APES SECOND SEMESTER FINAL
Which of the following is a source of high net energy?
Wind
which of the following uses the most water: a.cooling electrical power plants b.automobile manufacturing c.mining d.the food and beverage industry e.aquaculture
a
The optimal growth of a crop can be prevented by a shortage in the soil of a chemical element known as
a limiting factor
Where would the lowest DO (dissolved oxygen) content be expected?
a little after the sewage enters the water
A compact fluorescent lightbulb (CFL) used for lighting has an efficiency rating of 10%. If for every 10.00 joules of energy consumer by the bulb, which of the following is produced?
1.00 joule of light energy
1,500 parts per billion would be the same concentration as ________ parts per million.
1.5
Compared with the "Calorie" unit that gauges food energy, how large is the "calorie" unit that scientists use for other types of energy?
1/1,000 times as large
what fraction of the worlds population doesn't have access to adequate amounts of safe drinking water
1/6
How many years ago did agriculture and the domestication of animals begin?
10,000
An earthquake of Richter magnitude 2 releases ________ times less energy than an earthquake of Richter magnitude 4?
100
The estimated natural gas reserves in the United States are estimated at 2,170 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). The rate of consumption of natural gas in the United States is approximately 62 billion cubic feet per day. Approximately how long will the United States natural gas reserves last at the current rate of consumption?
100 years
The gas mileage of one model of the 2003 Hummer 2 was determined to be 8 miles per gallon. The 2012 Mitsubishi i-MiEV is an all-electric vehicle and when using a conversion factor to convert the fuel economy into miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent (MPGe), it is rated at 112 miles per gallon of gasoline. How much more efficient in fuel consumption is the all-electric vehicle over the Hummer 2?
1300%
The US per capita use of water on a daily basis is closer to
1500 gallons
The Clean Water Act was enacted in
1977
The average requirement for drinking water per person per day os approximately
2 quarts (1/2 gallon)
If 20,000 of a small country's total population of 1 million live in cities, the country's degree of urbanization is
2%
Chronically undernourished people are those who receive approximately ______ calories or less per day
2,000
The worlds population in 2010 was approximately 7 billion. If the population growth rate was 2%, in what year would the worlds population have doubled to 14 billion?
2045
at today's rate of consumption, known US oil reserves will be depleted in about?
25 years
The US uses about what proportion of world oil production each year?
25%
In the United States, on average, ________ energy is used to heat homes than is used to cool them.
250% more
Approximately what percentage of crops are destroyed by pests, spoilage, and disease>
30%
Approximately how old is the earth?
4,500,000,000
In 1900 the amount of carbon gas released into the atmosphere by human activity was estimated to be 250 million metric tons per year. By the year 2000, this amount had increased to be just over 350 million metric tons per year. What is the approximate percent increase in carbon dioxide concentration from 1900 to 2000?
40%
If a country maintains the same total population of 100 but its rural population shrinks from 55% to 52% in one year, what is the urban growth rate for this period, assuming that the rest of the population is composed of city dwellers?
6.7%
Herbicides account for what percentage of pesticides in US waters?
60%
A store uses one-hundred 200-watt lightbulbs for 10 hours per day. How many kilowatt-hours of electrical energy are used in one year if the store is open 50 weeks per year, six days per week?
60,000
energy derived from fossil fuels supplies approximately what percentage of the worlds energy needs?
85%
Which soil layer consists of equal amounts of organic material and minerals
A Horizon
Which of the following agencies is responsible for destroying shipments of food that exceed pesticide limits?
A and B (FDA and USDA)
Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with "The Tragedy of the Commons" by Garret Hardin?
A free-market economy, based on capitalism, does not contribute to the "Tragedy of Commons"
Which of the following statements is true? (refer to #22 chart)
A higher percentage of light moths were recaptured in the country than were recaptured in the city
Topsoil, the layer of soil that supports crops, is also known as the
A horizon
Which of the following is best described as storage of potential energy?
A lake held in by a dam
If a population doubles in about 70 years, it is showing a __% growth rate.
A) 1
Which would be least likely to be affected by a density-dependent limiting factor?
A) A small, scattered population
Acid precipitation, leaching out the metal______, causes fish and other aquatic organisms to die from acid shock.
A) Al (aluminum)
Which of the following factors is associated with the highest potential for population growth?
A) Higher percentage of people under age 18
In the 1970s, houses were built over a toxic chemical waste disposal site. This case study is known as....
A) Love Canal
Which reaction is NOT involved in the formation of acid deposit?
A) O3 + CxHy -> PANs
Biotic potential refers to
A) an estimate of the max capacity of living things to survive and reproduce under optimal environmental conditions
Examine the following age structure diagram This population will be
A) declining rapidly in the future
Between 1963 and 2000, the rate of the world's annual population change ____ but the human population size ____
A) dropped 40%, rose 90%
A federal tax on a pack of cigarettes is an example of
A) full-cost pricing
The area with the greatest coal reserves
A. (North America)
A soil test report recommends 8 lbs of 8-0-24 fertilizer per 1,000 square feet. How much phosphorus does it recommend if the area planted is equal to 10,000 square feet?
A. 0 lbs
Which of the follwou mathematical setups could be used to determine the approx percentage increase in carbon dioxide concentration over the last 1,000 years
A. 330ppm-280ppm/280 ppm x 100%
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause/effect of increasing ocean temperatures?
A. A significant increase in the ocean circulation that transports warm water to the North Atlantic
The concentration of which gas can be reduced by preventing forest depletion?
A. Carbon dioxide
31. In wild populations, individuals most often show a ________pattern of dispersion
A. Clumped
Which of the following would NOT be a chemical property of a persistent organic pollutants such as DDT?
A. I Only (Highly soluble water)
The majority sink for phosphorus is
A. Marine sediments
Today, most of the world's energy comes from
A. Natural gas, coal, and oil
Which form of nitrogen is most usable by plants?
A. Nitrate
Which of the following sequences correctly lists the different wave arrivals form first to last during an earthquake?
A. P waves then S waves and then finally surface waves
What is the most frequent cause of beach pollution?
A. Polluted runoff and storm water
Causes of sick building syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT
A. Radon and asbestos
Which of the following gases is NOT considered a greenhouse gas, responsible for global warming?
A. SO2
Plants assimilate sulfur primarily in what form?
A. Sulfates, SO4
One of the reasons the vortex winds in the Antarctic are important in the formation of the hole in the ozone layer is
A. They prevent warm, ozone-rich air from mixing with cold, ozone-depleted air
The water table is at the
A. Top of the zone of saturation
Which of the following is NOT an effect caused by increased levels of UV radiation reaching the earth?
A. Warning of the stratosphere
The most abundant non-anthropogenic greenhouse gas is
A. Water vapor
Managing game species for sustained yields would be consistent with what conservation approach
A. Wildlife management approach
Winds are primarily caused by
A. differences in air pressure
Carbon dioxide is a reactant in
A. photosynthesis
Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?
A. red squirrels, which actively defend territories
50. The type of mining that produces 85% of minerals, excluding petroleum and natural gas, in the United States, including 98% of metallic ores, is also known as
A. surface mining
36. Examine the age distribution diagrams below. 1. A is experiencing rapid growth, B is experiencing slow growth, and C is experiencing a declining growth 2. A is experiencing slow growth, B is experiencing rapid growth, and to C is experiencing a decline in growth 3. A is experiencing a declining growth, Bcis experiencing a rapid growth, and C is experiencing a slow growth 4. A would be typical for Nigeria, B would be typical for Germany, and C would be typical for the United States 5. A would be typical for the United States, B would be typical for Nigeria, And C would be typical for Germany
A.1
48. Which agency listed below is responsible for the management of public lands?
A.bureau of land management
Soil that is transported by the wind is
Aeolian
which of the following ocean current flow without obstructions or barriers around earth
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
Are about 25% higher than they were at the time of the Industrial Revolution
Cities experiencing the greatest urban growth are found in
Asia and Africa
Water pollution and breeding between farmed and wild types put which species on the endangered list?
Atlantic Salmon
A new wide range pesticide was being tested for efficacy on five species of insects. Which of the graphs below represents the insects species that would have the greatest potential over time for developing resistance to the pesticide?
B
A concentration of 30 ppm would be equivalent to
C) 0.003%
Afghanistan has a current growth rate of 4.8%, representing a doubling time of approximately
C) 14.5 years
Replacement level fertile (RLF) for a couple is
C) 2.1
Approximately how many people aged 15-24 are newly infected worldwide with the AIDS virus each day?
C) 6,000
The following dose-response curve shows that (there's a picture of an S-shaped graph)
C) 81 times more agonist is needed to achieve a 90% response than a 10% response
It costs a copper smelter $200 to reduce emissions by 1 ton and $250 for each additional ton. It costs an electric company $100 to reduce its emissions by 1 ton and $150 for each additional ton. What is the least expensive way of reducing total emissions by 2 tons?
C) Allow each firm to buy a $151 permit to pollute
Which of the following is NOT part of a cost-benefit analysis?
C) Determining external costs to society
The number of children an average women would have, assuming that she lives her full reproductive lifetime, is known as the
C) TFR
Household water is most likely to be contaminated with radon in homes that...
C) have private wells
The threshold dose-response model
C) implies that no detectable harmful effects can occur below a certain dose
Photochemical smog does NOT requires the presence of...
C) peroxyacyl nitrates
Density-independent factors would include all of the following EXCEPT
C) predation
The diagram below shows the range of organisms found within certain sections of a river in an industrial area. Which section of the river most likely has the LOWEST level of dissolved oxygen?
C) septic zone
After a recent storm, an APES class took a field trip to a storm drain outlet entering the Pacific Ocean at Ballona Creek, in southern California. They carefully collected water samples and brought the samples back to the lab. Alpha group took 100.00 mL of the collected water and filtered it through a 1.2 um Millipore glass fiber filter. The filter was carefully transferred to a premised stainless steel crucible and placed into 105C oven for 24 hours. The following is a hypothetical set of data from alpha group: weight of crucible + filter + residue after 24 hrs at 105C = 100.00gWeight of crucible + filter = 80.00g what is the total suspended solid act measured in mg L-1?
C. (100-80)x1,000x1,000/100
The location with the greatest oil reserves
C. (the middle east)
Which of the following effects would result from the shutdown or slowdown of the thermohahline circulation pattern?
C. A folder Scandinavia and Great Britain
Of the following choices listed below, which constitutes the greater percent of global freshwater use?
C. Agriculture
You and a partner run an automobile salvage yard where you offer used automobile parts to customers, offering them substantial savings over buying new parts. Which of the following auto parts in your salvage yard would pose the greatest risk to stratospheric ozone depletion?
C. Air conditioners, if they should leak Freon
It costs a copper smelter $200 to reduce its emissions by 1 ton and $250 for an additional ton. It costs an electric utility $100 to reduce its emissions by 1 ton and $150 for an additional ton. What is the cheapest way of reducing total emissions by 2 tons?
C. Allow each firm to buy a permit to pollute that costs $151
One of the greatest successes of the Endangered Species Act has been the
C. Bald eagle
Cars, trucks, and buses account for _____ of US greenhouse gas emissions
C. Between 20% and 33%
47. Which of the following list land use in order from the smallest collective area on earth to the largest?
C. Cities forests agricultural
Which of the following is the biggest threat to wildlife preserves?
C. Global warming
Which of the following organisms listed below would be MOST at risk for accumulating fat soluble pesticides?
C. Hawks
Of the following sources of pollution, which would not be classified as a point source of pollution I. Sulfur oxides released from an electrical generating plant II. oil, grease, and toxic chemicals showing up in a stream III. cyanide leaking from a heap leach pile at an abandoned gold mine site IV. Diesel exhaust soot coming from trucks on the interstate
C. II and IV
Which of the following represents the greatest contribution of methane emission to the atmosphere?
C. Landfills
Which of the organisms listed below are uniquely sensitive to air pollution, making them valuable as early warning indicators of reduced air quality
C. Lichen
Refer to the following age-structure diagram. The age-structure diagram above would be typical of what country?
C. Mexico
Which of the following is not a primary depository for the element listed?
C. Phosphorus- marble and limestone
Which act listed below set criteria for municipal solid waste landfills and prohibited the open dumping of solid wastes
C. RCRA- resource conservation and recovery act
Why is territoriality an adaptive behavior for songbirds maintaining populations at or near their carrying capacity?
C. Songbird males defend territories commensurate with the size form which they can derive adequate resources for themselves, their mates, and their chicks
Which biome, found primarily in the eastern US, Central Europe, and Eastern Asia, is home to some of the world's largest cities and has probably endured the impact of humans more than any other biome ?
C. Temperate Deciduous Forest
The specific form of radiation largely responsible for the formation of ozone in the stratosphere is
C. UVC
Which of the following is NOT a unit of energy?
C. Watt
which is probably the principal source of nitrates and phosphates
C. bacterial decay
"We can burn coal to produce electricity to operate a refrigerator" is an example of the ______ and "If we burn coal to produce electricity to operate a refrigerator, we lose a great deal of energy in the form of heat" is an example of the _______.
C. first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics
The cycle that is most common to all other cycles is the
C. hydrologic cycle
Butterflies and moths both feed on flowers. Butterflies feed during the day, and moths feed at night. This is an example of
C. resource partitioning
34. A country with an annual population growth rate of 5% would double its population in approximately how many years
C.14 years
29. The graph below is a paramecium population growing in culture over a period of 30 hours. If it is a limiting factor for this population, then increasing the amount of food available in the water at the beginning of the experiment will...
C.have no effect on the population density between zero and 15 hours
49. Rainwater runoff from US Route seven in South Burlington, Vermont polluted local streams that fed into lake Champlain, a source of drinking water. The city of South Burlington and Vermont agency of natural resources constructed a stormwater treatment system along Barlett Brooke to control the pollution. The project also included the cleanup and widening of a stream channel and creation of a new wetland in the area from an area that had once been occupied by an industrial factory. This is an example Space of environmental
C.mitigation
41. Which type of insecticide developed during the 19th century affects the nervous system of an insect bite disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter? They usually are not persistent in the environment. Common examples include parathion and malathion
C.organophosphates
38. The worlds current population of approximately 7 billion people with a growth rate of about 1.3% represents a doubling time of about 54 years.at this rate, according to current projections, the global population will likely reach between 7.5 and 10,500,000,000 by 2050. Which of the following would not be a viable strategy for ensuring adequate nutrition for a population of that size?
C.produce more meat products while decreasing the amount of land devoted to grain and crop production
which of the following gases are considered "greenhouse gases"
CO2, CH4, O3, and H2O
Which country currently ranked number one in both coal reserves and use of coal as an energy source?
China
An island off Costa Rica includes 500 birds of particular species. Population biologists determined that this bird population was isolated with no immigration or emigration. After one year, the scientists were able to count 60 births and 10 deaths. The net growth for this population was
D) 1.1
A population showing a growth rate of 20, 40, 60, 80... would be a characteristic of
D) Arithmetic (linear growth)
Which of the following is NOT part of risk assessment?
D) Informing the public about the chances of risks
Which of the following steps is NOT involved in the production of industrial smog?
D) NO2 -> NO + O
The following age structure diagram would be typical of
D) Niger or Peru
IN developing countries, the most likely cause of respiratory disease would be...
D) PM10
Which factor listed below is generally considered to be the primary cause of reduced human life span?
D) Poverty
Which act established federal authority for emergency response and cleanup of hazardous substances that have been spilled, improperly disposed of, or released into the environment?
D) Superfund
Humans LEAST susceptible to the effects of air pollution are...
D) adult males
The accumulation of DDT by peregrine falcons, brown pelicans, and other predatory birds during the 1960s is an example of
D) biomagnification
About 70% of U.S. hazardous wastes come from
D) chemical and petroleum industries
Using the demographic transition model, what stage would be characteristic of death rates falling while birthrates remain high?
D) transitional
Two lightbulbs are for sale- a 15-watt compact fluorescent (CFL) light and a 60-watt incandescent. You know that a 15-watt CFL will produce the same amount of light as a 60-watt incandescent lightbulb. If electricity costs $0.10 per kWh and you run each lightbulb for 8,000 hours, how much money will you save in the cost of electricity by buying the CFL?
D. $36.00
The area with the greatest natural gas reserves
D. (Russia)
The concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH value of 3 is how many times as great as the concentration of H+ ions in a solution with a pH of 6?
D. 1,000
Suppose that the ecological efficiency at each tropic level of a particular ecosystem is 20%. If the green plants of the ecosystem capture 100 units of energy, about ______ units if energy will be available to support herbivores, and about _____ units of energy will be able to support primary consumers
D. 20, 4
In addition to absorbing harmful solar rays, how do ozone molecules help to stabilize the upper atmosphere
D. All of the above are correct (They release heat, they create a buoyant lid on the atmosphere, they create a warm atmospheric layer that keeps the lower atmosphere from mixing with space)
Which of the following statements is correct for the third stage of the demographic transition model
D. Birthrate falling, death rate falling, total population increasing
46. During which US presidency did the first Federal highway systems develop?
D. Dwight Eisenhower
35. Which of the following choices correctly shows how birthrates and death rates compare between current population growth trends and trends that occurred during the first or neolithic agricultural revolution that occurred approximately 10,000 years ago
D. First agricultural revolution( birthrate high death rate high )today (birthrate low death rate low)
The agency responsible for the identification and listing of endangered species is the
D. Fish and wildlife service
An agricultural consequence of higher CO2 levels in the atmosphere for most crops is
D. I and III (Decreased nitrogen levels in the crop and its seeds, larger crop yields)
Which country listed below obtains the greatest percentage of its electricity from nuclear power?
France
Which of the following alternatives would not lead to a sustainable energy future?
Decrease fuel efficiency standards for cars appliances and heating ventilation and air-conditioning systems
Elevated levels of carbon dioxide from global warming have which of the following effects?
Decreased nitrogen in plants
Which of the following is NOT a concept designed to create a sustainable city?
Design affordable and fuel-efficient automobiles
which of the following choices lists the amount of freshwater available on earth in the correct descending order?
Glaciers and ice caps-groundwater-lakes- soil moisture-atmospheric moisture- rivers and streams
Which of the following criteria were used for acceptable exposure to specific air pollutants as addressed in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards set forth by the Clean Air Act? I. The amount of time exposed to the air pollutant II. The concentration of the air pollutant III. The toxicity of the air pollutant IV. The LD50 of the air pollutant V. The number of people that would be at risk if exposed to the air pollutant
I and II
Characteristics typical of an oligotrophic lake include which of the following? I. Highly dissolved oxygen content II. High primary productivity III. Clear water
I and III only
Given the following pollutants I. CFCs II. VOCs III. Radon IV. PANs V. Asbestos Which are NOT naturally occurring indoor air pollutants?
I,II, and IV
Rank the following biomes in order of most productive to least productive, as measured by biomass produced per acre. I. Deser II. Tropical rain forest III. Tundra IV. Grassland
II, IV, III, I
Place the following events in sequential order I. Atmospheric CO2 increases II. Warmer ocean III. Warmer atmosphere IV. Less CO2 uptake by the oceans
II->IV->I->->III
Which of the following is NOT a way that agriculture affects climate?
Increase of biological diversity
Which region of the developing world is currently as urbanized as the developed world?
Latin America
Which of the following climatograms represents a savanna?
Low rainfall all year except for April and a relatively steady, high temperature.
Which of the following climatograms represents a tundra?
Low rainfall and low temperatures with a spike from about September to November.
The theory that great disasters serve to maintain a population and its food supply balance was initially proposed by
Malthus
Bt, or "Bacillus thuringiensis", belongs to which category of pesticide?
Microbial/biological agents
Which one of the criteria pollutants listed below contributes to the formation of both acid deposition AND photochemical smog?
NO2
Which government agency administers and regulates CAFE standards?
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
In which of the following states or areas would you NOT find significant amounts of old-growth forests?
New England
Most commercial fish are caught in what ocean?
Pacific
Which of the following forms of energy has a low short term availability?
Petroleum
Which of the following is an advantage of using green manure? I. Leguminous green manures such as clover contain nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria in root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen in a form that plants can use II. It increases the percentage of organic matter (biomass) in the soil, thereby improving water retention, aeration, and other soil characteristics. III. The root systems of some varieties of green manure grow deep in the soiled bring up nutrient resources unavailable to shallower- rooted crops.
E. I, II, and III
The geological time scale was constructed based upon
E. I, II, and III (Fossil records, theory of superposition, and global correlation of strata or layers of rocks)
If current population trends continue, which regions of the world will experience the greatest population growth in the next 25 years I. central and South American II. Africa III. Asia
E. II and III
Although the Montreal Protocol curtailed production of ozone-depleting substances, the peak concentration of chemicals in the stratosphere is only now being reached. When do scientists expect a recovery in the ozone levels in the stratosphere to occur?
E. In about 100 years
The concept of net-primary productivity
E. Is usually reported as the energy output of an area of producers over a given time period
Which of the following sections of the Earth contains most of the Earth's mass, is mostly solid, and is primarily composed of iron, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon-oxygen compounds
E. Mantle
A certain insect was causing extensive damage to local crops. The farmers, who were environmentally conscious and did not want to use pesticides, decided to introduce another insect into their fields that studies have shown would prey on the pest insect. Before any action is taken, the farmers should consider (the)
E. Precautionary Principle
Which pair of compounds listed below reacts with H2O to produce acid rain
E. SO2 And NOx
Which of the following is NOT a phenomenon associated with La Niña?
E. Substantial decrease in the number of hurricanes
Which of the following pollutants does NOT occur naturally in nature?
E. all pollutants listed above occur naturally in nature (nitrous oxide, radon, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde)
Humans increase sulfur in the atmosphere and thereby increase acid deposition by all of the following activities except
E. clear cutting
30. Consider the following organisms 1.elephant 2.weeds 3.mice 4.acorn tree 5.mosquitos Which of the following would be considered k strategists?
E.5
28.Which of the following are examples of density independent factors that control population growth?1.Droughts and floods 2.fires 3. uses of pesticides 4. release of a pollutant 5. over hunting and fishing
E.all choices are correct examples
26. Which of the following would be true regarding succession? 1. Growth of lichen on rocks after a fire destroyed a forest is an example of primary succession 2. Growth of grasses on a newly formed Sandune is an example of secondary succession 3. Growth of algae on cooled lava rock is an example of secondary succession 4. K selected organisms are typical of primary succession 5. R selected organisms are typical of secondary succession
E.none of the above are true
A 42 watt CFL (compact fluorescent light) bulb produces 2,600 lumens of light, lasts approximately 10,000 hours, and costs $13.00. A 150-watt incandescent lightbulb produces the same amount of light, lasts only 1,000 hours, and costs $2.00. If electricity runs $0.10 per kWh, how much will the CFL save over the lifetime of the bulb compared to using incandescent bulbs?
$115.00
Groundwater contamination is addressed in all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) Clean Water Act
Which one of the following proposals would NOT increase the sustainability of ocean fisheries management?
(A) Establish fishing quotas based on past harvests
The circulation of air in Hadley cells results in
(A) Low pressure and rainfall at the equator
The largest contaminant (by weight and volume) of inland surface waters such as lakes, rivers, and streams in the United States is
(A) Sediment
Smog levels in large, urban cities are generally highest during the
(A) Summer
"1" in the diagram above (on pg.542) represents the
(A) control rods
If the price of a barrel of oil from the Middle East were to suddenly double, it would
(A) make it economically feasible to explore for new sources of oil within the US, thereby increasing the supply, which would cause a decrease in demand for oil
A new cancer drug was being tested on rabbits. The study found that it took 400 milligrams of the drug to kill half of the rabbits whose average weight was 4 kilograms. The LD50 for the drug was
(B) 0.1g/kg
If a city of population 100,000 experiences 1,000 births, 600 deaths, 500 immigrants, and 100 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate?
(B) 0.8%
(Questions 79 and 80 refer to the following graph) At which point on the graph would you expect yo find the highest concentration of anaerobic bacteria?
(B) B
Which of the cities listed below currently has the HIGHEST level of air pollution?
(B) Beijing, China
Which international agreement has been helpful in protecting endangered animals and plants by listing those species an products whose international trade os controlled?
(B) CITES
A lab was testing the effectiveness of a new insecticide. The lab determined that the LD50 dosage level for rats was 150 mg per kg of body mass. Based on this information, which of the following statements would be most accurate?
(B) Fifty out of 100 rats receiving 150 mg of the new insecticide per kg of body mass would die.
44. Which of the following choices below are effective methods of remediating the effects of desertification? 1.reforestation 2.fixating the soil through the use of shelterbelts, woodlots, and windbrakes or sand fences 3.planting legumes 4.enabling native sprouting tree grow through selective pruning of shrub growth 5.planting market gardens to keep soil from blowing away
E.one, two, three, four
43. The type of timber harvesting method shown below is known as
E.shelterwood cutting
An increase in greenhouse gases increases tropospheric temperatures. If ice melts due to global warming, it affects the Earth's albedo. Which of the following statements would be true regarding the effect of melting ice and its effect not the Earth's albedo?
(B) Melting ice would decrease the Earth's albedo resulting in more heat being absorbed, resulting in more ice melting in what would be known as a positive feedback loop.
Which of the following was instrumental in significantly reducing the production of chlorofluorocarbons?
(B) Montreal Protocol
Which of the following acts dresses and regulates the disposal of hazardous wastes?
(B) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Which choice listed below makes up 60% of the world's human food energy intake?
(B) Rice, corn (maize), and wheat
An APES class was doing a field study of effluent water entering a river through a large drainage pipe from a large building. Which of the following would be a logical conclusion based upon their observations?
(B) The students detected measurable amounts of coliform bacteria in the river near the drainage pipe and concluded that the building could be a meatpacking plant.
"3" in the diagram above (on pg. 542) represents the
(B) moderator
The process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrate (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), the forms most usable by plants, through the action of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria is known as
(B) nitrification
Sewage treatment plans have three general processes that water undergoes. Which choice below describes the correct sequence of these three processes?
(B) separation of solids- breakdown of organic material by bacteria- disinfection with UV light, chlorine, or ozone
A group of workers at a nuclear power plant received an acute exposure of radiation. This means
(B) the workers received a high dosage of radiation in a very short time period
Currently, the United States recycles about what percentage of the municipal solid waste it generates?
(C) 35%
In 1995, the population of a small island in Malaysia was 40,000. The birth rate was measured at 35 per 1,000 population per year, while the death rate was measured at 10 per 1,000 population per year. Immigration was measured at 100 per year, while emigration was measured at 50 per year. How many people would be on the island after one year?
(C) 41,050
(Questions 86-87 refer to the following does-response curve) Which point represents the threshold?
(C) C
Which mobile source pollutant cannot be currently controlled by emission control technology?
(C) Carbon Dioxide
You have been placed in charge of rebuilding a salmon population in a river basin that contains a hydroelectric dam. Which of the following remediation techniques would NOT be effective?
(C) Decrease water flow from the dam
All of the following are characteristics of K-strategists EXCEPT
(C) Niche generalists
The most abundant element in the Earth's crust is
(C) Oxygen
Which one of the statements below is TRUE regarding the moderator and the control rods in a moderated nuclear reactor?
(C) The moderator slows the neutrons down, while the control rods absorb the neutrons
The majority of the natural greenhouse effect is due to which gas listed below?
(C) Water vapor (H2O)
(Questions 79 and 80 refer to the following graph) BOD indicates
(C) the rate at which oxygen is being consumed by microorganisms living in the water
The population of a country in 1994 was 200 million. Its rate of growth was 1.2%. Assuming that the rate of growth remains unchanged and all other factors remain constant, in what year will the population of the country reach 400 million?
(D) 2054
In general, parasites tend to
(D) Be only mildly pathogenic
(Questions 86-87 refer to the following does-response curve) Which point represents the LD50?
(D) D
Which of the flooding factors are primary reasons why seal level is rising? I. Thermal expansion of the oceans II. More frequent rain and flooding III. Melting of sea ice IV. Melting of land-based ice
(D) I and IV
Which countries listed below have state they would not agree to any further reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under an updated Kyoto Protocol (Doha Amendment) set to expire in 2020? I. Canada II. China III. Japan IV. Russia V. United States
(D) I,III,IV, and V
Which of the following contributes LEAST to acid deposition?
(D) Lead
Which of the countries listed below did not agree to further reduce their greenhouse gas emissions when the Kyoto Protocol Agreement expired in 2012?
(D) Russia, Japan, and Canada
Among adults, which of the following represents the most preventable cause of death?
(D) Use of tobacco
Which of the following forms of water pollution affects the largest number of people worldwide?
(D) Waterborne pathogens and diseases
Of the indoor pollutants that are listed below, which one has the highest total health care costs, affects the most people, and causes the most deaths?
(D) cigarette smoke
The most common and generally considered one of the most effective methods of disposing hazardous wastes is to
(D) dispose of the waste in a hazardous waste landfill
Most solid municipal wastes in the US are disposed of by
(D) taking them to sanitary landfills
In which of the following pairs of items would biodiversity be more likely to be LESS in the first area than in the second?
(D) temperate area, tropical area
The greatest species diversity would be found in
(D) the community composed primarily of white spruce, balsam fir, and paper birch
The two greatest threats to a species' survival are generally considered to be I. Lack of food II. Pollution III. Poaching IV. Invasive species V. Loss of habitat
(E) IV and V
A new road connecting a planned community to an existing urban area was needed due to high traffic volume on the existing roadway. The least expensive option was to build the road through a forested area owned by the county. An environmental impact study was conducted and the developers agreed to the following conditions in exchange for the contract: (1) use selective cutting and clearing practices; (2) replace or restore forested areas that will be affected during the construction of the new highway; (3) preserve as much existing vegetation as possible during the construction of the new highway; and (4) the developer would purchase a similar amount of privately held land and place it in conservation easements. This trade off approach to addressing an environmental issue is known as
(E) Mitigation
Currently, the gas contributing most to the stratospheric ozone breakdown is
(E) Nitrous oxide (N2O) released from livestock manure, sewage treatment, and industrial processes
Three "environmentally friendly" methods of dealing with waste disposal are to reuse, reduce, and recycle. Which of the following choices places these methods in order of increasing amounts of energy required for that particular process?
(E) Reduce<reuse<recycle
DDT, a synthetic agricultural pesticide, was very effective in reducing incidents of malaria but caused shell thinning in certain species of birds, particularly birds of prey such as the bald eagle, brown pelican, peregrine falcon, and osprey. Based only upon shell thinning, DDT would be classified as what type of hazardous waste?
(E) endocrine disrupter
Which of the following events about El Nino are true?
* Just prior to an EL Nino, the sea surface warms in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean * Just prior to an El Nino, trade winds weaken
In New York City, where the quality of drinking water had fallen below standards required by the US Environmental Protection Agency, authorities opted to restore the polluted Catskill Watershed. Once the input of sewage and pesticides to the watershed area was reduced, natural abiotic processes such as soil absorption and filtration of chemicals, together with biotic recycling via root systems and soil microorganisms, water quality improved to levels that met government standards. The cost of investment in natural capital was estimated between $1-5 billion, which contrasted dramatically with the estimated $6-8 billion cost of constructing a water filtration plant plus the $300 million annual running costs. The Catskill Watershed provides ________ to New York City.
Ecosystem services
Energy enters this system as sunlight. If a leaf from the plant contains 10 calories of energy and the leaf is totally consumed by the grasshopper, which is then totally consumed by the songbird, which is then totally consumed by the owl, about how much of the energy from the leaf is eventually available as energy for the owl to use?
.01 calories
Why is the Bioaccumulation of harmful chemicals especially destructive in species such as salmon?
Salmon are a keystone species, meaning they are "key" in the health of the ecosystem(s) they inhabit
In an international combustion automobile engine, only about 20% of the high-quality chemical energy available in the gasoline is converted to mechanical energy used to propel the car; the remaining 80% is degraded to low-quality heat that is released into the environment. In addition, about 50% of the mechanical energy produced is also degraded to low-quality heat energy energy through friction, so that 90% of the energy in gasoline is wasted and not used to move the car. This best illustrate which principle below?
Second Law of Thermodynamics
which area listed below would be found in the regions of the Earth influenced by Ferrel cells
Southern Africa
In the food web above, which of the following statements would by true for the owl?
The owl is a secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer
According to the data it can be assumed that
There is a high mortality rate among young oysters
What does La Niña bring to southeastern United States?
a. warm winters
when compared with the rate of population growth, the worldwide demand rate for water is
about 2 times
Compared with conventional petroleum oil, the amount of carbon dioxide released by burning unconventional oils is
about the same
Which of the following would be classified as a secondary air pollutant?
acid rain
Darwin's finches are a good example of this biological principle
adaptive radiation
Freshwater used in developing countries is primarily used for
agriculture
the primary use of freshwater is for
agriculture
which of the following methods CANNOT be used to produce hydrogen gas?
all methods of producing hydrogen gas (reforming, thermolysis, producing it from plants, coal gasification)
which is NOT an advantage of using nuclear fusion?
all of the above are advantages (abundant fuel supply, no generation of weapons grade materials, no air pollution, no high level nuclear waste)
Which federal agency listed below does NOT manage designated federal wilderness areas in the United States?
all share management
Which of the following statement(s) regarding noise pollution is/are TRUE I. Noise pollution is a significant occupational hazard and is regulated and enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency II. Sound is measured at 40 decibels is twice as loud as sound measured at 20 decibels III. Noise pollution is not a serious threat in the oceans as organisms that live underwater do not hear IV. The Office of Noise Abatement and Control of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently charged with regulating and overseeing noise-abatement activities
all statements are false
Planting trees and or shrubs between rows of crops is known as
alley cropping
A mixture of freshwater and saltwater is known as
a. brackish water
Which of the following uses the most water ?
a. cooling electrical power plants
An organic fertilizer that is made from plowing under plants instead of harvesting them is known as?
a. green manure
of the freshwater on earth that is not trapped in snow packs or glaciers, most of it (95%) is trapped in
aquifers
Saltwater intrusion into groundwater occurs often when
a. the water table near the coast drops due to the over-pumping of groundwater
The ideal method of irrigation for water conservation is
drip irrigation
of the following methods of irrigation, the one that currently conserves the most water is: a.flooding fields b.irrigation channels c.sprinklers d.drip irrigation e.misters
drop irrigation
(refer to illustration on pg.154) the rain shadow effect would be located at point
e
Net primary productivity per square meter is highest in which biome?
e) Estuaries
Darwin noted that the Patagonian hare was similar in appearance and had a niche similar to the European hare. However, the Patagonian hare is not a rabbit. It is a rodent related to the guinea pig. This example illustrates the principle known as
e) convergent evolution
The biggest threat to species is
e) loss of habitat
Rising sea levels due to global warming would be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
e. all would be a result of rising sea levels
What requires the most water to produce?
e. beef
The shadow effect would be located at point
e. behind the mountain(see pg154 for pics)
The USDA cites the greenest number of threatened plant species in which biome?
e. grassland
What is " an area where the earth and its community life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain" as defined by U.S law?
e. wilderness
Which of the following is NOT an acceptable mitigation technique used to reverse the process of desertification?
encourage large scale cultivation of land to hold the soil in place
An agricultural field that is not harvested for at least a season is
fallow
Most of Earth's land area is
forest
automobile manufactures make money by selling cars. cars pollute and use fossil fuels. traditionally, american auto manufactures have encouraged customers to buy bigger and more powerful cars. this lack of incentive to improve energy efficiency is known as?
harmful positive feedback loop
which of the following is not an advantage of building a hydroelectric power plant?
high construction cost
Contour strip mining is a method specialized to extract coal in terrain that is
hilly or mountainous
Which of the following methods of producing electricity is the MOST efficient?
hydroelectric power plants
Before it is transported in pipelines of liquefied form, natural gas must rid of poisonous
hydrogen sulfide gas
Which sector listed below currently uses the largest amount of energy in the world?
industrial (e.g., manufacturing plants)
The difference between drought and degradation of land is
b. degradation results from the unsound of human activities
The Public Rangeland Improvement Act of 1978 was
b. passed by congress to reduce grazing where there was damage
When a forest is harvested at a rate that does not decrease supply year after year, it is said to be
b. sustainable
Semiarid grasslands, with a mean rainfall of 1/4 and 1/2 cm per year, are also known as?
b. taigas
The temperature at which air becomes saturated and produces liquid is called
b. the dew point
Canada has large deposits-about three fourths of the world's supply- of an unconventional known as
bitumen or tar sands
a mixture of freshwater and saltwater is known as
brackish water
(refer to illustration on pg.154) the area that would receive the most precipitation would be
c
Whether a land area supports a deciduous forest or grassland depends primarily on
c) consistency of rainfall from year to year and the effect that it has on fires
A specialist faces ____________ competition for resources and has __________ ability to adapt to environmental changes. A generalist faces _________ competition for resources and has ____________ ability to adapt to environmental changes.
c) less, less, greater, greater
The darker shaded areas on the map above are known as
c) taiga (boreal forest)
The U.S per capita for use of water on a daily basis is closest to
c. 1,500 gallons
In what year was the U.S Forest Service established?
c. 1905
Which of the following ocean currents flows without obstruction or barriers around Earth?
c. Antarctic Circumpolar Current
which of the following are benefits of forest fires? I. pinecones open and release seeds II. removal of brush and replenishment of soils III. increasing the number of crown fires
c. I and II only
which of the following is true about people in china? I. they are consuming more meat products than in the past II. more grain production is required III. china has more agricultural land available now than in the past?
c. I and II only
When compared with the rate of population growth, the worldwide demand rate for water is
c. about two times
Of the freshwater on Earth that is not trapped in snow packs or glaciers, most of it (95%) is trapped in
c. aquifers
The oceanic zone that extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental self is known as the
c. neritic zone
Minimum tillage is a farming technique that?
c. reduces soil erosion
A temperate lake is most likely to show thermal stratification and limited mixing of surface and deeper waters during the ______ season
c. summer
The one major pollutant released by burning natural gas is
carbon dioxide
Which of the following would NOT be classified as a criteria pollutant?
carbon dioxide
photosynthesis produces sugars from
carbon dioxide, water, and energy
the country that has made the largest commitment to increasing its share of renewable energy resources is?
china
Water in areas of upwelling is generally
cold and high in nutrients
The National Plant Germplasm System provides
cold storage for seeds
water vapor returning to the liquid state is called
condensation
The greatest environmental impact to using compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CFL) is that they
contain mercury
Examine the diagram of a nuclear power plant below. What is the name and function of the part labeled "5"?
cooling tower- cools or recycles water and releases unwanted heat to the environment
a country that would represent large per capital water use would be: a.china b.india c.israel d.US e.iceland
d
The annual productivity of any ecosystem is greater than the annual increase in biomass of the herbivores in the ecosystem because
d) During each energy transformation, some energy is lost
Species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called
d) indicator species
Which of the following statements is false?
d) interspecific competition is competition between two members of the same species
As one travels from the tropical rain forests near the equator to the frozen tundra, one passes through a variety of biomes including deserts, temperate and deciduous forests, etc. The primary reason for the change in vegetation is due to
d)changes in temperature and amount of rainfall
What fraction of the worlds population does not have access to adequate amounts of safe drinking water?
d. 1/6
The primary use of saltwater is for
d. agriculture
Water vapor returning to the liquid state is called?
d. condensation
Of the following methods of irrigation, the one that currently conserves the most water is
d. drip irrigation
Pasture is land that is?
d. planted with forage for animals
The landscape perspective of environmental science involves
d. protecting individual species by protecting their ecosystems
Countries that are most likely to suffer from water stress would be located in
d. the middle east
The area the would receive the most precipitation would be
d. the top of the mountain(see pg 154 for pics)
A country that would represent a large per capita water use would be
d. united states
Which of the following is the LEAST likely environmental consequence of building hydroelectric dams?
dams increase silting downstream
Members of the same species of moths are prevented from interbreeding because they live on opposite sides of a mountain range
isolation
`which of following terms is NOT a unit of power?
joule
The use of nitrogen by a plant allows it to make
proteins
All of the jobs in the U.S. Forest Service, the majority are concerned with
recreation
The type of fishing illustrated below is
purse seining
If the interrelationship of rabbits and coyotes was once in balance, what is the most probable explanation for the decline of the coyotes?
removal by human beings
Which of the following would be subject to primary succession?
rock exposed by a retreating glacier
Compared with the production cost of $7.50 to $10 per barrel of US oil, Saudi Arabia oil is
less than half as expensive to produce
Adding more fertilizer does NOT necessarily increase crop production is an example of
limiting factors
The greatest threat to the success of a species is
loss of habitat
the law of conservation of mass and energy states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed and that the total energy of an isolated system constant despite internal changes. which society offers the best long term solution to the constraints of this law?
low throughput society
Tropical rain forests have rich biodiversity primarily because
many diverse niche opportunities and habitats occur in tropical rain forests
When energy extractors find it underground, "natural gas" is a mixture of gases, but it's mostly composed of
methane
Unconventional natural gas sources include
methane hydrate
Which of the following has the largest potential negative environmental impact on global warming?
natural gas
which of the following nonrenewable energy sources that has the least environmental impact when burned?
natural gas
In the evolutionary history of the horse, the early horse (Eohippus) was replaced by the modern one-toed horse
natural selection
Most food derived from genetically-modified crops contain
one or two additional genes
The marine zone that is essentially open ocean, and whose flora include surface seaweeds and whose fauna include many species of fish and some mammals, such as whales and dolphins, is known as the
pelagic zone
The second law of thermodynamics would tend to support
people eating more grain than meat
Which of the following types of crops have the benefit of conserving soil, retaining nutrients, and saving energy
perennial crops
"Silent Spring" is a book published in 1962 that warned of the impact of
pesticides and herbicides
In China, desertification has been offset by
planting trees
Work performed per unit of time is called
power
The most common method of disposing of municipal solid wastes in the United States is
sanitary landfills
Warm year-round; prolonged dry seasons; scattered trees
savanna
only about 10% of potential energy of gasoline is used in powering an automobile. the remaining energy is lost as low quality heat. this is an example of?
second law of thermodynamics
The diagram in Figure 8.1 illustrates
secondary succession
Which form of timber harvesting is represented above?
selective cutting
During the summer months, Los Angeles, California often experiences a temperature inversion. During this event
stable warm air lies above a mass of colder air, trapping air particulates close to the ground
The survival curves indicate that
starving fruit flys live out their whole life span
Agriculture that alternates two or more crops to reduce wind and water erosion is known as
strip cropping
The one area of the world that is NOT expected to increase food production soon is
sub-Sahara Africa
The types of crops that are used directly by a farmer or sold locally are
subsistence crops
a temperate lake is most likely to show thermal stratification and limited mixing of surface and deeper water durning the ________ season
summer
Forests of cold climates of high latitudes and high altitudes
taiga
Low biodiversity due to lots of shade, which limits food for herbivores. Major resource for timber
taiga
Per capita, the United States uses about ________ amount of oil per day than China.
ten times the
which of the following represent intraspecific interaction(s)
territoriality
The most probable reason for the increase of the rabbit population after 1950 was
the coyotes population declined drastically
the temperature at which air becomes saturated and produces liquid is called
the dew point
countries that are more likely to suffer from water stress would be located in
the middle east
The "Tragedy of the Commons" illustrates how
the pursuit of short-term individual gain often leads to long-term collective costs
Climate on Earth is primarily determined by
the tilt of the Earth's axis as it revolves around the sun
saltwater intrusion into groundwater occurs most often when
the water table near the coast drops due to the over pumping of groundwater
Most grain that is grown in the US is used
to feed cattle
The interference where tectonic plates slide or grind past each other in a horizontal direction is known as
transform plate boundary
currently, the use of freshwater by humans is increasing at about ______ the rate of worldwide population growth.
twice the
Kerosene, gasoline, motor oil, tar, waxes, and diesel fuel all come from crude oil. Refineries take advantage of what physical property in order to separate these components from the original crude oil?
viscosity
what does La Niña bring to the southeastern US
warm winters
What is the number one source of soil erosion?
water erosion
The majority of nutrients and calories in the average human diet come from
wheat, corn, and rice
the fastest growing renewable energy resource today is?
wind
Carrying an apple across the room and bringing a pot of water to boil are both best described as examples of
work
Nitrogen is assimilated in plants in what form?
E. Choices B, C, and D
The greatest threat to global biodiversity is
E. Deforestation
Which soil layer consists of clay, iron oxides, and other components that came from the zone of leaching
B Horizon
According to the EPA, about _____ of all commercial buildings in the United States are classified as sick.
B) 15%
Normal rainfall has a pH of about....
B) 5.6
Which country listed below did NOT agree to the Kyoto Protocol to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in 1997 and the extension in 2012?
B) United States
Pronatalists (people in favor of having many children) would agree with all of the following EXCEPT
B) children are expensive and time intensive
Effects produced from a long-term, low-level exposure are called
B) chronic
The number one cause of death worldwide is
B) heart disease
All of the following factors tend to cause women to have fewer children EXCEPT
B) high infant mortality
In economic analysis, the optimum level of pollution
B) is where the marginal benefits from further reduction equals the marginal cost of further reduction
A dose that is represented as LD50
B) kills half of the study group
What is the largest type of domestic solid waste in the United States?
B) paper
Which of the following is most readily recyclable?
B) paper
The amount of the environment necessary to produced the goods and services necessary to support a particular lifestyle is known as
B. An ecological footprint
A treaty that controls international traces in endangered species is known as (the)
B. CITES
Burning fossil fuels coupled with deforestation increases the amount of _____ in the atmosphere.
B. CO2
How does the great ocean convert or belt moderate the Earth's climate ?
B. II Only (It rings heat from tropical regions to northern latitudes)
Which of the following processes does NOT occur within current catalytic converters
B. II Only (Removal of CO2)
Which of the following threats to biodiversity would fall under the category of the introduction of an exotic or invasive species
B. II Only (Sea lampreys swimming up the Eerie Canal to enter the Great Lakes)
Which of the following are the largest phosphorus sinks?
B. II and IV
Place the following events in sequential order I. Atmospheric CO2 increases II. Warmer ocean III. Warmer atmosphere IV. Less CO2 uptake by the oceans
B. II->IV->I->III
Examine the following weather map Which of the following would be TRUE
B. It is likely to be raining in the Midwest
The process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), the forms most usable by plants, through the action of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria is known as
B. Nitrification
which of the following choices shows the correct order of events that might occur in the process of primary succession?
B. bare rock -> mosses -> grasses -> small herbaceous plants -> small bushes -> conifers -> short-lived hardwoods -> long-lived hardwoods
All of the following are correct statements about the regulation of populations EXCEPT
B. density- independent factors have a greater effect as a population's density increases
Examine the following graph, which shows the predator-prey relationship between hares and lynxes. The population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, reveal that...
B. hares and lynxes are so mutually dependent that each species cannot survive without the other
Which of the following bacteria are able to convert soil nitrites to nitrates?
B. nitrobacter
Which of the following is a macronutrient essential for the formation of proteins
B. nitrogen
The primary biological process that removes carbon from the atmosphere and moves it to the biosphere is
B. photosynthesis
The energy that drives the hydrologic cycle comes primarily from
B. solar energy and gravity
The cycle listed that has the most immediate effect on acid precipitation would be the
B. sulfur cycle
All of the following have an impact on the nitrogen cycle except
B. the action of aerobic bacteria acting on livestock wastes
37. The most populous countries in the world are India, China, and
B.United States
39. Worldwide human population growth within the last 100 years is primarily due to
B.decrease in the death rate
33. Which of the following statements are true of stage two? 1.this stage would be typical for countries today such as Afghanistan and much of sub Sahara Africa 2. Declining death rates are primarily due to improvements in the food supply brought by higher yields in agricultural practices and better transportation, which prevent death due to starvation and lack of water. 3. Improvements in water supply, sewage treatment, food handling, and general personal hygiene following from growing scientific knowledge of the causes of disease and they improve education and social status of mothers are primarily responsible for decreasing the death rate 4. Growth in population is primarily due to an increase in death rates, not fertility rates 5. The age structure of the population becomes increasingly order as more and more people live longer
B.one, two, and three
Which of the following is not an example of commensalism?
Bacteria living in the stomachs of cows and other ruminant animals
In response to climate shifts due to global warming, terrestrial animals can adapt, migrate, or die. Which of the following factors contribute to surviving the effects of global warming?
Being widely dispersed and Being an r-strategist rather than K-strategist
Approximately what percentage of the world depends upon wood or charcoal for heating and or cooking?
Between 50 and 60%
Which of the following forms of energy is a renewable resource?
Biomass
Demographic transition leads to stabilizing population growth and is generally characterized as having four separate stages. Place the following stages in the proper order as they would most likely occur. I. Birthrates equal mortality rates, and zero population growth is achieved. Birthrates and death rates are both relatively low, and the standard of living is much higher that during the earlier periods. In some countries, birthrates may actually fall below mortality rates and result in net losses in population. II. Living conditions are severe, medical care is poor or nonexistent, and the food supply is limited due to poor agricultural techniques, poor preservation, and pestilence. Birthrates are high to replace individuals lost through high mortality rates. the net result is little population growth. III. Urbanization decreases the economic incentives for large families. the cost of supporting an urban family grows, and parents are more actively discouraged from having large families. educational and work opportunities for women decrease birth rates. obtaining food is not a major focus of the day. Leisure time is available, and retirement safety nets are in place, reducing the need for extra children to support parents. In response to these economic pressures, the birthrate starts to drop, ultimately coming close to the death rate. IV. occurs after the start of industrialization. standards of hygiene and more modern medical techniques begin to drive the death rate down, leading to a significant upward trend in population size. Mortality rates drop as a result of advances in medical care, improved sanitation, cleaner water supplies, vaccination, and higher levels of education. The net result is a rapid increase in population.
D. II, IV, III, I
Which of the following would NOT be a likely location for seismic activity
D. Interior of continental plates
Ozone depletion reactions that occur in the stratosphere are facilitated by
D. N2O
A large agricultural company that manufactures pesticides has developed a new insecticide to kill a certain species of aphid that was damaging citrus crops. After repeated testing using rats, the results are presented below. Which of the following statements listed below is the most accurate statement regarding this insecticide?
D. Out of every 100 rats each receiving a dose of 400mg of this insecticide per kilogram of body weight, 50 will die
If global temperature warmed for any reason, atmospheric water vapor would increase due to evaporation. This would increase the greenhouse effecgcand thereby further raise thr temperature. As a result, the ice caps would melt back, making the planetvless reflective so that it would warm farther. This process is an example of
D. Positive-feedback loop
Certain volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows that pour out in all directions from a central summit vent or groups of vents. They build a broad, gently sloping, dome-shaped cone. These cones are built up slowly by the acceleration of thousands of highly fluid basalt lava flows that spread widely over great distances and then cool as thin, gently, dipping sheets. These types of volcanoes are known as
D. Shield volcanoes
Of the causes of preventable deaths in the US listed below, which one causes the MOST deaths per year
D. Smoking
The diagram below represengs a phylogenetic tree of the evolution of even-toed ungulates. The most likely explanation for rhe branching pattern seen in the circled region is that
D. Speciation was influenced by environmental change
The densest populations of most organisms that live in the ocean are found near the surface. The most probable explanation is that
D. The light intensity that reaches the ocean dsscreases with increasing depth
Which of the following statements is false
D. There is a relationship between skin cancer prevalence and increases in ultra-violet radiation due to the depletion of tropospheric ozone
The largest number of species are being exterminated per year in
D. Tropical rain forests
Phosphorus is being added to the environment by all of the following activities except
D. burning coal and fossil fuels
Which of the following energy sources has the lowest quality?
D. dispersed geothermal energy
Clearing of land for either habitation or agriculture does all of the following except
D. increases infiltration
which of the following indoor pollutants would NOT be contributed by carpeting?
D. methylene chloride
Ammonium ions are converted to nitrate and nitrite ions through which process
D. nitrification
27.The first compound that ammonia is converted into in the nitrogen cycle is
D. nitrite
In the nitrogen fixation cycle, cyanobacteria in the soil and water and Rhizobium bacteria in root systems are responsible for converting
D. nitrogen and hydrogen gas into ammonia
Ocean water temperatures fluctuate less than air temperatures over land. the primary reason for this phenomenon is
D. the high heat capacity of water
Which one of the following processes is working against gravity>
D. transportation
Harmful effects of increased UV radiation on Earth's surface include all of the following EXCEPT
D. warming of the stratosphere
32. Which of the following choices above would be a characteristic survivorship curve for a song bird?
D.D
40. Which of the following was not a major component of the first green revolution?
D.development of major modern irrigation projects
45. Which of the following is a characteristic of urban sprawl?
D.jobs sprawl
42. Which of the following is not a principle of integrated pest management?
D.using broad, nonspecific insecticides to reduce or eliminate all pest populations before they have a chance to get out of control
rising sea levels due to global warming would be responsible for all of the following except: a.destruction of coastal wetlands b.beach erosion c.increased damage due to storms and floods d.increased salinity of estuaries and aquifers e.all would be a result
E
The average American's ecological footprint is approximately
E) 12 acres
Which of the following techniques is NOT an example of bioremediation?
E) All are examples of bioremediation a. land farming b. composting c. rhizofiltration d. phytoremediation
Externalized costs of nuclear power include all of the following EXCEPT
E) All are external costs
Problem(s) associated with risk management include
E) All of the above are true
Which pollutant best illustrates the effectiveness of legislation?
E) Pb
Which of the following examples does NOT demonstrate a density-dependent factor affecting the population size?
E) The destruction of the rain forest in Brazil due to drought
Which if the following statements is false?
E) They are all true
Which of the following is generally NOT considered to be a teratogen?
E) all are considered teratogens
Which of the following methods of handling solid wastes is against the law in the United States?
E) dumping the material in the open ocean
The major source of solid waste in the United States comes from what source?
E) mining wastes
_______ contributes to the formation of ________ and thereby compounds the problem of __________.
E) nitric oxide, ozone, photochemical smog
Which of the following statements is true?
E) none of the above are true
Currently, the single-most significant threat to human life is
E) nontransmissible diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease
Preserving the value of a resource for the future is a(n)
E) option value
If a plant stores 1,000 units of energy from the sun, and a field mouse eats the plant and is then eaten by a snake, who is then eaten by a bird, who is then eaten by a carnivore, how much of the original 1,000 units of energy will be available to the carnivore?
E. 0.1
An APES class conducted an experiment to illustrate the principles of Thomas Malthus. On day 1, three male and three female fruit flies were placed in a flat-bottom flask that contained a cornmeal/banana medium. No other flies were added or removed during the course of this experiment. The students counted the number of flies in the flask each week. The graph shows the results that the class obtained after 55 days. The rate of reproduction is equal to the rate of death in day
E. 1 and 55
Over the past 1 million years of Earth's history, the average trend in Earth's temperature would be best described as:
E. A number of fluctuations varying by a few degrees
A certain species of plant is placed on the endangered species list. This is an example od
E. A positive-feedback loop
Which of the following examples does/do NOT demonstrate a negative feedback loop?
E. A, B, and D A. increased tech in agricultural science prod more food resources, resulting in a higher birth rate B. frequent fires can increase atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, causing more warming and drought, and leading to more fires, which reduce the trees available to store carbon D. a nuclear chain reaction
True statements about global warming include which of the following?
E. All choices are FALSE
Heap leaching could be a process used in the extraction of
E. All of the above
Rising sea levels due to global warming would be responsible for all the following except
E. All of the above (Destruction of coastal wetlands, beach erosion, increases damage to storms and floods, increased salinity of estuaries and aquifers)
As a molecule, bromine is about 40 times more damaging to the ozone layer than chlorine. Under the Montreal Protocol, methyl bromide in developing countries will be phased out in 2005. What is methyl bromide used for?
E. All of the above (Sterilizing soil, killing pests, fumigating soils, killing termites)
Which continent has the greatest percentage of agriculture?
Europe
Which of the following are NOT principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
When insects are found, apply pesticide early do that insect biological life cycles are disrupted to the point that they are unable to multiply
People can be "pulled" to emigrate from rural areas into urban areas by
available housing in urban areas
All of the following are factors that increase population size EXCEPT
b) Specialized niche
The location of where an organism lives would be best described as its
b) habitat
The main difference between primary and secondary succession is that
b) primary succession occurs on barren, rocky areas and secondary succession does not
Which of the following best describes a nonanthropogenic secondary succession?
b) wildflowers grow in an area that was previously destroyed by fire
A process in which small holes are drilled into Earth and water-based chemical solvents are used to flush out desired minerals is known as
in situ leaching
the least efficient energy conversion device listed is?
incandescent light
"Sea otters are mammals who feed on a variety of marine invertebrates but who feed especially on sea urchins. Sea Urchins are voracious herbivores that tend to feed on the base of the kelp until the whole plant detaches from the bottom and floats away. An overabundance of urchins can lead to overgrazing of the kelp and the depletion of sea urchins. Once abundant in California, sea otters were hunted down for their pelts to near extinction. After they were placed under federal protection to increase their numbers and save them from extinction, sea otters were able to begin naturally controlling the urchins so that the kelp forests has a chance to recover." In this example, sea otters are considered to be a(n)
keystone species
Malnutrition primarily refers to
lack of protein in the diet
the lowest average generating cost (cents per kWh) comes from what energy source?
large hydroelectric facilities
Which of the following renewable energy sources listed below is used the LEAST in the United States?
solar
Of the following lists of the world's energy supplies, which begins with supply that is likely to last longer and ends with the supply that will likely run out soonest?
solar, natural gas, conventional oil
if you were designing a house in the united states you lived in cold climates and you wanted it to be as energy efficient as possible, you would place large windows to capture solar energy on which side of the house?
south
