APES unit 1 test

The table below shows changes in the population densities of zebra and unionid mussels for 1991-2015, in six year intervals. 1991- Zebra Mussel-0, Unionid Mussel-8 1997- Zebra Mussel-3,250, Unionid Mussel-2 Based on the data shown in the table, calculate the percent change in the population density of unionid mussels from 1991 to 1997. Show your Work! Final Value-Initial value _________________________________ x 100 Initial value

(2-8)/8 x 100= 75% decrease

The table below shows changes in the population densities of zebra and unionid mussels for 1991-2015, in six year intervals. 2009- Zebra Mussel-2,000, Unionid Mussel-2 2015- Zebra Mussel-2,750, Unionid Mussel-3 Based on the data shown in the table, calculate the percent change in the population density of unionid mussels from 2009 to 2015. Show your Work! Final Value-Initial value _________________________________ x 100 Initial value

(2750-2000)/2750 x 100=27.2%

(2750-2000)/2750 x 100=27.2%

A solution for reducing the zebra mussel population could be to bring in a predator that eats them

Sustainability

Humans living on earth and their use of resources without depletion of the resources for future generations

Identify one characteristic of an r-selected species that could increase the likelihood of the r-selected species being a more successful invasive species than K-selected species.

One characteristic of an r-selected species that could increase the likelihood of the r-selected species being more successful invasive species than K-selected species is that the r-selected species have more and smaller offspring so they could over compete the K-selected species.

Describe one potential negative ecological consequence of your proposed solution for reducing the zebra mussel population in the Hudson River. Answer text

One potential negative ecological consequence could be that the invasive species could have the same resources as another native species so that species could lower in population as well.

The zebra mussel is originally native to the Black and Caspian Seas of Asia. Zebra mussels were first detected in the Hudson River of New York in 1991. Before the arrival of zebra mussels, the Hudson River supported populations of native unionid mussels. Describe one way an invasive species, such as the zebra mussel, can decrease the carrying capacity for a native species in an ecosystem Answer text

One way an invasive species could decrease the carrying capacity for a native species in an ecosystem could be that the invasive species have the same resources (such as food) as one of the native species so it could lower the population with less available resources.

Which of the following is true of carbon as it cycles in nature? a. Carbon sinks include forests and oceans b. Carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state. c. The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is reduced by cutting trees. d. Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis.

a. Carbon sinks include forests and oceans

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon? a. Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere. b. Carbon released by the burning increases plant growth, producing more carbon for the atmosphere. c. Carbon released by the burning is not in a form that can be readily absorbed by plants, leaving residual carbon in the atmosphere. d. Carbon released by the burning is more easily absorbed in the atmosphere than that produced by natural means.

a. Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Predation Competition Exemplified by bees consuming nectar from flowers and carrying pollen from one flower to another to for reproduction. a. Mutualism b. Predation c. Parasitism d. Commensalism

a. Mutualism

Which of the following is the best example of an economic incentive that could be used to improve environmental quality and reduce resource waste? a. Providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials b. Charging user fees for livestock grazing on public lands c. Levying taxes on companies that discharge pollution into air and water d. Charging user fees for extracting lumber from national forests

a. Providing tax breaks for companies that use recycled materials

Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species? a. Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists b. Raccoons are carnivores, and tiger salamanders are herbivores. c. Raccoons have a Type II survivorship curve, and tiger salamanders have a Type I survivorship curve. d. Raccoons are decomposers, and tiger salamanders are scavengers.

a. Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists

In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000 kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? a. 1,500kcal b. 150kcal c. 1.5kcal d. 13,500kcal

b. 150kcal

Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers? a. Plants can only perform photosynthesis during the day, so tertiary consumers cannot get enough energy from consuming plant b. A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level c. Tertiary consumers are the largest organisms in an ecosystem and require the most space to survive. d. Tertiary consumers are often indicator species and are the first to be affected by environmental disturbances.

b. A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level

Which of the following best describes a symbiotic relationship? a. Mountain lions feed on white-tailed deer. b. Intestinal bacteria inhabit the gut of humans. c. Marsupial animals carry their young in a pouch. d. Striped bass and bluefish eat the same variety of mackerel.

b. Intestinal bacteria inhabit the gut of humans.

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing a. few offspring with low levels of parental care b. few offspring with high levels of parental care c. many offspring without parental care d. many offspring with high levels of parental care

b. few offspring with high levels of parental care

K-selected species

big animals, fewer/larger offspring, protect & care for their offspring, high ability to compete for resources

Scientists are closely monitoring caribou populations to examine the effect of global climate change on habitat. The maximum population size for a herd of caribou based on the amount of habitat was 500,000. A herd of caribou currently has a population size of 198,000 caribou as a result of habitat loss. Which of the following methods should be used to determine the percent change between the maximum population and the current population for this herd of caribou? a. (500,000 caribou−198,000 caribou)/100 b. (500,000 caribou +198,000 caribou)/198,000 caribou×100 c. (198,000 caribou−500,000 caribou)/500,000 caribou×100 d. 198,000 caribou/500,000 caribou×1,000

c. (198,000 caribou−500,000 caribou)/500,000 caribou×100

Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem? a. Energy is magnified as it moves up the trophic levels, and tertiary consumers store the most energy in a food web. b. Energy is absorbed by plants through water and soil and then moves up the food chain through consumers. c. Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer. d. Energy is constantly recycled by decomposers for use by producers.

c. Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer.

Members of an r-selected species characteristically a. have long life spans b. grow slowly c. reach sexual maturity quickly d. produce few offspring

c. reach sexual maturity quickly

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the tragedy of the commons? a. Destruction of landscape by surfacing mining on private land b. Inadvertent destruction of beneficial species while attempting to control pests c. Selective harvesting of trees by a timber company in a national forest d. Depletion of an aquifer (water) by regional farmers

d. Depletion of an aquifer (water) by regional farmers

The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rain forest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be? a. As the climate changes, the number of orchids is likely to increase, leading to more competition for space by the mantis population. b. Climate change will lead directly to the clear-cutting of the forests, resulting in a smaller habitat for both the mantis and the tropical cockroach c. Orchid mantises are generalists, so global climate change will give them more diverse habitats to colonize. d. Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.

d. Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the rain forest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.

Which are needed for photosynthesis? a.oxygen, water, and solar energy b.water, solar energy, and glucose c.carbon dioxide, solar energy, and glucose d.water, solar energy, and carbon dioxide

d.water, solar energy, and carbon dioxide

r-selected species

small animals(insects), more/smaller offspring, little to no protection & care for their offspring, low ability to compete for resources

Carbon Cycle

the exchange of carbon between the environment(fossil fuels, land, atmosphere,ocean) and living things

biotic potential

the potential growth of a population if it could grow in perfect conditions with no limiting factors