APES First Semester Final Exam
Parent Material
A geological material that breaks down and forms sediment. Could be mountainous rock, lava, sand dunes, glacier, river sediment, or bedrock.
Which of the following is not an NGO (non governmental organization)?
Army Corps of Engineers
How did Norman Borlaug contribute to the Green Revolution?
Borlaug used selective genetic breeding and developed GMO's (Genetically Modified Organisms) in poorer countries to help feed billions of people.
Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(an) ________ association
Symbiotic
Green Revolution Cons
Started MONOCULTURE Increased industrialization Genetically Modified Crops (GMO's) Shifted energy productions from sun based to oil based
What are the objectives of sustainable agriculture?
To put the nutrients back into our soil; to go back to traditional farmer techniques; and to decrease the industrialization of the food industries
What is the purpose of soil?
To support the plants, water the plants, hold the plants, and bring us food.
Monoculture
Uniform planting of one crops; a large amount of ONLY one crop
A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they are published in journals which...
Use the peer review process
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Uses biocontrol, chemicals if necessary, transgenic crops, crop rotation, and mechanical removal of pests
industrial Agriculture
Using irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery for farming
Biological Control/Biocontrol
Using one organism to combat another. Ex: parasitic wasps, cactus moth, Bacilus thuringiensis
Aquaculture does have some negative factors. _____ outbreaks can happen, so can ________ contamination. There are also GM fish.
Virus; antibiotic
Plants conduct photosynthesis, making glucose and other carbohydrates. To do this they need
Water from the soil and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
How has the industrial revolution indirectly impacted the obesity of Americans?
We have developed monoculture, which has led to us eating certain types of foods consistently which leads ultimately to obesity
In general, natural resources....
Should be conserved
The species most often vulnerable to human impact is the...
Endemic Organism
Which of the following is an assumption of neoclassical economics?
Growth is good
List and describe the 3 ethical standards
-Virtue, the personal achievement of moral excellence in character through reasoning and moderation -Categorical Imperative, Basically the golden rule. Treat others the way you would like to be treated -Utility, Something is right when it benefits the most people
Which of the following is the best example of the demographic transition?
A country becomes more industrialized and ultimately, will find a large stable population with low birth rates and low death rates
Describe how over fertilizing wheat crops in Kansas can kill Manatees in Mississippi
...
List and describe the four theories of the origin of life
...
The average food product travels _____ miles before it gets to your plate.
1,400
1 teaspoon of soil can hold up to ___ million bacteria, ________ fungi, ______ algae, and ______ protists.
100; 500,000; 100,000; 50,000
The country of Smithiscoolistan has seen 210,000 babies born, 190,000 people die, 13,000 people move out, and 11,000 people move in the past year. What is Smithiscoolistan's natural rate or population change?
20,000
The largest feedlot operation in the US can house over _______ heads of cattle. This amount of waste generated is more than the cities of Boston, ______, St. Louis, and _______ combined.
200,000; Atlanta; Denver
At a 1.2% growth rate, what year can we expect our population to reach 14.1 billion people?
2070
In feedlots, on average a steer will eat _____ pounds of grain, and gain ____ pounds in weight.
3,000; 400
1 cow can produce ______ lbs of waste a year.
44,975
What is soil?
A complex substance made up of distinguished rock, sediments, broken down organic matter, gas, water, nutrients, and biological organisms.
Any food label starting with a _ on the code is an organic product
9
Food Security
A reliable source of food available for the people
When did agriculture start?
About 10,000 years ago
Modern market economies generally do not address
Aesthetic and cultural value
Desertification
After a long time of erosion, the end product is the removal of topsoil and loss of nutrients of plants. As this happens, plants and vegetation die, driving erosion even deeper
Overgrazing
An area that has suffered from the result of too many critters feeding on it
The swamplands of extreme southern Lousiana, which contain elements of both the temperate deciduous forests and the coast, would be called
An ecotone
European rabbits were introduced into Australia and quickly spread, reproduced, and become a terrible pest. They eat up to $600 million worth of food and pasture crops annually, and have damaged the populations of many native plants and the populations of animals that eat the plants. Twice in the past 50 years, rabbit diseases have been introduced to try to control the population, with little success. This is a case where....
An invasive species has reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species
Environmental policy is traditionally very unpopular. Which of the following reasons is not something we discussed as a reason for this?
Annexation Laws
List and describe the 3 ethnic perspectives
Anthropocentrism: No other entities have rights Biocentrism: Certain living things have rights Ecocentrism: The whole ecological system has rights
A(n) ________ is best defined as one who evaluates an action based on its impact on human health, economic costs and benefits, and aesthetic concerns.
Anthropocentrist
Humans have dramatically altered the rate of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by autotrophs.....
As we produce synthetic fertilizers and apply them to crops, lawns, and parks
The origin of all nitrogen in biological tissues is
Atmosphere N2 gas
Why is beef an inefficient food from the perspective of energy consumption?
Beef is inefficient food because it takes up a lot of energy to operate the feedlots. It uses up a lot of gas, electricity, water, oil, etc
Which of the following is NOT (Kelsey) a mark of the agricultural revolution?
Began about 100,000 years ago
What type of soils are in Denton, TX? ***Need to know apparently
Black-land Prairie - Savannah; East Cross-Timbers - East of Sherman Dr.; Central Grand Prairie - ?; West
Salinization
Build up of salt levels on surfaces and leads to ultimately killing plants. You can stop by not over-watering!
Veggie-Libel Laws
Cannot talk bad about the food industries
Critters that get their energy from breaking down compounds are called...
Chemotrophs
Pesticides
Combat to kill pests (critters, bugs, etc)
*Soil Textures (IMPORTANT)
Consists of three categories: silt, sand, and clay Be sure you are able to depict what type of category the soil texture is by using this graph: http://www.oneplan.org/Images/soilMst/SoilTriangle.gif
What do American's mainly eat?
Corn, beef, chicken, pork, wheat, potatoes, soy beans, lettuce, apples, bananas, fish, oranges
What are some type of companion plants?
Corns, beans, and squash
Ways farmers can fight soil erosion
Crop rotation Contour farming Shelter belts Inter-cropping Nostill cropping Terricina?
________ is best defined as the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people.
Culture
____ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest
Deer
Irrigation
Diverting water for farming use
Who spurred on the Green Revolution?
Dr. Norman Borlaug (an Aggie) in the 1950's. It was a controversial movement that was seen as a way to increase the output of specific crops to combat worldwide hunger through selective genetic breeding. It has brought good and bad.
A system receiving inputs and producing outputs without undergoing any changes in size or function is said to be in ______
Dynamic Equilibrium
There are cows, pork, milk, chicken, and eggs. Which of these is the most efficient; which of these is the least?
Eggs are the most efficient; cows are the least.
Good Lord I'm hungry! I feel like eating some broccoli Bear Grills style. So I jump outside to my garden, find a broccoli plant and start going to town like I'm a starving dog. This form of ravenous hunger is most commonly called...
Elly! - Herbivory
Fertilizers
Essential nutrients, inorganic or organic, added to crops
The process of nutrient enrichment, subsequent increased production of organic matter, and eventual ecosystem degradation is known as...
Etrophixation
Removal of which of the following species from a given area, but not globally is called...
ExTIRpation
The eutrophication that has taken place in the Gulf of Mexico and other locations appears to be due to ______
Excess nutrients from fertilizers
Sustainable Agriculture
Farming that does not deplete soil nutrients faster than they can be put back into the system
By definition, parasites ______ their host.
Feed on and harm
Green Revolution Pros
Feed over a billion people Saved forest land Increased worldwide wheat, corns, and maize productions
Describe an animal in North America that has suffered from over-harvesting and be as detailed as possible including why.
Fish, rabbits, horseshoe crabs, etc
Name some GMO crops
Flavr Savr tomatoes Bt crops StarLink Corn Mansato Roundup Ready crops Terminator Seeds
Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960's
Focused on chemical pollutants, including pesticide use
What are GMO's?
GMO's are Genetically Modified Organisms that have had their genetic material altered to fit the needs of a specific purpose
Which of the following values included volunteer work and pollution in a country's goods and services?
GPI
Soils we NEED to know (all soils, but the important ones will be stared)
Gellisols - Cold climates *Histosols - Mostly organic material, cold soil forest Spodosols - Wet, swamps, lakes Andisols - Volcanic ash *Oxisols - Rainforest, nutrient soil (because of rain low?) leading *Vertisols - River deposits, plains, rivers, not common, Ex: Australia, Africa *Artdisols - Desert soils Ultrisols - Nutrient rich, mostly in areas where leave fall Mollisols - Grasslands Alfisols - ? Inceptisols - ? Entisols - ?
What are other type of meat American's do not usually eat?
Goat, lamb, turkey, duck, quail, deer, ostrich, buffalo, dog
The judicial system is important for environmental policy because....
Grassroots and other nongovernmental organizations have brought lawsuits to correct environmental damage
Taiga and tundra both
Have low temperature throughout the year
Cation exchange
How plants uptake nutrients. Finer texture and more organic matter make for better cation exchange
The extremely low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the "dead zone" represent a condition called...
Hypoxiation
There are four islands. Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. Alpha is the closest to the mainland, Beta is next, Gamma is farther away, and Delta is the farthest from the shore. Which statement is true?
If they are all about the same size, then Delta will have the least biodiversity
Which of the following is a mark of the first era of US environmental policy?
Indian removal/replacement
Age pyramids, used to show the age structure of population, generally...
Indicate the relative numbers (frequency, or percentage) of individuals in each age class
Green Revolution
Industrialized agriculture spreading to developing nations
The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in
Insects
International environmental law arises from
International conventions or treaties
Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of _______ ________.
Intraspecific competition
Define the term of invasive species and give two examples from class
Invasive species are a species that invade a certain area and reduce the genetic diversity in that area. Ex: Snake-heads, fire ants, zebra muscles, kudo, etc
What's the theory of meeting a Triple Bottom Line?
Is being able to meet standards environmentally, economically, and socially
What is Kwurshiorkur?
It makes people's stomach's inflate with gas, while their body is eating their own muscle tissues
List 4 organisms that are endangered in Texas
Jaguar, star cactus, Texas horned lizard, Finn-back Whale
The first person to come up with the idea of a preservation land ethic in this country was...
John Muir
Cropland
Land use for food or fiber Ex: corn, wheat, cotton
Rangeland
Land use for grazing livestock Ex: goats, cows, sheep
The physical components of our planet can be divided into the
Lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere
Sustainable development...
Means consuming resources without compromising future availability
Which of the following is an administrative agency regulated by the Department of Commerce?
NASA
The law that was a precursor to the EPA was...
National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (N/EPA)
Increases in species diversity result from the process of ______ and decreases through the process of ______.
Natural selection;
NAFTA
North American Free Trait Agreement, Eliminated trade taxes for U.S, Canada, and Mexico and manipulated farmers from other countries to come work for us
Organic Agriculture
Not artificial, there are no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides
What three factors contribute to the "dead zone" in the waters off the Gulf of Mexico?
Nutrients from fertilizers
What are the different horizons in soil?
O Horizon: Organic litter layer A Horizon: Topsoil B Horizon: Subsoil C Horizon: Parent Material *R Horizon: Bedrock
Cuba is quite a champion on sustainable agriculture. Do you think if their economic situation was different, they would ultimately revert to industrial agricultural means? Why or why not?
OPINION
Sachiko and Fred are having a discussion about the scientific method. Sachiko makes the comment that every time she sees people carrying open umbrellas, she also sees several small car accidents. This is a(n)
Observation
How much of our landmass is considered forest?
One-third
What practices have increased erosion?
Over-cultivating fields Overgrazing range-lands Clearing forests
The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years, the average size of an individual lobster has dropped, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of....
Over-harvesting
Irrigation, again
Over-irrigation can deposit salt and excess nutrient sediments on the soil's surface as the water evaporates
Weathering
Parent material that is broken down by either chemical or physical processes
What factors are causing organic agriculture to expand?
People are taking notice more to what they are eating and decreasing on eating GMO's, and are increasing their dowsing of organic foods.
Undernourished
People do not receive 90% of their caloric needs
What techniques have people employed to increase agriculture production?
People have used synthetic fertilizers, GMO crops, irrigation, and overgrazing to increase agricultural production.
Over-nourished
People receive way too many calories each day
Describe several different reasons why many people support the development of genetically modified organisms, and name several different organisms and their uses
People supported GMO's and produced them in developing, usually poor countries, since they fit the needs of people. Ex: Chickens - bigger breast Cows: more milk/beef GMO Corn
Cassandras are...
People who predict disaster
What are pests doing against pesticides?
Pests are starting to become genetically resistant to pesticides, what makes us develop stronger, more toxic chemicals to ourselves.
Cattle on an open range, in some areas, may compact fragile soils while grazing. This can damage plant roots, leading to fewer, smaller plants, which may in turn cause cattle to graze more and work harder to obtain food. This is an example of a ___________
Positive feedback loop
List several positive and negative factors of feedlots operations.
Positive- They are more efficient They take up less space Negative- Disease run ram-pet Unsafe, unhealthy conditions Leading cause to E-coli in our food Bad, nasty, smelly, unhealthy conditions for both the cows and the workers
The takings clause means that...
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation
_________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars
Producers
5 things we need in our diet
Protein, carbohydrates-sugar, fat, minerals, vitamins, (water)
Environmentally and economically acceptable means of controlling introduced invasive species include
Public education, introduction of suitable predators, examination of imported goods
Agriculture
Raising crops and livestock for human use and/or consumption
Which of the following is not a role of the government in a mixed market economy?
Regulate consumption prices
Gert B. Frobe and Clete Buckaloo are having an argument one day on how the US should make interrogation of foreign captives. Gert says that it doesn't matter where on earth you are, everyone should maintain a similar ethic. Clete says that situations should vary with different cultures and cannot be compared. By these two definitions, Clete Buckaloo is most commonly defined as a....
Relativist
Which of the following are examples of a keystone species we have seen in class?
Sea Otters
What are some soil characteristics?
Soil color: Can sometimes indicate fertility Soil texture: Size of parent material particles Soil structure: The 'clumpiness' of soil Soil pH: The acidity of soil
Birds of Paradise in New Guinea have developed intricate means of finding mates in many dancing and plumage rituals. A theory is that they their ancestors were trying to differentiate themselves based on their mating rituals. Because they have found a way to specialize within their species regarding resources, we call this ________.
Species Coexistence
What are the four main types of soil erosion?
Splash Erosion: Bad for soil Gully Erosion: Like a riverbed, water erosion Rill Erosion: Elevated area, water falls Sheet Erosion: Rain overflowing caught in a certain part of an area
Which of the following is not a species that has gone extinct that we have discussed in class?
Texas Horned Lizard
What is an example of pests overcoming pesticides?
Texas melon crop in 1997 was destroyed by the gummy stem blight because of resistance to Benlate.
What's the Tragedy of the Commons?
The Tragedy of the Commons is that if resources are not regulated, then they will run out.
Aquaculture
The farming of aquatic organisms, mostly fish
Topsoil
The most important layer with respect of plants as this is where they gain their nutrients and food from. Nutrient content, ability to hold water, and depth will ultimately determine how well a plant will grow
Leaching
The movement of nutrients through layers; organic matter decreases as you travel down the horizons
Erosion
The movement of particles from one location to another
A population of birds is found on a remote island. Which of the following information is most important in deciding if the birds all belong to a single species?
The offspring of some matings are sterile
Where are the areas of most productivity found?
The poles and boreal forest
Hydroponics
The process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil
Regarding the same four islands in the previous question. Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta, it is true that
The rate of immigration is highest on Alpha
Bedrock
The rock beneath the parent material, it's solid and where sediment comes from
What is biodiversity?
The total diversity of species in a given area (includes all species)
Traditional Agriculture
The use of biological organisms to farm (people and animals)
Which terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity?
Tropical Rainforest
Provide two reasons why our estimates of species numbers are incomplete
We have yet to discover the total amount of all the different types of species on this plant. There are still undiscovered areas on this planet that we yet to visit.
What are the steps of soil formations?
Weathering, erosion, and then compacting
Which of the following would not shape your worldview?
Your "handsome" teacher's personal beliefs
The term _____ describes all of the interacting organisms and the abiotic factors that occur in the particular place at the same time
ecosystem
Feedlot
factory farm where animals are concentrated into small efficient spaces
Be sure to be able to draw a Fundamental and Realized Niche for four species competing for a similar resource.
http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/media/1/72265_cm_attached_media_media_145_small.jpg
Because of the diversity, soil is actually considered to be a __________.
micro-ecosystem
