APES unit 2 test yerrrr

Ecosystems carry out soil formation, primary productivity and nutrient cycling (nitrogen/carbon cycles). This is what type of ecosystem service? Provisioning Regulating Cultural Supporting

Supporting

A North Carolina timber company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest in the Appalachian Mountains. The company has said that the forest will regrow naturally, and 50 years after the clear-cutting the company plans to harvest again, cutting all the oaks and hickories that have at least a 40-centimeter diameter. A local citizens' group claims that this is not a realistic plan. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens' group? 1.Harvesting oak and hickory will disrupt the soil in the first year after clear-cutting; oaks and hickories cannot germinate that first year. 2.Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished. 3.Coniferous forest can regrow after having been clear-cut; the biome will change to a boreal forest and clear-cutting. 4.Populations of large carnivores in the forest will decline after clear-cutting occurs; deer hunting will suffer as a result.

2.

Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? 1.After an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetically diversity. 2.Habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. 3.Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. 4.Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.

3.

Genetic div. species div. habitat div. Ecosystem A Low. Low. Medium. Ecosystem B. Medium. High. Medium. Ecosystem c. High. Low. Low Ecosystem d. Medium. Low. High Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C? 1.Its low species diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has species with very low populaiton sizes. 2.Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likley has species that evolve quickly. 3.Its high genetic diversity indicates that Ecosystem C is most likley the result of the founder effect and a subpopulation originating from Ecosystem A. 4.Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.

4.

Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? 1.Decreased kernel size 2.Decreased potential yield 3.Decreased dependence on chemical fertilizers 4.Increased susceptibility to plant diseases

4.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it? An island 30 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland An island 10 hectares in size that is 30 kilometers off the coast of the mainland An island 10 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland

Term that means - "caused by humans or human activity". Write your answer in all lower case.

Anthropogenic

An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island? As predation increases, the population size of the invasive generalist species will decrease. As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease. As resources are partitioned, the population sizes of both the generalist species and the specialist species will increase. As niches overlap, the invasive generalist species will be outcompeted by the island's specialist species.

As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.

Recreational, aesthetic and inspirational benefits are what type of ecosystem service? Provisioning Regulating Cultural

Cultural

In general what type of relationship exists between an ecosystem's biodiversity and its resiliency? Indirect Direct No relationship

Direct

In the 1960's a volcanic island began to form off the coast of Iceland. What area(s) of ecology do you think researchers were eager to begin investigating? Keystone species Anthropogenic disturbances Ecological succession Island biogeography Ecological succession and Island biogeography

Ecological succession and island biogeography

Genetic div. species div. habitat div. Ecosystem A Low. Low. Medium. Ecosystem B. Medium. High. Medium. Ecosystem c. High. Low. Low Ecosystem d. Medium. Low. High Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck?

Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool.

Genetic div. species div. habitat div. Ecosystem A Low. Low. Medium. Ecosystem B. Medium. High. Medium. Ecosystem c. High. Low. Low Ecosystem d. Medium. Low. High Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption?

Ecosystem b

A new volcanic island forms 50 km from the mainland. All mainland insect species have an equal probability of colonizing the new island? True or False?

False

Once established pioneer species will remain in an ecosystem throughout the entire succession process. T or F?

False

The pioneer species of primary succession will be the same as the pioneer species of secondary succession. T or F?

False

HIPPO

Habitat loss Invasive species Population Population growth Overuse/ over exploration

Frogs with their permeable skin are often the first species to be susceptible to pollutants in the water. Frogs would be an example of a(n) Indicator species Keystone species Pioneer species Anthropogenic species

Indicator Species

The starfish of the inter tidal zone played a significant/critical role in its ecosystem by limiting the competitive dominance of the mussel. The starfish would be an example of a(n)? Indicator species Keystone species Pioneer species Anthropogenic species

Keystone Species

Species richness refers to which of the following? Number of organisms in an ecosystem Number of different species in an ecosystem Number of plant species in an ecosystem

Number of different species in an ecosystem

Which of the following ecosystem services is categorized as regulating? Wood fuel, medicine, and potable water Pollination, decomposition, and water purification Recreation, education, and aesthetics Photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, and creation of soils

Pollution decomposition and water purification

Compare two different plant populations. Population A has high genetic diversity within the population and population B has low genetic diversity within the population. Which population is more susceptible to disease?

Pop. B

Humans receive food, fiber, freshwater, etc. from the environment. This is what type of ecosystem service? Provisioning Regulating Cultural Supporting

Provisioning

Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by an anthropogenic activity? -Regulating services ard disrupted by flash flooding from a hurricane, which decreases available food resources. -Supporting services are disrupted by an earthquake that causes habitat destruction , which displaces plants and animals. -Cultural services are disrupted by a tornado that causes the loss of acres of forest, which reduces the amount of harvestable timber. -Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution.

Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution.

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests? Timber and landscape materials Mushroom and plant harvests Soil stabilization and air purification Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

Ecosystems carry out pollination, water purification and flood mitigation (reduce severity). This is what type of ecosystem service? Provisioning Regulating Cultural Supporting

Regulating

A scientist removed all trees and plants from a 1000 square meter plot in Shank Park. The scientist was most likely researching? Primary success. Secondary success. Island biography

Secondary Succession

As ecosystems are fragmented, polluted and damaged, which group of species will disappear first? Specialists Pioneer Generalist

Specialists

Because of limited resources, many island species tend to be Specialists Generalists

Specialists

Very Large Dead Zone Forecast for the Gulf of Mexico Scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are forecasting this summer's Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone or "dead zone"—an area of low to no oxygen that can kill fish and other marine life—to be approximately 7829 square miles, or roughly the size of Massachusetts. The annual prediction is based on United States Geological Survey river flow and nutrient data. The 2019 forecast is close to the record size of 8776 square miles set in 2017 and larger than the five-year average measured size of 5770 square miles. The annually recurring Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone is primarily caused by excess nutrient pollution from human activities, such as urbanization and agriculture, occurring throughout the Mississippi River watershed. Once the excess nutrients reach the gulf, they stimulate an overgrowth of algae, which eventually die, then sink and decompose in the water. The resulting low oxygen levels near the bottom are insufficient to support most marine life and have long-term impacts on living marine resources that are unable to leave the area. A major factor contributing to the large dead zone this year is the high amount of spring rainfall in many parts of he Mississippi River watershed, which led to record high river flows and much larger nutrient loading to the Gulf of Mexico. This past May, discharge in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers was about percent above the long-term average between 1980 and 2018. The latest National Climate Assessment predicts an increase in the frequency of very heavy precipitation events in the Midwest, Great Plains, and Southeast regions, which would impact nutrient input to the northern Gulf of Mexico and the size of the hypoxic zone." News release adapted from the United States Geological Survey. Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

The increased rainfall events in the United States are decreasing the tolerance of fish and other marine species in the Gulf of Mexico because of a decreased concentration of oxygen.

Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem service that would provide protection from a hurricane storm surge? A lock and dam system An intact coastal wetland An energy-producing tidal barrage system An offshore, deep-water fish farm

An intact coastal wetland

Compare two ecosystems. Ecosystem A has more habitat diversity than ecosystem B. Which ecosystem will likely have more niches and more species diversity? Ecosystem A or B

Ecosystem A