Apes Unit 1 test

Algae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93,000 kilocalories of plant tissue. Which of the following values best represents the amount of energy available for secondary consumers in the food chain?

A 930 kilocalories

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following questions(s) refer to the following elements. (A) Carbon (B) Sodium (C) Sulfur (D) Phosphorus (E) Potassium Marine sediments that form limestone are a major sink for this element.

A Carbon

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by moss growing on a tree trunk in a forest

A Commensalism

Based on the diagram above, which of the following processes reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A Photosynthesis

This biome is characterized by long dry seasons and is dominated by grasses, shrubs, and grazing animals.

A Savanna

Losses of usable energy between successive trophic levels in an ecosystem are best accounted for by which of the following?

B The second law of thermodynamics

The two major processes involved in the carbon cycle are

B photosynthesis and respiration

In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter-than-normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to

A. greater accumulation of chapparal biomass

Based on the data in the table, if the number of snakes were to suddenly decrease, which of the following changes would most likely occur in the food web of this ecosystem?

A. increase in number of shrews, decrease in number of hawks

In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers?

B 150kcal

Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level?

B Dee

Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?

B Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer.

Where is the majority of fresh water found on Earth?

B Ice caps and glaciers

Which of the following best describes a symbiotic relationship?

B Intestinal bacteria inhabit the gut of humans.

Of the following ecosystems, which has the lowest net primary productivity, measured as kilocalories of energy produced per square meter per year?

B Open ocean

In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following?

B Providing habitats for wildlife

Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because

B sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water

The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called

B transpiration

Which letter correctly identifies a process of the hydrologic cycle in which the phase of water is changed from a liquid to a gas?

B. B

Based on the data in the table, which of the following pairs of organisms has two ecological relationships, both competition and predation?

B. Hawks and snakes

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by ticks feeding on a deer

B. Parasitism

Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers?

C A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level.

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?

C Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

Based on the diagram above, which process most directly results in the storage of carbon as coal and oil over millions of years?

C Decomposition

The table above shows the balanced chemical equations that represent three processes that are part of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following is exemplified by the equations above?

C Each biogeochemical cycle demonstrates the conservation of matter.

Reasons that human populations historically have settled in floodplains include which of the following? I.The soil in floodplains is usually fertile. II. The terrain in floodplains tend to be flat. III.Floodplains are close to rivers for transportation.

C I and II only

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by bees consuming nectar and carrying pollen from one flower to another

C Mutualism

Which of the following best describes the net primary productivity of an ecosystem?

C Net primary productivity is the amount of energy lost through respiration by producers subtracted from the gross primary productivity of an ecosystem.

In a fish species, the number of eggs that hatch and survive for one year varies depending on the number of eggs that were produced. As the number of eggs produced increases past a threshold number, the survival rate of the offspring decreases. Which of the following statements best explains why only a limited number of offspring can survive in a fish population?

C The chance of survival decreases when there is intraspecific competition for resources among surviving yearlings.

For a primary producer, the main function of photosynthesis is to manufacture

C glucose

Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is

C low, but the large expanse of the oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton

Five different species of warblers, seed-eating birds, live in the same species of conifer trees. All of the birds migrate to coniferous forests during the summer, and different species reside in different areas in the same tree. They feed on the seeds of the conifer trees, but the different species do not mate with each other. Which of the following best explains why the different warbler species can all have habitats in the same conifer trees?

C. Resource partitioning of the seeds reduces competition, and the five different species can live in the same tree.

Scientists calculated the net primary productivity at two different forest sites. Both forests have the same gross primary productivity. Forest A has a net primary productivity of 1,650kcal/m2/year, and forest Bhas a net primary productivity of 1,110kcal/m2/year. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?

C. Forest AA producers have lower rates of cellular respiration than forest BB producers

Photosynthesis is the major source of which of the following gases in Earth's atmosphere?

C. O2

The terrestrial biomes shown in the diagram above vary in net primary productivity. The explanation for the variation includes which of the following? Temperature Precipitation Longitude

D I and II only

Elements that cycle in the environment and that also have a gaseous phase at some point in their cycle include which of the following? Carbon Phosphorus Sulfur

D I and III only

Which of the following biomes is best characterized as an area that forms the narrow band along the coast that experiences a range of environmental conditions (including daily changes in sunlight, temperature, and water)?

D Intertidal zones

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following elements. (A) Oxygen (B) Aluminum (C) Iron (D) Nitrogen (E) Argon The most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere

D Nitrogen

The major reservoirs of nitrogen and sulfur in the biosphere are correctly identified by which of the following?

D Nitrogen:Atmosphere Sulfur: Rocks

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the largest area of boreal forests

D Russia

The great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common?

D Seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth.

Which of the following best describes gross primary productivity in an ecosystem?

D. Gross primary productivity is the total amount of solar energy captured by producers through photosynthesis over time.

This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round.

D. Desert

Which of the following categories of organisms, which are required for the cycling of matter in an ecosystem, is missing from the table?

D. decomposers

The greatest amount of fresh water is found in which of the following?

E Polar ice caps and glaciers

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following concepts related to energy (A) Heat flow (B) Kinetic energy (C) Potential energy (D) First law of thermodynamics (E) Second law of thermodynamics An energy transformation occurs and results in increased disorder.

E Second law of thermodynamics

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the largest area of temperate deciduous forest

E United States of America

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites

E. Competition

The zone in which species are adapted to the lowest light and the highest pressure

E. E