APES Mid-Term
calculating doubling time
70/% of growth rate
decomposition
A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products.
parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed, requires a host.
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer occurs and results in increased in disorder.
provisioning services
Goods taken directly from ecosystems or made from nat. resources (wood, paper, food). Provides products that can be used.
how does air move between high and low pressure
High pressure moves to low Pressure, then the pressure rises and moves to high pressure, then the pressure sinks and moves to love pressure.
Biocontrol
Introducing a natural predator, parasite, or competitor to control the pest population
Generalist species
Larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction & more likely to be invasive
Divergent Plate Boundary
Plates move away from each other
Convergent Plate Boundary
Plates move towards each other
Transform Fault Plate Boundary
Plates slide past each other in opposite directions
Urban sprawl
Pop. movement out of dense, urban centers to less dense suburban areas surrounding the city
Calculating population size
Population Size = (Immigrations + births) - (emigrations + deaths)/10
Mine reclamation
Process of restoring land to original state after mining has finished
Acid Mine drainage
Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels & mixes with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
Methane release
Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels & mixes with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
clear cutting
The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once
Nitrification
conversion of NH4 into nitrite (NO2-) & then nitrate (NO3) by soil bacteria
dentrification
conversion of soil N (NO3) into nitrous oxide (N2O) gas which returns to atmosphere
selective cutting
cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind
Oceanic-Continental
dense oceanic plate subducts beneath cont. Plate & melts back into magma
Resource partitioning
different species using the same resource in diff. ways to reduce competition
Extraction & Combustion
digging up or mining FFs & burning them as energy source; releases CO2 into atm.
Mesosphere
emp. decreases because density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun - Coldest place on earth (-150oF)
biotic potential
exponential growth
Density-Dependent Factors
factors that influence pop. growth based on size: -All of these things limit pop. growth based on their size; aka - small pop. don't experience these, large do
strip cutting
harvesting trees in narrow strips, to minimize damage and try to allow for natural regeneration
Nutrient Recycling:
home to decomposers that break down dead organic matter + return nutrients to the soil
Genetic diversity
how different the genes are of individuals within a population (group of the same species)
K-Selected
"Quality" - few offspring. heavy parental care to protect them - usually reproduce many times - long lifespan, long time to sexual maturity= low biotic potential= slow pop. growth rate
R selected species
"quanity" - many offspring, little to no care - may reproduce only once - shorter lifespan, quick to sexual maturity= high biotic potential= high pop. growth rate.
Calculating Growth Rate (r)
(CBR-CDR)/10
type 2 survivorship curve
(in between r & k) - steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life.
Type 1 survivorship curve
(mostly K-selected) - high survivorship early in life due to high parental care - high survivorship in mid life due to large size & defensive behavior - rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in
type 3 survivorship curve
(mostly r-selected) - high mortality (low survivorship) early in life due to little to no parental care - few make it to midlife; slow steady decline in survivorship in mid life - even fewer make it adulthood; slow decline in survivorship in old age.
the gross annual primary productivity for the ecosystem, in kcal/m^2 per year
(net annual primary productivity) + (respiration)
FRQ 4.5 Explain how the sun is responsible for the pattern of air circulation seen in cycle C. (see FRQ 4.5 for image)
- 1. More direct sunlight @ equator warms air, 2. Warm air rises, cools, and expandsH2O vapor condenses into rain. 3. Air continues to rise, cool, and expand. 4. Cooling, expanding air spreads out. 5. cool, dry air sinks back down to earth @ 30o N & S Deserts form here due to lack of moisture in air.
FRQ 3.5 Calculate the percent change in the population size of a 14 wolf pack that experiences 5 deaths, 3 births, and 4 new wolves released into the pack from a nearby wildlife sanctuary.
- 14% change
Strip Cropping
- Another name for intercropping - Alternating rows of dense crops (hay, wheat) with rows of less dense crops (corn, soy, cotton) to prevent runoff from eroding soil from less dense rows of crops
FRQ 1.7 Chose a processes from the diagram. Identify the process and describe how water is moving from one reservoir to another. (See FRQ 1.7 for image)
- Aquifer and ocean precipitation - Precipitation recharges groundwater through infiltration, but only if ground is permeable (able to let water pass through), and then through run off the water (and pollutants) are carried into oceans.
FRQ 1.2 Identify one characteristic of a biome and explain how that characteristic determines the community of organisms found in the biome.
- Average yearly temperature and perception - that characteristic determines the nutrient availability and what plants are able to grow there, which can also effect what kind of animals are able to consume those types of plants.
Furrow
- Cheapest - Easiest to do Furrows are created between crop rows and then pipes/ditches are used to deliver water between them - 30% of water is lost
FRQ 3.6 Identify the country with the slowest pop. growth rate and explain your answer (see FRQ 3.6 for image)
- Country Y - it has the smallest amount of reproductive age and pre-reproductive age citizens.
FRQ 5.8 Propose a solution to address the issue of fishery depletion.
- Create a system where you can only take fish of a certain age so younger fish can grow, or only males so female fish can continue to breed, or only fish of a certain size or create areas where commercial fishing is completely banned.
Perennial Crops
- Crops that live year round and are harvested numerous times - Longer, more established roots & prevention of bare soil between harvest
Terracing
- Cutting flat "platforms" of soil into a steep slope Flatness of terraces catches water & prevents it from becoming runoff and eroding soil - Flatness of terraces catches water & prevents it from becoming runoff and eroding soil
FRQ 5.6 Describe ONE economic advantage and one economic disadvantage of using GM crops.
- Describe ONE economic advantage and one economic disadvantage of using GM crops. An economic advantage would be to modify the gene so they are pest resistant making it harder for the crops to be affected by crops. - An economic disadvantage would be that all the GMOed crops are genetically the same so if a disease were to affect the crops it would affect all of them.
FRQ 4.8 (1 of 2) Describe the regional precipitation pattern you would expect for the portion of Mexico & central America indicated on the map. Justify your answer (see FRQ 4.8 (1 of 2) for image)
- Dryer regional precipitation - on the west side of Andes, where westerly winds bringer cooler drier air, and above the equator.
Rain shadow Ex.
- Eastern trade winds blow moist air from Atlantic across SA - Windward (E) side of Andes receives heavy rainfall - Leeward (W) side of Andes receives arid (dry) air - ~30o latitude also contributes to lack of rain - high pressure, dry, descending air from Hadley cell
Drip
- Expensive - Labor intensive to set up - Water must be clean of sediment, roots, or the tiny holes become plugged - Small amounts of water are released from holes in a hose - Most efficient - only 5% lost
Spray
- Expensive - May use soil sensors, GPS, and computers - Water comes out of a spray nozzle - 25% of water is lost - Requires fossil fuels to run
FRQ 2.1 Describe one of the three levels of biodiversity. Explain how high biodiversity at the level you described is beneficial to ecosystems.
- Genetic diversity: how different the genes are of individuals within a population (group of the same species) - The more genetic diversity in a pop. the better the population can respond to env. Stressors like drought, disease, or famine
FRQ 5.3 Describe one environmental advantage and one environmental disadvantage of using GM crops.
- Gmo plants have better drought tolerance, faster growing - Gmo plants are genetically identical so genetic diversity decreases this leads to susceptibility to disease and pests increases.
Stage 1 - Preindustrial
- High IMR & high death rate due to lack of access to clean water, stable food supply, and healthcare - High TFR due to lack of access to: Ed. for women Contraceptives/family planning - Need for child agricultural labor - Little to no growth due to high CBR & CDR balancing each other out
FRQ 4.8 (2 of 2) (see FRQ 4.8 (2 of 2) for image)
- Higher latitudes receive less insolation: cooler, less precipitation, Dry air descends down "leeward" side of mtn, warming as it sinks, Warm, moist air from ocean hits the "windward" side of the mtn, rises, cools (condensing H2O vapor & causing rain) → lush, green vegetation.
Stage 4 - Post-Industrialized/Highly Developed
- Highly modernized countries that are very affluent - CBR drops lower that CDR & growth becomes negative(pop. decline) - econ./societal indicators - very high per capita GDP - Longest life-expectancy - TFR, below replacement level - Highest contraceptive use rates
FRQ 5.13 Design an investigation to measure the relationship between the number of trees in a city and amount of stormwater runoff the city produces Propose a hypothesis Outline a procedure identify your independent variable Identify your dependent variable
- If the number of trees in a city increases, then the amount of runoff the city produces will decrease. - Do a series of tests where overtime you add more and more trees to a city and then record the amount of runoff during this time, and see if the runoff gets better, worse, or stays the same. - Amount of Runoff - Number of trees
Flood
- Land is flooded with water - Water will infiltrate and recharge aquifers - Leads to waterlogging - 20% of water is lost to evaporation - Not appropriate for all crops
FRQ 4.4 Identify a layer of earth from the diagram that has an inverse relationship between temperature and altitude. Describe why this occurs. (see FRQ 4.4 for image)
- Layer B - temp. increases because top layer of stratosphere is warmed by UV rays and then temp. decreases as air gets further from warmth of earth's surface temp.
No Till
- Leaving leftover crop remains in soil instead of tilling under - Adds org. matter to soil (nutrients, soil cover, moisture) - Prevents erosion from loosened soil
FRQ 5.2 Describe TWO ecosystem services provided for humans by forests. Explain how clear-cutting would affect each ecosystem service you describe.
- Lumber and O2 admissions, clear cutting would bring the ecosystem service rates down, losing lumber for agriculture and building, and loosing o2 admissions allowing oxygen in areas to get much more polluted.
FRQ 5.10 Describe a possible solution to the issue of urban sprawl. Identify one possible economic consequence of this solution
- Make suburban houses more expensive so people have a reason to stay in more urban areas - This could lower the housing market and less people would buy houses in general lowering the economy
Stage 2 - Industrializing/Developing
- Modernizations brings access to clean water, healthcare, stable food supply - TFR remains high due to - Rapid growth, due to high CBR and declining CDR - Econ./.societal indicators - low per capita GDP - shorter life expectancy - high infant mortality rate - high TFR - Low literacy rate & school life expectancy for girls
Stage 3 - developed/industrialized
- Modernized economy and society increase family income, so TFR declines significantly due to - Slowing growth rate as CBR drops closer to CDR - econ./.societal - high per capita GDP - long life-expectancy - low infant mortality - TFR near replacement level - High literacy rate and school life expectancy for all.
FRQ 5.15 TWO soil conservation strategies that could be used to prevent soil erosion in agricultural fields that are established in this landscape. (see FRQ 5.15 for image)
- No till, contour plowing.
FRQ 1.6 choose 2 reservoirs depicted in the diagram above and describe how phosphorus moves from one to the other (see FRQ 1.6 for image)
- Ocean and soil - phosphates moves between these 2 reservoirs through weather and the runoff of phosphate rock into the ocean and then with uplift restarting the cycling and bring phosphate back to the soil
FRQ 5.16 Identify an advantage that aquaculture has over net fishing. Explain one environmental consequence of aquaculture.
- Only requires a small amount of water space - May introduce non native species
Contour plowing
- Plowing parallel to natural slopes of the land instead of down slopes prevents water runoff & soil erosion - Forms mini terraces that catch water running off, conserving soil & water
FRQ 1.8 Describe the process of net primary productivity (NPP). Describe the relationship between primary productivity and biodiversity.
- Primary Productivity: rate that solar energy is converted into org. compounds via photosynthesis over a unit of time - Ecosystems with high primary productivity are usually more biodiverse (more div. of species) than ecosystems with low primary productivity.
FRQ 5.9 An abandoned coal mine site has been found to have very high sulfur levels in the tailings and overburden left at the site. Describe one environmental impact of the high sulfur content of the overburden and tailings. Propose a solution to remedy or reduce this impact.
- Rainwater can carry these toxic minerals into nearby streams that will release them into some kind of basin and kill aquatic life, this is known as acid mine drain. - A solution to this would be mine reclamation filling the abandoned mine, returning topsoil, and re planting native plants.
FRQ 3.2 (1 of 2) Identify ONE characteristic of an r-selected species that could increase the likelihood of the r-selected species becoming a more successful invasive species than K-selected species
- Shorter lifespan, quick to sexual maturity = high biotic potential = high pop. growth rate, making r selected species much more likely to a successful invasive species.
La nina Effects
- Stronger upwelling & better fisheries in SA than normal - Worse tornado activity in US & Hurricane activity in Atlantic - Cooler, drier weather in Americas Rannier, warmer, increased monsoons in SE Asia
FRQ 5.12 Explain which student most likely lives in a highly developed country. Describe how one of the four categories of ecological footprint can serve as an environmental indicator. (see FRQ 5.12 for image)
- Student 1 most likely lives in a highly developed country because they have the highest housing rate out of all of them.
FRQ 4.9 Describe TWO environmental problems related to the conditions of an El nino event.
- Suppressed upwelling & less productive fisheries in SA - Warmer winter in much of N America
Effects of El Nino
- Suppressed upwelling & less productive fisheries in SA - Warmer winter in much of N America - Increased precip & flooding in Americas - occurs in in the pacific ocean between South America and Australia/Southeast Asia
FRQ 5.11 Describe one factor that accounts for the difference in carbon footprint between the United States and Uganda. Explain one environmental consequence of this factor. (see FRQ 5.11 for image)
- The US has a higher population of people who are able to afford a car - The US requires much more land to producing this amount of admissions
FRQ 3.2 (2 of 2) Describe the relationship between Zebra Mussel and Unionid Mussel population density in the Hudson River (see FRQ 3.2 (2 of 2) for image)
- The unionid mussel has a much larger growth rate and population size making it an r-selected species and the zebra mussel a k-selected species.
FRQ 5.1 The oceans of the world are often referred to as a commons. Identify one other such commons, explaining how human activities affect that commons, and propose a solution for managing that commons.
- The world's forests would also be considered a common because all different people form different places and different companies use lumber form these places, and if one group decides to take more lumber than usual everyone will be affected because of this, a solution to this would be restricting everyone to a certain amount of wood each group can take this way the forest would not have too much wood depleted from them and would be able to reproduce to a healthy population and thrive.
FRQ 2.2 Describe an ecosystem service that intact forest ecosystems provide for humans. Identify one human activity that could degrade this ecosystem service and explain how the activity decreases the value of the ecosystem service.
- Trees in a forest sequester (store) CO2 through photosynthesis which reduces rate of climate change & lessens damage caused by rising sea level & reduces crop failure from drought - Deforestation - there would be less number trees reducing the storage of CO2 and increasing the rate of climate change
FRQ 5.17 Identify TWO characteristics of a forest that develop when fires are suppressed, and explain how prescribed burns could address each of these characteristics.
- Two characteristics would be a lot of dead biomass build up as well as a lot of pests and diseases a prescribed burn would address this by promoting nutrient recycling, nutrients in dead biomass would be recycled and bring new growth.
Windbreaks
- Using trees or other plants to block the force of the wind from eroding topsoil - Can be used as a source of firewood, fruit (income) - Can provide habitat for pollinators & other species
Rain shadows
- Warm, moist air from ocean hits the "windward" side of the mtn, rises, cools (condensing H2O vapor & causing rain) → lush, green vegetation - Dry air descends down "leeward" side of mtn, warming as it sinks - Leads to arid (dry) desert conditions
FRQ 5.5 Describe how soil salinization occurs. Propose a solution to prevent or remediate soil salinization. Identify one disadvantage of the solution you propose.
- When irrigation water evaporates salt is left on the surface, Soil salinization occurs when large amounts of salt build up in the soil overtime, a solution to this would be flushing the soil with fresh water, and switching to a freshwater source. root growth could be impaired because of lack of oxygen.
FRQ 5.7 Explain an environmental benefit of eating a plant-based diet, rather than a meat-based diet, using the data below (see FRQ 5.7 for image)
- While on a plant based diet the production of plants would go up, which is a much more efficient production than meat.
FRQ 2.7 Based on the graph below, explain whether spruce trees are an early, middle, or late successional species. (see FRQ 2.7 for image)
- a middle successional species, because they appeared after pioneer species helped develop deeper soil required for the spruce trees roots, also are very fast growing trees that are the most frequent in the middle of graph.
Mid-successional
- appear after pioneer species have helped develop deeper soil with more nutrients by their cycles of growth/death - Occurs in an area that already has established soil, but has had most plant life removed by a disturbance
FRQ 1.9 & 1.10 Explain why a relatively large forest can only support a small number of wolves. Calculate the amount of energy available to a tertiary consumer in the following ecosystem. 100,000 J of energy produced by plants in the ecosystem (after respiration)
- because wolves are tertiary consumers and release the least amount of energy but require the most energy out of the energy pyramid - 100
FRQ 1.3 Identify an organism found in an aquatic biome and explain how that organism is uniquely adapted to live in that biome.
- coral is an organism that is found in an aquatic biome - it can survive there because of the energy it gets from the algae, that area also has the correct level salinity, depth, and temperature for the coral to be able to survive.
FRQ 2.5 Describe the relationship between latitude and change in first leaf date depicted in the graph. Explain why you think this relationship exists. (See FRQ 2.5 for image)
- for latitudes for north the leaf date is much earlier than areas with a more southern latitude, which have a much later leaf date. - this relationship exists because areas with a more Northern latitude have a much colder climate that areas in a more southern latitude.
FRQ 1.5 Describe one chemical transformation that occurs in the natural nitrogen cycle and explain the importance of that transformation to an ecosystem.
- humans combust FFs to convert N2 gas into nitrate (NO3-) - Certain bacteria that live in the soil, or in symbiotic relationship with plant root nodules convert N2 into ammonia (NH3). Rhizobacteria live in root nodules of legumes (peas, beans) & fix N for them in return for amino acids from the plant
FRQ 3.7 Identify and discuss TWO of the causes for the trend in worldwide TFR. (see FRQ 3.7 for image)
- more education for women resulting in less unplanned pregnancies', and more education and economic opportunities for women leaving less time to raise children.
FRQ 1.11 Describe one direct effect that a decline in the frog population would have on the food web. Identify an organism that is both a secondary and tertiary consumer (see FRQ 1.11 for image)
- over population of grass hoppers - Snake
FRQ 1.4 Identify one process in the diagram that happens quickly and one process that happens slowly. Explain how the rate at which fossil fuels are transferred into the atmosphere, as shown in the diagram, has altered the carbon cycle during the past 250 years. (see FRQ 1.4 for image)
- quickly: combustion of fossil fuels, Slowly: Calcium Carbonate sedimentation - the rate of which fossil fuels are transferred has led to an imbalance in which carbon reserves and sinks are storing carbon
FRQ 3.8 Describe one human activity related to a rapidly growing human population that is having an impact on biodiversity. Propose a solution a government could take to slow population growth.
- rapidly growing human population requires larger amount of food. This results in technology altering the carrying capacity of food production through GMO's and synthetic fertilizers which decreases the level of biodiversity between plant species. - making a high gross domestic product, increasing the value of goods & services produced.
FRQ 3.1 Identify ONE characteristic of specialist species and explain how that characteristic makes them more likely to become extinct than generalist species.
- smaller range of tolerance - special food requirements and and a weaker ability to adapt to new conditions, makes specialist species more likely to become extinct
FRQ 4.6 Deforestation can affect water quality. Identify one change that can occur in the water quality of streams within a watershed that has been deforested. Explain how deforestation can lead to this change.
- soil erosion, deposits sediments into streams - caused by loss stabilizing root structures.
Pioneer or early succession
- species appear first, when the ground is simply bare rock, or bare soil after a disturbance - Occurs in an area that hasn't previously been colonized by plants (bare rock)
FRQ 3.9 Identify the stage of this graph in which population grows the fastest and explain why this is the case. Besides population growth rate, describe one economic or societal indicator of a country in this phase. (see FRQ 3.9 for image)
- stage 2 -this is the case because the population in stage 2 has a high CBR (crude birth rate), but a declining CDR (crude death rate). - Modernizations brings access to clean water, healthcare, stable food supply.
irrigation
- supplying water to an area of land used for agriculture - most fresh water is used for irrigation (70%)
FRQ 4.2 Design an investigation to measure the effect that climate has on soil formation. Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in your experiment.
- take the same soil and put them in areas with a different climate and see the effects on the soil and how it ages - independent variable: soil effects, dependent variable: climate, such as precipitation and temperature.
FRQ 4.3 Identify and describe one test that can be conducted on a soil sample. Explain how the results of the test could allow you to give advice to a farmer trying to grow crops in the soil.
- testing the PH of the soil, using a PH strip to see H+ ion concentration. - this could give advice to farmers through how acidic the soil, the more acidic the less nutrients availability in the soil, and not as good for growing plants.
FRQ 2.6 Describe the difference in beak size between the two islands. Make a claim about the reason for this difference in beak size. (see FRQ 2.6 for image)
- the Daphne Island beak size is much smaller than the Santa Cruz island beak size. - the reason they are different sizes is because the Santa Cruz island birds adapted to having a bigger beak which Cohen sides with their survival.
FRQ 2.4 (see FRQ 2.4 for image)
- the authors claim is that as climate increases the temperature of the water that salmon run and effect the salmon population, we could use genetic modification of salmon with higher thermal tolerance to be able to preserve the salmon population throughout climate change, and keep the nutrients that are provided to species from the salmon.
FRQ 1.1 Identify two organisms that compete for a shared food resource. Describe how resource partitioning could reduce the competition between the two organisms you identified. (Look at FRQ 1.1 for image)
- the polar bear, and the orca. - the use of resource partitioning would allow the orca and the polar bear to use the Atlantic cod in different ways reducing the competition between the 2 of them.
FRQ 3.3 Describe the trend in survivorship shown in this graph. Justify which type of survivorship curve these data represent. (see FRQ 3.4 for image)
- the trend of survivorship quicker die-off of individuals, high mortality and low survivorship - this data represents a r selected survivorship curve.
FRQ 2.3 Describe the processes of colonizing an island habitat. Describe how the island's distance from the mainland influences the number of species that will colonize the island habitat.
- when a new island habitat emergences new species immigrate to the island, and some will establish populations - Closer to mainland = higher species richness, easier for more species to migrate to island from mainland (swim/fly), More continual migration of individuals to the island habitat
FRQ 4.1 Explain how subduction leads to volcanic activity.
- when one plate subducts another plate or a content it Forces magma up to lithosphere surface, forming volcanoes.
FRQ 4.7 Identify which season is taking place in the Northern hemisphere in this diagram. Describe how the tilt of the earth's axis is responsible for earth's seasons. (see FRQ 4.7 for image)
- winter - because the southern hemisphere is pointed toward the sun and the northern hemisphere is away making it winter.
shelterwood
leaving small numbers of mature trees in place to provide shelter for seedlings as they grow.
slash and burn agriculture
method where forests are cleared and burned for planting
predation
one organism using another for energy source (hunters, parasites, even herbivores)
Oceanic-Oceanic
one plate subducts underneath other
Continental-Continental
one plate subducts underneath other, forcing surface crust upward (mountains)
competition
organisms fighting over a resource like food or shelter; limits pop. size
Assimilation
plants & animals taking N in and incorporating it into their body
PM release
rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels & mixes with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid
logistic model
raises in growth then levels off right below carrying cap.
mutualism
relationship that benefits both organisms (coral reef)
Commensalism
relationship that benefits one organism & doesn't impact the other (birds nest in trees)
Jet streams
relatively narrow bands of strong wind in the upper levels of the atmosphere - Blow N-S
seed tree harvesting
removal of most trees except a few mature individuals
Mixed land use
residential, business, and entertainment buildings all located in the same area of a city
cultural services
revenue form recreational activities (Hunting/fishing license, park fees, tourism-relates spending) and profits form scientific discoveries made in ecosystems (Health/ag./educational knowledge)
Die-off
sharp decrease in pop. size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying
Burial
slow, geological process that stores C in underground sinks like sedimentary rock or fossil fuels
specialist species
smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecological niche makes them more prone to extinction
Ammonification
soil bacteria, microbes & decomposers converting waste & dead biomass back into NH3 and returning it to soil
Geological uplift
tectonic plate collision forcing up rock layers that form mountains; P cycle can start over again with weathering & release of phosphate from rock
Thermosphere
temp. Increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation - Hottest place on earth (3,100F)
Troposphere
temp. decreases as air gets further from warmth of earth's surface
Stratosphere
temp. increases because top layer of stratosphere is warmed by UV rays (like pool surface
Replacement Level Fertility
the TFR required to offset deaths in a pop. and keep pop. size stable
net primary productivity
the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers, subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.
how to find how much energy is transferred during photosynthesis
the amount of net primary production, is the amount canceled.
FRQ 3.4 Explain the impact that the canine virus had on the moose population based on the graph. (See FRQ 3.4 for image)
the impact of the canine virus on moose population led to increasing number of moose because decreased wolf population, as wolf numbers increased the moose population experienced a die off.
Ecosystem diversity
the number of diff. habitats available in a given area
species diversity
the number of different species in an ecosystem and the balance or evenness of the pop. sizes of all small species in the ecosystem.
eutrophication
the process by which an entire body of water, or parts of it, becomes progressively enriched with minerals and nutrients.
how does el nino effect upwelling
the warm surface water will decrease upwelling because of the density difference between warm surface water and cold deep water.
El Nino, a periodic warming of ocean surface waters, occurs in which of the following regions?
tropical east pacific
Spatial partitioning
using diff. areas of a shared habitat (diff. length roots)
Morphological partitioning
using diff. resources based on diff. evolved body features
Temporal partitioning
using resource @ different times, such as wolves & coyotes hunting @ different times (night vs. day)
Leaching
water carries excess nutrients (nitrates & phosphates) into groundwater or into surface waters (as runoff)
Urban growth boundaries
zoning laws set by cities preventing development beyond a certain boundary
regulating services
Nat. ecosystems regulate climate/air quality, reducing storm damage & healthcare costs. Processes that maintain an ecosystem.
supporting services
Naturally supports existing habitats, must be present for life to occur. making them cheaper & easier(bees pollinate crops)
concentration of gasses in earths atmosphere
Nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, CO2 0.04%
FRQ 5.4 Explain one disadvantage of using inorganic, commercial fertilizers
One disadvantage is that it causes eutrophication of surface waters.
Direct Effects of Clearcutting
Soil Erosion - Caused by loss of stabilizing root structure - Removes soil organic matter & nutrients from forest - Deposits sediments in local streams Increased Soil and water temps. - Loss of tree shade increases soil temperature - Loss of tree shade along rivers & streams warms them
Denitrification
The conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas which is then released into the atmosphere.
Coriolis effect
The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.
Overshoot
When a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity
FRQ 5.14 Justify whether or not these data support the use of a biocontrol method of limiting pest damage (see FRQ 5.14 for image)
Yes, because based on the different plants different methods of treatment were effective, as well as showed a decrease in pest damage.
Calculating percent change
[(New Price - Old Price)/Old Price] x 100
bottleneck effect
a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities
Late successional or climax community species
appear last, after soil is deepened and enriched with nutrients by cycles of growth and death by early & mid successional species
upwelling zones
areas of ocean where winds blow warm surface water away from a land mass, drawing up colder, deeper water to replace it - Brings O2 & nutrients to surface → productive fishing
