diesel fuels; biomass B) biodiesel; limestone C) coal; biomass D) hydroelectric fuel; coal E) pesticides and fertilizers; biomass
A) methane and diesel fuels; biomass
33) In a nuclear power plant, the amount of electricity that is generated is regulated by ________. 33) A) moving control rods out of or into spaces between the fuel rods B) changing the water levels that surround the control rods C) releasing surplus heat out of cooling towers that are always part of nuclear power plants D) moving the nuclear fuel in and out of water E) the Federal Trade Commission
A) moving control rods out of or into spaces between the fuel rods
23) A potential energy source from oceans is ________. A) ocean thermal energy B) solar reflection C) chemoluminescent bacteria D) lightning strikes in salt water E) magnetic field generators
A) ocean thermal energy
24) Alaskans benefit from the trans‐Alaska pipeline because Alaska's state constitution requires approximately 25% of state revenues associated with the oil industry to be placed into a monetary fund called the Permanent Fund, which ________. A) pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents B) pays for education of native Alaskans through scholarships C) is used for social infrastructure, such as hospitals, roads, and schools D) is placed into fuel company pockets to reduce environmental damage E) is divided equally among the politicians in the state for running their offices
A) pays yearly dividends to all Alaska residents
55) A major barrier preventing more widespread use of biodiesel is ________. A) political and economic inertia and current lack of abundant fueling stations B) the excessive cost C) the lack of support from the public D) a readily available supply of domestic petroleum E) the lack of government support
A) political and economic inertia and current lack of abundant fueling stations
18) Crude oil is ________. A) refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products B) usable in its raw form C) composed of three different hydrocarbon molecules D) formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed E) formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances
A) refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products
39) Sweden had to rescind its pledge to replace completely nuclear power with renewable energy 39) because ________. A) renewable energy was taking longer to develop than expected B) The Copenhagen Conference of 2010 rescinded the Kyoto agreements C) the pollution from wind and hydroelectric generators had contaminated groundwater D) there was a strong public demand to return to fossil fuels E) they found a way to rapidly detoxify nuclear wastes
A) renewable energy was taking longer to develop than expected
36) Whether using a food crop as a source of biofuels is environmentally sustainable would depend 36) upon all of the following, except ________. A) the corporate profits that would be made B) the amount of water and land necessary for the crops C) the amount of fertilizers used and their impact on aquatic ecosystems D) the impact on food supplies and prices E) the amount of pesticides used and their impact on biodiversity and groundwater
A) the corporate profits that would be made
29) Whether a hydrogen‐based energy system is environmentally cleaner than a fossil fuel system depends on ________. A) the source of energy used to produce the hydrogen B) the amount of fossil fuels that are invested in long-term storage C) the car driven D) the source of oxygen used for the process E) governmental incentives for research
A) the source of energy used to produce the hydrogen
27) Energy can be conserved by ________. 27) A) using cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, and reengineered lightbulbs and appliances B) repealing the law of entropy C) replacing compact florescent with tungsten bulbs D) replacing mass transit with more and larger roads for cars and trucks E) using cogeneration in automobiles, especially in SUVs
A) using cogeneration in power plants, fuel efficient transportation, and reengineered lightbulbs and appliances
13) Solar radiation makes several other energy sources possible, including ________. A) wind energy B) tidal energy C) geothermal energy D) nuclear energy E) hydrothermal energy
A) wind energy
46) Along with many other governmental reforms that began in 1994, the electrical plant just outside 46) Soweto was closed in 2000, and other plants were brought into use. Some parts of Soweto were then wired for electricity. It is estimated, however, that only about 30% of the more than 1 million black inhabitants have electricity in their homes; the remainder either cannot afford the costs involved or live in areas that have no electrical access. These inhabitants probably use ________ for fuel. A) wood and coal B) charcoal and candles C) gas‐powered home generators D) natural gas and backyard windmills E) natural gas and solar cells
A) wood and coal
29) U.S. hydropower dam construction was greatest during the ________. 29) A) industrial revolution B) 1960s C) late 1800s D) early 21st century E) 1970s to 2000
B) 1960s
31) Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of electricity generated from nuclear power plants? A) Canada B) France C) United States D) Sweden E) Russia
B) France
27) Which one of the following is true of hydrogen fuel cell technology? A) The U.S. government wanted it for use in military operations. B) It has been used widely in NASA's spaceflight programs. C) It was originally slated for use in cars by Ford. D) Many homes were built in desert regions using the technology to collect and heat water. E) The visionaries of the fossil fuel companies saw the need to develop this technology.
B) It has been used widely in NASA's spaceflight programs.
2) Which of the following statements is true? A) The majority of electricity used in the United States is produced using imported fuels. B) Less than half of natural gas used in the United States is used to generate electricity. C) Energy derived from coal is never used for transportation in the United States. D) In the United States, more electricity is produced using natural gas than coal. E) Nuclear energy is never used either directly or indirectly for transportation in the United States.
B) Less than Half of natural gas used in the US is used to generate electricity
13) ________ strongly influences the amount of energy generated from hydropower. 13) A) Latitude B) The volume of water released and the height of the fall C) The temperature of water in the boiler and turbine D) The phase of the moon E) The temperature of reservoir water
B) The volume of water released and the height of the fall
47) Other than in downtown Johannesburg, the worst air pollution in the region in the year 2000 was 47) in Soweto. The probable explanation is that in downtown Johannesburg ________, while in Soweto ________. A) automobile traffic was the cause; automobile traffic was also the cause B) automobile traffic was the cause; the burning of fuels in each home for heating, light, and cooking was the major contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution C) coal‐fired electrical plants were the cause; automobile traffic in overcrowded areas was the problem D) gasoline‐powered electrical generators were the cause; trash incinerators were a problem E) trash incinerators were a problem; gasoline‐powered electrical generators were the cause
B) automobile traffic was the cause; the burning of fuels in each home for heating, light, and cooking was the major contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution
52) Compared to other uses of biomass, biodiesel from restaurant waste represents one of the best 52) environmental alternatives to fossil fuels because it ________. A) require less processing than other forms of biomass B) can be manufactured without the development of additional cropland agriculture C) are the most available D) are the only form of biomass that reduces fossil fuel use E) are the only form of biomass that is renewable
B) can be manufactured without the development of additional cropland agriculture
26) Although photovoltaic electricity as a power source is cleaner than burning fossil fuels, the problem with this electricity is that it ________. A) will be replaced shortly with other sources of power for homes B) cannot be stored easily in large quantities for use when and where it is needed C) is dangerous if stored too long D) is not sufficiently understood E) is less efficient than fossil fuels
B) cannot be stored easily in large quantities for use when and where it is needed
31) The primary energy source that is most used in the United States for production of electricity is 31) ________. A) water power B) coal C) renewable energy D) nuclear power E) natural gas
B) coal
18) The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 ________. 18) A) permits dams of no more than 10 feet in height to be built along a designated waterway B) completely prevents a designated waterway from being dammed C) is an agreement between the United States and Canada to protect rivers that cross the boundary between the two countries D) no longer protects waterways because the act has been repealed to build more hydroelectric dams E) limits dams to no less than 5 miles apart
B) completely prevents a designated waterway from being dammed
34) Although hydroelectric dams generate electricity without producing greenhouse gases, they ________. A) are short-lived structures that have to be rebuilt about every 20 years B) eliminate farmland, wildlife habitats, and sometimes even villages in regions that are flooded C) alter water control in ways that make it more difficult to irrigate crops D) still produce more greenhouse gases per unit of electricity produced than coal power plants E) contribute only about 5% of the electrical power throughout the world
B) eliminate farmland, wildlife habitats, and sometimes even villages in regions that are flooded
22) The current practice of geothermal power generation may not always provide a practical renewable energy source because ________. A) in some instances, pollution emissions can be very high B) in some cases, the heated groundwater is used much faster than it is recharged C) geologically heated groundwater is unsuitable for these plants and must be purified first D) in many cases, the magma is used faster than it is recharged E) power plants have high maintenance costs
B) in some cases, the heated groundwater is used much faster than it is recharged
45) The heavy levels of soot from the electrical plant upwind of Soweto, along with dust from gigantic 45) mine dumps from gold and coal mines, created particulate pollution more than three times the recommended level. This would be expected to result in ________. A) high levels of birth defects B) increased incidence of lung disease C) problems with running local automobiles and other machinery D) enriched agricultural fields and increased crop yields E) high levels of heart disease
B) increased incidence of lung disease
16) One key advantage of hydropower is that ________. 16) A) it produces no negative environmental effects B) it does not rely on fossil fuel to generate electricity C) it is the most economically feasible of all the renewable energy resources D) it is the oldest of the renewable energy resources E) it is widely available to all countries
B) it does not rely on fossil fuel to generate electricity
15) Solar represents a minuscule portion of U.S. energy production because of ________. A) technological limitations B) lack of investment C) lack of scientific interest D) air and water pollution from this source of energy E) poor potential for this energy source
B) lack of investment
11) The most cleanly burning fossil fuel available, producing the least pollutants, is ________. 11) A) nuclear energy B) natural gas C) petroleum D) coal E) kerosene
B) natural gas
30) Renewable energy includes all of the following except ________. 30) A) rain B) natural gas C) geothermal heat D) the wind E) the sun
B) natural gas
17) The source of energy for nuclear power is ________. 17) A) nuclear fusion B) nuclear fission C) nuclear reaction D) breeder reactions E) natural gas
B) nuclear fission
The fact that there is a high sulfur content in the coal burned in South African power plants means that the ________. A) coal is very expensive, forcing most poor people to go without electricity B) power plants contribute to acid deposition C) coal is very inexpensive, leading to an improved economy D) power plants burn cleanly, with little pollution E) power plants emit high levels of radioactive pollution
B) power plants contribute to acid deposition
25) The largest problem with adopting the new technology of renewable resources is ________. A) that energy production facilities are not located near consumers B) that the startup costs may be high C) in evaluating the scientific and economic impacts D) that long‐term maintenance costs are much higher than those for fossil fuels E) that technological advances have not been made in the last 30 years to meet our energy needs
B) that the startup costs may be high
14) Which of the following methods is considered a type of passive solar energy collection? A) rooftop flat‐plate solar collectors B) using heat‐absorbing construction materials C) OTEC D) photovoltaic cells E) rooftop solar panels
B) using heat‐absorbing construction materials
21) One benefit of offshore wind farms is that ________. A) unlike land-based wind farms, they do not interfere with bird migration routes B) wind speeds are higher and turbulence is lower over water than over land C) they are more aesthetically pleasing than wind farms on land D) maintenance costs are less than they are on land E) development of land for human use is pushing wind farms to open water
B) wind speeds are higher and turbulence is lower over water than over land
49) One of the promises made by the government in 1994 was "free electricity." Since 2003 the 49) government has provided a small amount of electricity free to each household. Beyond that, a household must pay for the electricity that it uses. Many people would prefer a flat‐rate pricing system, where each household throughout greater Johannesburg would pay the same rate each month. This would mean that ________. A) wealthy households would end up paying much more and have less electricity than they do now B) with less incentive to keep electric usage low, environmental issues related to the generation of electricity would worsen C) there would not be enough electricity left to provide service to poor households D) Eskom, the electric company, would probably make huge profits in Soweto E) all households in Johannesburg would be able to have all the electricity that they need
B) with less incentive to keep electric usage low, environmental issues related to the generation of electricity would worsen
37) Sugar cane-based ethanol is a major component in the energy resources of ________. 37) A) China B) Tuvalu C) Brazil D) the Maldives E) Mexico
C) Brazil
10) Currently, the fastest‐growing source of electricity generation using new renewable sources is ________. A) hydro B) wind C) PV solar D) natural gas E) coal
C) PV solar
57) B20 represents ______. A) a synthetic compound that can be mixed with fossil fuel to give more energy B) a bacterial strain used to ferment corn to make ethanol C) a diesel fuel blend of 20% biodiesel to 80% petrodiesel D) a new vitamin recently isolated from sugar cane bagasse E) a variety of broccoli used in the production of cellulosic ethanol
C) a diesel fuel blend of 20% biodiesel to 80% petrodiesel
12) The primary motivation to develop the new renewable energy sources comes from ________. A) those who believe human health is impacted by smog and pollution B) those who believe fossil fuel dependence is suicide because it makes us vulnerable to the Middle East C) concerns over diminishing fossil fuel supplies and negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel use D) those who believe conservation is important E) concerns that oxygen production by trees is endangered by fossil fuel use
C) concerns over diminishing fossil fuel supplies and negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel use
28) A self-amplifying reaction and a nuclear explosion in a nuclear power plant are prevented in large 28) part by ________. A) fuel rods that absorb tremendous amounts of heat B) "sponges" that absorb liquefied uranium that leaks out of the reactor core C) control rods that absorb extra neutrons D) the production of plutonium-239 E) the regular addition of uranium-239 to the fuel
C) control rods that absorb extra neutrons
37) When assessing energy resources, it is helpful to use a measure called EROI, which is ________. A) amount of energy invested minus heat released into the environment B) money invested in extraction and processing minus income from sales C) energy returned divided by energy invested D) energy returned minus energy invested E) energy returned plus energy invested
C) energy returned divided by energy invested
21) Electricity from nuclear power plants is produced via ________. 21) A) extraction of energy from the nucleus of cells B) bombarding radioactive elements with electrons C) fission of uranium atoms by bombarding them with neutrons D) fusion of nuclei of atoms E) fusion of electrons
C) fission of uranium atoms by bombarding them with neutrons
1) The power source with the most stable U.S. consumption pattern since 1970 is ________. A) oil B) natural gas C) hydroelectric D) nuclear E) coal
C) hydroelectric
24) Effects attributed to Chernobyl ________. 24) A) were contained within the Ukraine B) include increased incidence of emphysema C) include increased incidence of thyroid cancers D) include serious respiratory illnesses but no fatalities E) have not been extensively documented
C) include increased incidence of thyroid cancers
20) A major obstacle to the establishment of wind farms near populated and scenic areas is ________. A) the lack of large land areas needed to construct wind farms B) the lack of infrastructure to support wind‐generated electricity C) not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome D) the lack of financial support for the construction of wind farms E) the lack of government support for the construction of wind farms
C) not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome
33) U.S. oil production ________. A) has to fit the quotas imposed by OPEC B) is now high enough for us to export nearly 50% of our oil C) peaked in 1970 D) will peak in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand E) is sufficient to meet national needs, thanks to major conservation efforts
C) peaked in 1970
56) Biodiesel is to ________ as ethanol is to gasoline. A) vegetable oil B) glycerine C) petrodiesel D) gasohol E) petroleum
C) petrodiesel
28) One difficulty with the process of using hydrogen as a power source is that it ________. A) is toxic to humans and wildlife B) is less efficient than fossil fuels C) requires a substantial energy investment to begin the process D) has highly volatile and explosive components E) requires a fuel that is a nonrenewable resource
C) requires a substantial energy investment to begin the process
19) Passive solar technologies ________. A) use mechanical devices to heat water and buildings or electrical devices to generate electricity B) use silicon wafers to generate light energy C) use the energy of sunlight without relying on electrical or mechanical devices D) use mirrors to concentrate the sun's rays on a tower or a series of pipes holding water E) use photovoltaic cells to produce light energy
C) use the energy of sunlight without relying on electrical or mechanical devices
13) Which one of the following is a type of "new renewable" energy? A) biodiesel B) ethanol C) wind power D) "biogas" methane E) sustainably harvested fuelwood
C) wind power
12) Which of the following is a benefit of using nuclear power? 12) A) Mining activities enhance ecosystems. B) The increasing costs of nonrenewable energy sources make nuclear energy more economically viable. C) Core meltdown of reactors can provide "bonus" energy for electricity production. D) Few greenhouse gases are emitted. E) Using nuclear power causes more use of fossil fuels.
D) Few greenhouse gases are emitted.
20) ________ has more natural gas reserves than any other country. A) Brazil B) The United States C) Djibouti D) Russia E) Saudi Arabia
D) Russia
32) Which of the following countries has the most nuclear power plants? 32) A) Russia B) France C) Canada D) United States E) Sweden
D) United States
11) Worldwide, the most widely used renewable energy resource is ________. 11) A) wind B) nuclear C) hydroelectric D) biomass E) solar
D) biomass
3) According to the figure, the U.S. exports more ________ than it imports. A) natural gas B) oil C) renewable energy D) coal E) nuclear energy
D) coal
35) Biofuels and nuclear power may prove useful as ________. A) replacement fuels for motor vehicles B) inexpensive technologies for developing nations C) stages in the development of fusion generators D) energies to bridge the time between fossil fuel depletion and new renewables E) pollution-free sustainable energies
D) energies to bridge the time between fossil fuel depletion and new renewables
Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable? A) sunlight (solar) energy B) tidal energy C) geothermal energy D) fossil fuel energy E) wind energy
D) fossil fuel energy
19) Today ________ provide Sweden with virtually all of its electricity. 19) A) nuclear, fossil fuels, and hydroelectric B) sulfur dioxide, fusion and fossil fuels C) fossil fuels, biodiesel, and hydrogen D) hydroelectric, nuclear, and biofuels E) biomass, nuclear, hydrogen
D) hydroelectric, nuclear, and biofuels
17) Instead of only generating more electricity, rising energy demands may also be met by ________. A) using more nuclear power instead of fossil fuels B) switching from natural gas to coal C) switching from coal and natural gas to windmills and solar technologies D) increasing the efficiency of energy consumption E) building more coal-burning power plants
D) increasing the efficiency of energy consumption
23) The Keystone XL pipeline ________. 23) A) carries natural gas from gas fields near Keystone, South Dakota, to the eastern United States B) is a hotly debated oil pipeline that would pass through Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona C) carries petroleum from northern Alaska to the Gulf of Alaska D) is a hotly debated pipeline that would carry petroleum from Canada to the southern United States E) would allow Canada to import more oil from Brazil
D) is a hotly debated pipeline that would carry petroleum from Canada to the southern United States
25) The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster ________. A) is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills B) was quickly cleaned up preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries C) eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500% D) is the largest accidental oil spill in world history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems E) resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in U.S. coastal waters
D) is the largest accidental oil spill in world history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems
3) One conclusion that can be drawn from the figures is that ________. A) solar energy is currently a major source for generation of electricity B) of the total renewable energy available, geothermal energy is primarily used for purposes other than electricity generation C) most of the available biomass energy is used for electricity generation D) most of the wind energy is used for electricity generation E) only a small amount of the available hydropower energy is used for electricity generation
D) most of the wind energy is used for electricity generation
) Between 1995 and 2000, ________. 3) A) coal consumption decreased B) natural gas consumption increased rapidly C) there was a clear trend of movement from nonrenewable to renewable energy resources D) oil consumption exceeded nuclear, hydropower, and biomass combined E) fossil fuel use stabilized
D) oil consumption exceeded nuclear, hydropower, and biomass combined
23) In the near future, the benefits of biofuel production may be enjoyed while reducing the impact on 23) the global production of grain. One such promising approach is to ________. A) use the large amounts of animal wastes to produce ethanol B) gasify coal to increase the efficiency of coal power plants C) bioengineer cattle and goats to produce ethanol in their milk D) produce biofuels from grasses instead of corn E) find ways to convert oil and natural gas into ethanol
D) produce biofuels from grasses instead of corn
16) A major advantage of solar power is that ________. A) pollution is high B) not all regions are sunny enough to provide adequate power with current technology C) there is a lack of knowledge on long‐term impacts D) solar systems provide local, decentralized control over power E) cost is prohibitive even in developed countries
D) solar systems provide local, decentralized control over power
17) A major disadvantage of solar power is ________. A) that there is a lack of knowledge on long‐term economic impacts B) that solar systems decentralize control over electrical energy C) its efficiency level compared to other types of power D) the uneven distribution of sunshine around the world E) its cost‐effectiveness compared to other types of power
D) the uneven distribution of sunshine around the world
2) According to the data in this figure, electricity derived from wind energy would have comprised 2) what portion of the total electricity generated in the United States in 2012? A) 0.35% B) 15.4% C) 0.9% D) 28.6% E) 3.5%
E) 3.5%
30) Which of the following is a documented negative impact of dams? 30) A) alteration of river salinity B) acid deposition C) increased atmospheric CFCs D) decreased rainfall E) alteration of river sediment deposition
E) alteration of river sediment deposition
27) Biodiesel ________. 27) A) is twice as expensive as petrodiesel B) is produced from sugarcane C) produces more pollution than petrodiesel D) is produced from ethanol and vegetable oil, grease, or animal fat E) can be used in vehicles with diesel engines without engine modification
E) can be used in vehicles with diesel engines without engine modification
48) The major long-term global problem with using coal to generate electricity is the ________. A) environmental damage in the area around the mine B) particulate pollution C) sulfur dioxides released D) water pollution E) effect of the released carbon dioxide on global climate
E) effect of the released carbon dioxide on global climate
25) Nuclear power plants in use today rely on ________. 25) A) fusion reactions to generate heat to boil water B) fission of uranium atoms to produce plutonium C) fission reactions to directly generate electricity D) fusion reactions to directly generate electricity E) fission reactions to generate heat to boil water
E) fission reactions to generate heat to boil water
32) The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ________. A) strives to ensure that developing nations get their fair share of fossil fuels B) strives to develop technologies to conserve nonrenewable energy resources C) protects their national members' petroleum reserves for their own use D) functions as a military alliance to protect developed nations' energy reserves E) functions to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil
E) functions to take maximum advantage of developed nations dependence on imported oil
18) Wind turbines are generally more productive if they are ________. A) higher, to increase heat convection from the ground B) lower, to minimize turbulence and maximize wind speed C) lower, to increase heat convection from the ground D) higher, to minimize the number of birds that interfere with blade turning E) higher, to minimize turbulence and maximize wind speed
E) higher, to minimize turbulence and maximize wind speed
1) For primary energy, the major renewable sources in the United States are ________. 1) A) wind and solar B) geothermal and solar C) bioenergy and solar D) hydropower and wind E) hydropower and bioenergy
E) hydropower and bioenergy
54) As a fuel, biodiesel ________. 54) A) is less efficient than petrodiesel because it has a low energy yield B) has been met with considerable resistance by American farmers C) requires moderate engine retrofitting prior to use D) has low lubricity E) is a beneficial alternative for buses and trucks
E) is a beneficial alternative for buses and trucks
26) E-85 ________. 26) A) is an isotope of uranium used to generate electricity B) was an international summit of 85 nations that met to restrict CFC use C) was an international summit of 85 nations that met to restrict greenhouse gas emissions D) was an international summit of 85 nations that met to determine vehicle fuel efficiency standards E) is an ethanol—gasoline mixture used in flexible-fuel vehicles
E) is an ethanol—gasoline mixture used in flexible-fuel vehicles
35) Natural gas is primarily composed of ________. A) nitrite B) oxygen C) nitrogen D) sulfur dioxide E) methane
E) methane
22) One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ________. 22) A) it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere B) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country C) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations D) those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries E) multinational companies often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country
E) multinational companies often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country
21) Natural gas is ________. 21) A) trapped over some cities for commercial use B) still much more expensive than other fossil fuels C) more damaging to the environment than coal when extracted D) only produced by bacteria during decomposition E) often associated with coal and petroleum deposits
E) often associated with coal and petroleum deposits
2) The energy resource with the highest overall use and also the highest rate of increased 2) consumption from 1949 to 2009 is ________. A) biomass B) natural gas C) nuclear D) coal E) oil
E) oil
In the United States, ________ is the leading source of energy. A) wood B) coal C) nuclear D) natural gas E) oil
E) oil
19) Natural gas ________. 19) A) primary component is octane B) discovered by M. King Hubbert in 1885 C) will be depleted by 2030 at current usage rates D) is transported primarily by truck and rail E) produces less carbon dioxide per energy unit than coal or oil
E) produces less carbon dioxide per energy unit than coal or oil
24) Compared to the use of fossil fuels for generating electricity, wind energy ________. A) is more widely used in the United States B) requires no investment C) is more consistent D) is not renewable E) produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change
E) produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change
22) The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a ________. 22) A) project aiming to put solar collectors on orbiting satellites B) project aiming to decrease global temperatures by extracting greenhouse gases from the atmosphere C) project aiming to bury spent uranium in the western United States D) solar energy collector in the California desert E) prototype nuclear fusion reactor
E) prototype nuclear fusion reactor
28) The energy bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2007 ________. 28) A) primarily focused on major new policies for conservation and for development of renewable energy sources B) mandates the rapid development of all remaining fossil fuel resources as quickly as possible C) primarily focused on taxing polluters and those who profit from the fossil fuel industry D) will, according to analysts, allow us to import only 25% of our oil instead of 60% E) raised the CAFE standard to 35 mpg for vehicles by the year 2020
E) raised the CAFE standard to 35 mpg for vehicles by the year 2020
15) Scientists search for fossil fuels in many ways. Sending a sound wave into the ground (by exploding dynamite, thumping the ground with a large weight, or using an electric vibrating machine) and measuring its return to the surface at receiving stations is called ________ surveying. A) dynamite B) geologic C) destructive D) sonar E) seismic
E) seismic
9) "New renewables" are ________. 9) A) coal, natural gas B) hydro, biomass C) wind, wood, alcohol D) fusion, fission E) solar, wind, geothermal
E) solar, wind, geothermal
29) Many developed nations have their economies closely tied to imported fossil fuels. One important consideration for those nations is that ________. A) their economy will only improve if the price of fossil fuels increases B) if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will decrease C) as supplies decrease, fossil fuels decline in price D) if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will increase E) their economy can be disrupted by the events and decisions made in fuel exporting nations
E) their economy can be disrupted by the events and decisions made in fuel exporting nations
16) Secondary extraction of petroleum ________. A) is less expensive than primary extraction B) causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction C) allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop D) occurs immediately after primary extraction E) uses solvents, water, or steam
E) uses solvents, water, or steam
11) Photovoltaic (PV) technology is best described as ________. A) using mirrors to concentrate sunlight, in order to heat water and produce steam for electricity generation B) using sun's energy to warm a room without mechanical devices C) trapping sun's heat and storing it for various uses D) passive solar technology E) using sunlight to generate electricity
E) using sunlight to generate electricity
According to the figure, very little ________ is/are used to generate electricity. A) natural gas B) oil C) nuclear energy D) renewables E) coal
b) oil
