Apes chapters 5 and 18 test

The diagrams above show the range of tolerance for soil moisture content for two different species of terrestrial invertebrate: Species 1 and Species 2. The ranges represented are for each species where it occurs alone. Soil moisture content is a limiting factor for both species. If populations of both species are placed together in a new location, which of the following diagrams represents the most likely actual (realized) ranges of the species' distribution of individuals with respect to soil moisture content after five generations?

23 D

The many finch species of the Galápagos Islands evolved from a single species that immigrated to the islands from the coast of South America. These species differ primarily in beak shape, which is closely related to the type of food each species specializes in eating. Which of the following best explains why each of the finch species on the Galápagos Islands evolved to be specialists? Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items. A Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items. B Climate on islands tends to be less variable than on the mainland, minimizing seasonal absences of food. C Reduced competition from other bird species allows finch species to focus on specific food resources. D Food resources on islands are more plentiful and nutrient-rich than on the mainland, leading to specialist behaviors in feeding.

A : Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items.

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests? Recreation and scenic areas for tourism A Recreation and scenic areas for tourism B Timber and landscape materials C Mushroom and plant harvests D Soil stabilization and air purification

A Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

A 163 square-kilometer (km2) small island is found 2,000km from the mainland. A second, larger, 230,000km2 island is found 1,000km from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? A The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island. B The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island. C The small island has more available resources than the large island. D The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island.

A The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.

Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? A The species richness B The pond's productivity C The uniformity of species distribution in the pond D The degree of disturbance E The stability of the ecosystem

A The species richness

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? A There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers. B Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do. C There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents. D Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do.

A There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.

Brown marmorated stink bugs are native to China and Japan. They were identified in Pennsylvania for the first time in 1998 and have since spread across North America, feeding on agricultural crops. Which of the following characteristics of the brown marmorated stink bug has led to them being an invasive species in North America? They are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. A They are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. B They reach maturity slowly. C They are often eaten by native wasps and birds. D They have only a few surviving offspring each year.

A: They are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions.

Highly specialized species tend to evolve on islands because of the environmental conditions and resource availability. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following would most likely experience the greatest decline of specialist species if an invasive species emigrated from the mainland? A A small island a far distance from the mainland B A small island in close proximity to the mainland C A large island a far distance from the mainland D A large island in close proximity to the mainland

B A small island in close proximity to the mainland

In general, which of the following is the best long-term method of preventing extinctions? A Breeding endangered species in captivity B Protecting the habitats of endangered species C Paying people not to kill endangered species D Providing food to endangered species in the wild E Removing predators from areas that contain endangered species

B Protecting the habitats of endangered species

The CITES treaty has been helpful in protecting endangered animals and plants by A listing all species that can be hunted, traded, and used commercially B listing those species and products whose international trade is controlled C funding projects for breeding endangered plants and animals D preventing the hunting of whales and dolphins E specifying prices for certain plant and animal products

B listing those species and products whose international trade is controlled

The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Which of the following was the average beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major in 1976? A 8.8 mm B 9.5 mm C 10.2 mm D 13.8 mm

B: 9.5 mm

Which of the following identifies the two factors thought to be the most harmful to biodiversity? A Acid deposition and increased use of fertilizers for agriculture B Depletion of the ozone layer and oil drilling C Destruction of habitat and invasion by nonnative species D Changes in climate and proliferation of endemic species E Global warming and decline in fisheries

C Destruction of habitat and invasion by nonnative species

The data in the graph reflect threats identified in species recovery plans. Local legislation was passed to protect animal species prone to extinction. The legislation included criminalizing poaching, setting limits on number of fish people can catch, and protecting habitats. Which of the following threats shown in the graph will most likely decrease the most as a result of the legislation? A Habitat loss and degradation B Pollution C Overharvesting D Climate and natural disasters

C Overharvesting

In England approximately 250250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on. Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time? A The moths adapted to the new environment through isolation. B The moths adapted to the new environment through primary succession. C The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population. D The moths adapted to the new environment by becoming a generalist species.

C The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population.

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution? A A lizard's color becomes brown as it sits on a log. B A bear goes into hibernation. C A plant loses its leaves in a drought. D A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. E A population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available.

D A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.

Road construction, logging, and mining are banned in which of the following federal lands? A National parks B National wildlife refuges C National forests D National wilderness preservation areas E National resource lands

D National wilderness preservation areas

Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of creating a series of protected habitats in an effort to maintain biodiversity in an area? A Threatened or endangered animal populations can grow in size until the populations cannot be supported by the habitat. B Populations within the protected habitats become too genetically diverse, leading to speciation. C Climate change can lead to habitat loss because of changes in temperature and precipitation in an area. D Protected habitats often separate species inside the habitat from other populations of the same species living outside the habitat.

D Protected habitats often separate species inside the habitat from other populations of the same species living outside the habitat.

The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event was caused when an asteroid impacted Earth approximately 66 million years ago, near what is now the Gulf of Mexico. The indirect effects of the impact affected the entire globe. The event resulted in the extinction of nearly 75 percent of all plant and animal species on Earth, including the majority of dinosaur species. Which of the following likely best describes why most of these species went extinct? A Direct effects from the impact B Loss of competitors C Increase in genetic diversity in most species D Rapid climate and habitat change

D Rapid climate and habitat change

Silver carp were introduced in the southeastern United States in the 1970s from their native habitat of China to control algal blooms that were occurring at aquaculture facilities and sewage lagoons. Silver carp escaped from captivity shortly after their introduction and are currently found as far north as North Dakota and Minnesota. Which of the following describes an unintended, negative consequence of the introduction of silver carp into the United States? A Silver carp decreased the amount of algae and aquatic vegetation in ponds and lagoons in the southern United States. B Silver carp populations in the United States are likely to become endangered as a result of limited prey resources in the new environment. C Silver carp became a keystone species and created more biodiversity in lakes and rivers in the southeastern United States. D Silver carp became an invasive species in the United States because their numbers were not being controlled by natural predators.

D: Silver carp became an invasive species in the United States because their numbers were not being controlled by natural predators.

The table below shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on each of two islands in the Galápagos archipelago. The two islands are about ten kilometers apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands? A Egg mortality differs on the islands. B Beak size exerts selective pressure on prey size. C Birds on Daphne Island live longer than birds on Santa Cruz Island. D Large-beaked birds move to Santa Cruz Island and small-beaked birds move to Daphne Island. E The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

E The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size. 17

Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species? I. Increasing inspections of goods coming into a country II. Mandating that bilgewater from vessels be emptied in ports instead of in the open ocean III. Enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packing crates

I and III only

Which of the following is the most likely reason that the greatest number of extinctions of bird species occurred in the period 1901-2000?

Increased environmental disturbances from human activities altered bird habitats.

Five Islands, A, B, C, D, and E, differ only in distance from the mainland, area, and species diversity. Which island would be predicted to have the highest species diversity?

Island Distance from Mainland (kilometers)Area (hectares)B. 50 (1 x 10^6)

Which of the following best describes a supporting ecological service provided by wetlands? A Wetlands serve as a source of aesthetic inspiration for art and literature. B Wetlands provide opportunities for ecotourism, which provides revenue to the local economy. C Wetlands serve as a major reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle. D Wetlands provide a habitat for a wide variety of organisms.

Wetlands provide a habitat for a wide variety of organisms.