APES MULTIPLE CHOICE-MIDTERM

A clock draws 2.0 watts of power to operate and is in operation 8,600 hours per year. The energy usage of the clock, in kWh per year, is closest to Select one: a. 4,300 b. 1,700 c. 430 d. 17 e. 170

17

Area wehre new crust is being created at a divergent boundary. Select one: a. E b. B c. D d. C e. A

B

Area that exhibits a growing nonvolcanic mountain chain due to uplift. Select one: a. B b. D c. A d. C e. E

C

What are the proportion of sand, silt, and clay for the soil at point T ? Select one: a. C b. D c. B d. A e. E

D

Area that exhibits island arcs. Select one: a. C b. D c. A d. E e. B

E

Marine sediments that form limstone are a major sink for this element. Select one: a. Sodium b. Phosphorus c. Sulfur d. Potassium e. Carbon

carbon

Nuclear power advocates contend that increased use of nuclear power decreases what type of emission that contributes to climate change? Select one: a. carbon monoxide b. sulfur dioxide c. nitrous oxides d. carbon dioxide e. water vapor

carbon dioxide

According to the figure above, the U.S. exports more _____ than it imports. Select one: a. natural gas b. coal c. nuclear energy d. oil e. renewable energy

coal

There are many advantages to using microorganisms for mining. Which of the following is not one of these? Select one: a. reduced water pollution b. reduced land disturbance c. faster removal of the mineral d. reduced air pollution e. reduced use of hazardous chemicals

faster removal of the mineral

When global demand for oil exceeds the rate at which it is produced Select one: a. flow rate to consumers goes up and price goes down. b. flow rate to consumers goes down and price goes up. c. price decreases and demand goes up. d. price and demand stay the same. e. flow rate is stopped.

flow rate to consumers goes down and price goes up

The place where an earthquake begins is called its ____. Select one: a. epicenter b. start c. fault d. magnitude e. focus

focus

Using a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure to free tightly held oil and natural gas is known as ____. Select one: a. hacking b. high density pumping c. rotary drilling d. mud drilling e. fracking

fracking

Forms when magma cools and hardens. Select one: a. Leachate b. Metamorphic c. Sandstone d. Oil shale e. Igneous

igneous

Instead of only generating more electricity, rising energy demands may also be met by Select one: a. increasing the efficiency of energy consumption b. using more nuclear power instead of fossil fuels c. switching from coal and natural gas to windmills and solar technologies d. switching from natural gas to coal e. building more coal-burning power plants

increasing the efficiency of energy consumption

Which of the following is true of nuclear powered electricity generation? Select one: a. low net energy yield b. higher land disruption than coal c. reduced supplies of uranium d. low CO2 emissions e. requires no subsidies

low CO2 emissions

By 2011, the growing supply of natural gas led to ____ in the United States. Select one: a. less development of alternative fuels b. a decrease in oil demand c. lower natural gas prices d. higher oil prices e. increased demand

lower natural gas prices

The severity of an earthquake is a measure of its seismic waves, and is called ____. Select one: a. magnitude b. focus c. epicenter d. valleys e. ridges

magnitude

Forms when pre-existing rock is subjected to high temperatures, pressure, or chemicals. Select one: a. Metamorphic b. Igneous c. Leachate d. Oil shale e. Sandstone

metamorphic

U.S. oil production _____. Select one: a. is now high enough fo rus to export nearly 50% of our oil b. will peak in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand c. is sufficient to meet national standards, thanks to major conservation efforts d. has to fit the quota imposed by OPEC e. peaked in 1970

peaked in 1970

The worst nuclear power accident in the United States occurred in 1979 in what state? Select one: a. California b. New York c. Washington d. Connecticut e. Pennsylvania

pennsylvania

The diagram below shows 100 ml of water being poured through a soil sample. After the water has passed through the soil, 98 ml of water is measured in the collection tray below the sample.Which of the following properties of the soil sample most influences the flow of water through the sample? Select one: a. Permeability b. Color c. pH d. Fertility e. Salinity Feedback

permiability

Guano from fish-eating birds is a commercial source of this element. Select one: a. Phosphorus b. Sodium c. Carbon d. Potassium e. Sulfur

phosphorus

Which soil composition would be the best choice for lining a landfill? Select one: a. Point V b. Point U c. Point W d. Point X e. Point T

point W

When a mineral resource becomes scarce, its Select one: a. virgin material increases and, after a short time, a new supply of the mineral will become available. b. environmental impact decreases because mining decreases when a mineral becomes scarce. c. price increases, which can encourage use of substitues and resource conservation. d. demand goes down because fewer people are interested in buying a mineral that is becoming rare. e. price stays the same so the remaining minerals will be quickly purchased and the mining companies can begin to mine something else.

price increases, which can encourage use of substitues and resource conservation.

Acid mine drainage occurs when ____. Select one: a. naturally-occurring acids are uncovered during the mining process b. acid is used to detect low grade mineral ores c. mines use acid to clean equipment d. rainwater seeps through spoils piles and produces sulfuric acid e. acid is used to remove rare earth minerals from mines

rainwater seeps through spoils piles and produces sulfuric acid

Strip mining is a useful and economic way to extract mineral resources. However, strip mining has all of the following harmful environmental effects EXCEPT Select one: a. regrowth of vegetation where strip mining has occurred is very fast. b. streams around the area are polluted c. air pollution around the area occurs. d. toxic substances are left behind. e. biodiversity is destroyed in the area.

regrowth of vegetation where strip mining has occurred is very fast.

The slowest of the earth's cyclic processes is the ____. Select one: a. rock cycle b. phosphorus cycle c. carbon cycle d. nutrient cycle e. hydrological cycle

rock cycle

Forms when existing rock is weathered and deposited as small grains. Select one: a. Metamorphic b. Leachate c. Sandstone d. Oil shale e. Igneous

sandstone

According to the U.S. Energy Administration and the Worldwatch Institute, when the harmful costs of using coal are included in the cost of coal, it becomes the ____. Select one: a. third most expensive way to produce electricity b. most expensive way to produce electricity c. least expensive way to produce electricity d. fourth most expensive way to produce electricity e. second most expensive way to produce electricity

second most expensive way to produce electricity

What type of rock is formed from the weathered remains of other rocks? a. mineral b. sedimentary c. organic d. igneous e. metamorphic

sedimentary

The second law of thermodynamics dictates that ____. Select one: a. the amount of energy in the universe is constantly changing b. low-quality energy is required to get high-quality energy c. low-quality energy be es static d. high-quality energy does not degrade e. some high-quality energy is always degraded

some high-quality energy is always degraded

When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the continental plate usually slides up and over the denser oceanic plate, pushing it down into the mantle, a process called ____. Select one: a. convection b. trenching c. subduction d. production e. induction

subduction

This element in pyrite contributes to acid mine drainage. Select one: a. Sodium b. Sulfur c. Carbon d. Phosphorus e. Potassium

sulfur

Large sections of the earth's crust, called ____, slowly separate, collide, or grind along against each other at the earth's surface. Select one: a. tailings b. tectonic plates c. low-grade core d. oceanic ridges e. mantle

tectonic plates

Nuclear power was predicted to supply 21% of the world's commercial energy. This has not been met because of Select one: a. thermal pollution, which becomes a problem when nuclear power plants break down or must be dismantled. b. the high risk of accidents such as Fukushima in Japan in 2011, Chernobyl in the U.S.S.R. in 1986, and Three Mile Island in the United States in 1979. c. the small supply of enriched uranium-235. d. approximately 75% of the available high-quality energy being given off as waste heat. e. the lack of long-term storage facilities for high-level radioactive wastes such as spent fuel rods.

the high risk of accidents such as Fukushima in Japan in 2011, Chernobyl in the U.S.S.R. in 1986, and Three Mile Island in the United States in 1979.

The rate that the tectonic plates move is comparable to ____. Select one: a. the rate that fingernails grow b. the rate erosion of a mountain c. the rate that the moon is moving away from the earth d. how fast a snail moves e. the rate that the earth rotates

the rate that fingernails grow

China has lower costs for the mining of rare earth minerals because of ____. Select one: a. their low labor costs b. their larger deposits c. the proximity of their deposits to the earth's surface d. the accessibility of their minerals without subsurface mining e. their fewer environmental regulations

their fewer environmental regulations

The major accident at the nuclear power plant in 2011 in Japan was caused by Select one: a. a tsunami b. coastal erosion c. a cyclone d. human error e. a hurricane

tsunami

a. rollers b. tsunamis c. seismic waves d. quake waves e. pipe waves What are a series of large waves generated in the ocean by an earthquake, landslide, or volcanic activity?

tsunamis

Secondary extraction of petroleum _____ . Select one: a. occurs immediately after primary extraction. b. uses solvents, water, or steam c. allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop d. is less expensive than primary extraction e. causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction

uses solvents, water, or stream

The diagram below shows 100 ml of water being poured through a soil sample. After the water has passed through the soil, 98 ml of water is measured in the collection tray below the sample.Of the following, which is the most likely composition of the soil sample? Select one: a. 50% Clay - 40% Silt - 10% Sand b. 30% Clay - 40% Silt - 30% Sand c. 40% Clay - 50% Silt - 10% Sand d. 80% Clay - 10% Silt - 10% Sand e. 10% Clay - 10% Silt - 80% Sand

10% Clay - 10% Silt - 80% Sand

The graph below shows the percent contribution of major fuel sources that have supplied energy for the United States for the past 150 years. The category labeled "Other" includes nuclear power, hydroelectricity, solar power, wind power, and other alternative sources of energy.In what year was the fraction of energy supplied by coal the greatest? Select one: a. 1880 b. 1940 c. 1910 d. 1970 e. 2000

1910

The graph below shows the percent contribution of major fuel sources that have supplied energy for the United States for the past 150 years. The category labeled "Other" includes nuclear power, hydroelectricity, solar power, wind power, and other alternative sources of energy.In approximately what year did oil and gas become the dominant fuels for the United States? Select one: a. 2000 b. 1880 c. 1970 d. 1910 e. 1940 Feedback

1940

Burning one gallon of gasoline in a car releases approximately 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere.One person drives 60,000 miles in a car that averages 30 miles per gallon (mpg), while another person drives 60,000 miles in a car that average 20 mpg. Over the course of the 60,000 miles, how many fewer pounds of CO2 are released by the 30 mpg car than the 20 mpg car? Select one: a. 100,000 b. 20,000 c. 8,000 d. 2,000 e. 80,000

20,000

The half-life of a radioactive substance with the decay rate shown in the graph is closest to Select one: a. 14 seconds b. 18 seconds c. 7 seconds d. 5 seconds e. 21 seconds

7 seconds

The half-life of a radioactive substance with the decay rate shown in the graph is closest to Select one: a. 21 seconds b. 7 seconds c. 18 seconds d. 5 seconds e. 14 seconds

7 seconds

Which of the following is the best example of cogeneration? Select one: a. Several power plants supply the same city with electrical energy. b. Emissions from power plants are captured and stripped of sulfur for commercial sale. c. A power plant uses both coal and natural gas as fuel. d. A trash-to-steam powerplant accepts both residential and commercial waste. e. A coal-fired power plant captures wast heat and uses it to heat adjacent buildings

A coal-fired power plant captures wast heat and uses it to heat adjacent buildings

Which of the following statements does not apply to burning coal? Select one: a. Burning coal emits trace amounts of radioactive materials b. Burning coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels c. Burning coal releases large amounts of black carbon particulates d. Burning coal has led to very limited reserves. e. Burning coal produces a highly toxic ash

Burning coal has led to very limited reserves.

Long-term intensive agriculture that does not add soil amendments such as manure or fertilizer has been shown to decrease soil organic matter content. Which of the following figures best shows this relationship? Select one: a. D b. C c. B d. E e. A

C

The 3 largest users of coal are Select one: a. Saudi Arabia, Japan, and China b. India, the United States, and Mexico c. China, the United States, and India d. Russia, China, and India e. China, the United States, and Mexico

China, United States, and India

Which of the following is the most likely route for mercury to enter the food web? Select one: a. Mining waste ð acid deposition ð surface runoff ð plants and vegetation b. Coal-burning emissions ðdeposition ð ocean ð plankton ðfishes c. Medical waste incinerators ðstratosphere ð grass ð cows d. Organic fertilizers ð soil ðgroundwater ð lake ð trout e. Municipal waste ð landfill ðgroundwater ð plants and vegetation

Coal-burning emissions ðdeposition ð ocean ð plankton ðfishes

Large quantities of methane hydrates are located in this region and if released will contribute significantly to global climage change. Select one: a. D b. E c. A d. B e. C

D

The North Americann and Eurasian plates are moving apart from one another and creating the Mid-Atlantic ridge. This is an example of what type of plate boundary? Select one: a. Subduction, such as along the West Coast of South America b. Convergent, such as the plate movement that causes earthquakes in Japan and the Philippines c. Convection, which causes molten rock beneath the surface to move in opposite directions. d. Transform, such as the plate boundary in California that caused the 1906 San Francisco earthquake e. Divergent, such as between the African and Arabian plates

Divergent, such as between the African and Arabian plates

Coal was surface mined from five sites, labeled 1 through 5, that had originally been covered by forest. Each site was planted with a mix of tree seedlings to reclaim the area to forest. Grass was also seeded over each site to prevent initial erosion and to provide forage. Ten years after planting, information was collected at the five sites and is given in the table below. Select the letter of the row that indicates the site with the most successful forest reclamation. Select one: a. B b. E c. D d. A e. C

E

This region has been the largest petroleum exporter for the past four decades. Select one: a. C b. D c. A d. E e. B

E

Which of the following is the most valid inference regarding electricity production, based on the graph above? Select one: a. Electricity production from coal began to decrease in 2008 because of the increasing use of natural gas and renewable energy. b. Electricity production from coal began to decrease in 2008 because of shortages in coal supplies. c. The use of nuclear energy increased from 1970 to 2010 because of shortages in coal supplies. d. Renewable energy has not increased as much as nuclear energy has since 1970 because of federal laws restricting construction of wind farms. e. The use of nuclear energy increased from 1970 to 2010 because of the low cost of constructing nuclear power plants.

Electricity production from coal began to decrease in 2008 because of the increasing use of natural gas and renewable energy.

A cost-benefit analysis done to investigate a proposed mine site would likely take which of the following into account?I. The medical costs of mine worker injuriesII. The cost of environmental restoration of the site when it is shut downIII. The value of the ore to be extracted from the mine Select one: a. I and III only b. I and II only c. II only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III

I, II, and III

A cost-benefit analysis done to investigate a proposed mine site would likely take which of the following into account?I. The medical costs of mine worker injuriesII. The cost of environmental restoration of the site when it is shut downIII. The value of the ore to be extracted from the mine Select one: a. II only b. I and III only c. I and II only d. I, II, and III e. II and III only

I, II, and III

Which of the following is true of natural gas? Select one: a. It is found more in the U.S. than in Russia. b. It is pumped into pressurized tanks at deep sea oil rigs. c. It has a high net energy ratio. d. It is easy to transport. e. It emits less carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels.

It emits less carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels.

The graph below shows the percent contribution of major fuel sources that have supplied energy for the United States for the past 150 years. The category labeled "Other" includes nuclear power, hydroelectricity, solar power, wind power, and other alternative sources of energy.Nuclear power is a component of the line labeled "Other" in the graph. Why is it possible for nuclear energy to completely replace oil and gas in the future? Select one: a. Nuclear waste contributes more to global climate change than do oil and gas. b. Nuclear power is unacceptable to the public, so they will not allow it. c. Nuclear energy is too costly for general use. d. At the current rate of consumption, there is only enough uranium to last for fifteen more years. e. Nuclear power can supply electricity, but it cannot replace other uses of oil and gas.

Nuclear power can supply electricity, but it cannot replace other uses of oil and gas.

The conventional way that oil is extracted has all of the following disadvantages EXCEPT Select one: a. the loss or degradation of habitat if a leak develops in the pipelines used to transport oil. b. the possibility of oil tanker leaks and spills such as what occurred with the Exxon Valdez. c. OPEC controls much of the world's crude oil and is therefore able to control the price of oil. d. the possibility of accidents on offshore platforms, which could pollute water from oil spills and pollute air from fires. e. depending on consumption, proven and unproven oil reserves could last more than 100 years.

OPEC controls much of the world's crude oil and is therefore able to control the price of oil.

Why does subsurface mining have less of an environmental impact than surface mining? Select one: a. Subsurface mining uses less than one-tenth as much land. b. Subsurface miners are not exposed to air pollution. c. Subsurface mining does not produce any water pollution. d. Subsurface mining does not produce acid mine drainage. e. Subsurface mining is guaranteed to produce less waste product.

Subsurface mining uses less than one-tenth as much land.

When a mineral resource is too deep to be surface mined, which technique is used? Select one: a. Subsidence, because it is easier and safer to reach the mineral ore once the land has sunk down to the level of the desired resources b. Subsurface mining, in which miners use elevators to get to and from the mineral ores c. Mining spoils, because there is still mineral ore in the soil and rock after initial removal of ore d. Open-pit mining, because miners keep digging until they reach the depth of the desired mineral resource e. Placer mining, because it is safer and easier to remove the minerals from spring water that flows up from deep underground

Subsurface mining, in which miners use elevators to get to and from the mineral ores

Conumers who get their electricity from coal-fired power plants are not paying the true cost of energy production in their monthly utility bills. Which of the following is true about utility bills for these consumers? Select one: a. The bills include the cost of environmental damage associated with transporting coal. b. The bills do not include the cost of marketing electricity. c. The bills include the cost of cleaning up acid mine damage. d. The bills do not include public health costs, such as those associated with air pollution. e. The bills do not include the cost of power distribution.

The bills do not include public health costs, such as those associated with air pollution.

Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage? Select one: a. Increased water pollution from acid rain entering copper mines b. Acid production by anaerobic bacteria in coal mines c. The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines d. The use of acids to leach minerals from rocks to increase smelting efficiency e. Reclamation of mines by removing excess water

The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines

Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage? Select one: a. Reclamation of mines by removing excess water b. Increased water pollution from acid rain entering copper mines c. Acid production by anaerobic bacteria in coal mines d. The use of acids to leach minerals from rocks to increase smelting efficiency e. The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines

The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines

Which of the following is considered an advantage of using nuclear power to generate electricity? Select one: a. Nuclear power plants are inexpensive to build and maintain. b. There is no potential for thermal pollution. c. No waste is generated. d. There is no CO2 emitted from the nuclear reaction. e. There is a limitless supply of the raw material needed for the process of generating energy.

There is no CO2 emitted from the nuclear reaction.

Which of the following best describes the process of leaching? Select one: a. The use of chemicals to reduce the amount of E. coli in waste water b. Rocks embedded in a glacier being carried downslope c. Water percolating through soil, dissolving some of its material d. The use of drop irrigation on a crop of wheat e. The falling of acid precipitation from the atmosphere to Earth's surface

Water percolating through soil, dissolving some of its material

Advocates for drilling for oil in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) believe that by using the oil found here we would decrease our depence on imported oil. However, opponents feel that Select one: a. since there is 20 years of oil found there we should do more research into this resource. b. a switch to renewable energy will cause America to not need this resource. c. there is relatively little oil so it is not worth degrading this fragile ecosystem. d. tundra ecosystems recover quickly and can handle the stress. e. as demand goes up we will not need this resource.

a switch to renewable energy will cause America to not need this resource.

One big environmental problem with smelting is Select one: a. shaft mining in which underground tunnels are built to reach minerals that could not be reached any other way. b. subsidence after ore mineral is removed from the land. c. air pollution because smelting releases sulfur dioxide and particulates. d. a result of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 because much damage is done to the land during restoration. e. it is very costly and results in increased taxes paid by local residents.

air pollution because smelting releases sulfur dioxide and particulates.

According to the graph above, Select one: a. recycling a resource does not significantly lower depletion time. b. recycling a resource causes it to be depleted quickest. c. mining, using, and throwing away a resource is the best way to lower depletion time. d. 80% depletion occurs slower as recycling, reuse, and reduction are implemented. e. as we recycle, reuse, and reduce our consumption rates, we slow down depletion time of nonrenewable resources

as we recycle, reuse, and reduce our consumption rates, we slow down depletion time of nonrenewable resources

Energy conservation in the United States _____. Select one: a. can be accomplished only through changes in environmental laws b. can be accomplished by changes in tax laws c. will be a reality only if there is another major war d. is unlikely to ever occur e. can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption

Which of the following is a primary air pollutant produced from burning coal? Select one: a. Sulfuric acid b. Carbon monoxide c. PCBs (polychlrinated biphenyls) d. Ozone e. CFCs (chlorofluorcarbons)

carbon monoxide

Catalytic converters reduce which of the following pairs of pollutants in car exhaust? Select one: a. Carbon dioxide and particulates b. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons c. Methane and particulates d. Lead and mercury e. Carbon dioxide and ozone

carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons

The world's more abundant fossil fuel is Select one: a. coal b. oil c. biodiesel d. oil natural gas e. methane

coal

Currently, oil has a high net energy ratio because it ____. Select one: a. is found in small deposits b. is found in stable countries c. does not take much money to get it d. comes from inaccessible places e. comes from cheap-to-extract deposits

comes from cheap-to-extract deposits

Oil shale deposits _____. Select one: a. contain organic kerogen which can be processed into petroleum b. can be pumped from underground reservoirs like conventional crude oil c. are only a tiny fraction of the U.S. and Canadian potential oil reserves d. are concentrated in the Middle East e. have been too expensive to extract and use as energy resources

contain organic kerogen which can be processed into petroleum

Which procedure would most likely be used to mine coal on hilly terrain? Select one: a. open-pit ruining b. contour mining c. mountain-top removal d. strip mining e. area strip mining

contour mining

Tectonic plates move slowly across the asthenosphere on Select one: a. plate boundaries because there is tectonic movement along all plate boundaries. b. convection currents as a result of differences in mantle density. c. ocean ridges because they are diverging plate boundaries. d. ocean currents because the less dense material rises to the surface. e. groundwater because it is always moving beneath the surface.

convection currents as a result of differences in mantle density.

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is the pumping of highly pressurized water with a mixture of sand and chemicals into boreholes to Select one: a. pulverize the rock in order to let gas and oil rise through the soil horizons b. create seismic movement and artificial eathquakes in order to liberate gas and oil c. reopen old mine shafts, from which gas and oil can be collected d. supersaturate the rock with the fracking fluid, which scrubs gas and oil from the rock by abrasion e. create cracks within the rock in order to provide pathways for the release of gas and oil

create cracks within the rock in order to provide pathways for the release of gas and oil

Which toxic substance is often used to extract gold and results in harmful environmental effects? Select one: a. sulfur dioxide b. acid mine drainage c. fluoride d. carbon dioxide e. cyanide

cyanide

Gold is obtaind from areas containing low concentrations through the process of Select one: a. smelting of high-grade ore. b. subsurface mining. c. strip mining and mountaintop removal. d. mining of near-shore sediments. e. cyanide leeching of crushed rock.

cyanide leeching of crushed rock.

Suppose that consumers pay the full market cost of mineral extraction and processing. What will be the least likely outcome? Select one: a. Minerals will be replaced with less harmful substitutes. b. Recycling will increase dramatically. c. Harmful environmental effects will be reduced. d. Reuse will increase. e. Economies will collapse.

economies will collapse

One way of increasing our supplies of rare earth minerals is to ____. Select one: a. require manufacturers to use a different material b. grow them chemically in a lab c. buy more from China d. import them from asteroids e. extract and recycle them from discarded electronics

extract and recycle them from discarded electronics

Nuclear energy is only available to consumers throughout the world at an affordable cost because ____. Select one: a. uranium is widely available b. nuclear energy has a high net energy yield c. governments provide subsidies d. competition keeps the prices low e. competition is nonexistent in this area

governments provide subsidies

Extraction of natural gas by the process of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is most likely to result in which of the following environmental problems? Select one: a. Groundwater contamination b. Denitrification c. Eutrophication d. Desertification e. Ozone depletion

groundwater contamination

Carbon sequestration _____ . Select one: a. involves converting carbon dioxide gas to a liquid form for storage in the ocean or underground b. has been used by U.S. electrical plants since 1955, converting carbon dioxide to limestone c. converts carbon from carbon dioxide emissions into smaller elements that do not contribute to global climate change d. has proved to be more dangerous to the environment than releasing carbon emissions e. involves capturing carbon emissions and then releasing them into the stratosphere

involves converting carbon dioxide gas to a liquid form for storage in the ocean or underground

Which of the following is a type of metallic mineral? Select one: a. coal b. limestone c. sand d. coral e. iron

iron

The Keystone XL pipeline _____ . Select one: a. is a hotly debated pipeline that would carry petroleum from Canada to southern United States b. carries petroleum from northern Alaska to the Gulf of Alaska c. carries natural gas from gas fields near Keystone, South Dakota, to the Eastern United States d. would allow Canada to import more oil from Brazil e. is a hotly debated oil pipeline that would pass through Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona

is a hotly debated pipeline that would carry petroleum from Canada to southern United States

The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster _____ . Select one: a. resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in U.S. coastal waters. b. eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500% c. was quickly cleaned up preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries. d. is the largest accidental oil spill in world history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems. e. is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills.

is the largest accidental oil spill in world history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems.

Which of the following is a benefit of using natural gas? Select one: a. Getting natural gas from Canada is inexpensive. b. It is cleaner-burning than coal. c. It is four times as energy efficient as coal. d. Coal power plants are cheaper to build and maintain than natural gas. e. CO2 is not released when burning natural gas.

its cleaner burning than coal

Was once widely used in the United States as a gasoline additive. Select one: a. Radon b. Iron c. Copper d. Lead e. Mercury

lead

The presence of which of the following in soil is most likely to neutralize acid rain? Select one: a. Limestone b. Granite c. Radon d. Sand e. Humus

limestone

Which of the following is the primary gas in natural gas? Select one: a. propane b. butane c. hydrogen sulfide d. ethane e. methane

methane

Oil sand is made up of all of the following except ____. Select one: a. water b. bitumen c. clay d. sand e. natural gas

natural gas

The most cleanly burning fossil fuel available, producing the least pollutants, is _____ . Select one: a. petroleum b. kerosene c. natural gas d. nuclear energy e. coal

natural gas

Natural gas _____ . Select one: a. often associated with coal and petroleum deposits b. still much more expensive than other fossil fuels c. more damaging to the environment than coal when extracted d. trapped over some cities for commercial use e. only produced by bacteria during decomposition

often associated with coal and petroleum deposits

According to the figure above, very little _____ is/are used to generate electricity. Select one: a. coal b. nuclear energy c. oil d. natural gas e. renewables

oil

Conventional natural gas is often found in deposits above what other resource? Select one: a. coal b. uranium c. water d. oil e. peat

oil

Natural gas _____ . Select one: a. will be depleted by 2030 at current usage rates b. primary component is octane c. discovered by M. King Hubbert in 1885 d. is transported primarily by truck and rail e. produces less carbon dioxide per energy unit than coal or oil

produces less carbon dioxide per energy unit than coal or oil

If natural gas prices remain affordable, increased production would ____. Select one: a. reduce the use of coal-burning plants b. accelerate the use of solar power c. accelerate the use of wind power d. result in the U.S. imposing natural gas e. make nuclear plants more affordable

reduce the use of coal-burning plants

Crude oil is _____. Select one: a. formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances b. composed of three different hydrocarbon molecules c. usable in its raw form d. refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products e. formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper spaces with more pressure, coal is formed

refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products

Coal has a huge environmental impact because of it Select one: a. high cost, mostly to cover the transportation of coal to electric power plants. b. use of new technology that makes coal safer and cleaner to remove from the earth and to transport to homes and industry c. effect on global climate. d. threat to human health due to air pollutants released when coal burns. e. release of carbon, which contributes to global climate change.

release of carbon, which contributes to global climate change

Coal has a huge environmental impact because of it Select one: a. release of carbon, which contributes to global climate change. b. use of new technology that makes coal safer and cleaner to remove from the earth and to transport to homes and industry c. high cost, mostly to cover the transportation of coal to electric power plants. d. threat to human health due to air pollutants released when coal burns. e. effect on global climate.

release of carbon, which contributes to global climate change.

Vibrations caused when energy accumulated over time is released are called ____. Select one: a. drift b. glaciations c. fractures d. tsunamis e. seismic waves

seismic waves

Finding substitutes for mineral resources will Select one: a. have no environmental impacts. b. shift mining to lower-grade ores. c. help to keep supplies of resources sustainable. d. cause thermal water pollution. e. cause eutrophication

shift mining to lower-grade ores.

Which of the following problems, is best addressed with contour plowing? Select one: a. Eutrophication b. The pesticide treadmill c. Soil salinization d. Soil erosion e. Denitrification

soil erosion

Because of the rising prices of many metals, there is now particular interest in pursuing mining in what location? Select one: a. The ocean floor b. China c. Under volcanoes d. Antarctica e. The Arctic Circle

the ocean floor

The reason three-fourths of the world's oil sand is found in Alberta, Canada, is because Select one: a. Mexico City, Mexico, is on the former sandy lake bed and water is beneath the city, not oil. b. Austin, Texas, has already removed all of its oil sand from the ground. c. Bogota Colombia, was built on Andes Mountain rock, not on sand. d. there is the righ combination of clay, sand, oil, and bitumen. e. the Middle Eastern countries have already removed three-fourths of their sand.

there is the righ combination of clay, sand, oil, and bitumen.

Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and wter are important to ecosystems? Select one: a. They store carbon dioxide. b. They neutralize acid deposition. c. They remove heavy metals. d. They produce more oxygen than they consume. e. They recycle nutrients.

they recycle nutrients