APES Unit 4 Test

The graph above shows how seed production in a plant species varied with population density in an unfragmented habitat (site A) and in a fragmented habitat (site B). Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data? A There is no relationship between seed production and habitat fragmentation. B Seed production is higher in dense populations. C Seed production is lower in dense populations. D Habitat fragmentation has more effect on seed production than does population density. E Pollinators are either less abundant or less effective in small populations.

D

The major biological source of dissolved oxygen in the ocean comes from A decomposition of organic sediments on the ocean floor B metabolic processes of coral in reefs C oxidation of sulfur by bacteria in ocean vent communities D photosynthesis by phytoplankton E respiration by zooplankton

D

The use of which of the following to control agricultural insect pests is most likely to have a negative and persistent impact on an ecosystem? A Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil organism that kills insect larvae B Braconid sp., a parasitic wasp C Insecticidal soap, a surfactant that kills through suffocation D Lindane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon E Rotenone, a toxic plant derivative

D

Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of A primary and secondary succession B the invasion of exotic species C an increase in mean annual temperature and a decrease in mean annual precipitation D an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation E an increase in the total annual hours of sunlight

D

Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment? A Composted manure is added to agricultural soil during spring tilling. B Coral reefs modify the direction of an ocean current. C Plants release O2 into the atmosphere during photosynthesis. D Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation. E A thick planting of ground cover reduces soil erosion on a hillside

D

Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? A Decreased kernel size B Decreased potential yield C Decreased dependence on chemical fertilizers D Increased susceptibility on plant disease E Increased resistance to pests

D

Which of the following would likely reduce the threats posed by exotic species to native species? I Increasing inspections of goods coming into a country II Mandating that bilgewater from vessels be emptied in ports instead of in the open ocean III Enforcing legislation that restricts imported materials such as untreated wooden packing crates A I only B II only C III only D I and III only E I, II, and III

D

A large forested area is fragmented into small forest tracts separated by agricultural areas. This change will most likely lead to A an increase in the population of top carnivores B an improvement in the dispersal mechanisms of forest species C a more stable regional climate D a decrease in the amount of edge habitat E a decrease in the gene flow within species of the original forest

E

All of the following are considered toxic metal pollutants EXCEPT A cadmium B chromium C lead D mercury E potassium

E

Characteristics that tend to increase the risk of a species becoming endangered include which of the following? I Having a very limited distribution II Being a specialist at the end of a long food chain III Having a small population size A I only B II only C III only D II and III only E I, II, and III

E

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the largest area of temperate deciduous forest

E

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters in the world map below. (Map) The location of the greatest remaining natural biodiversity A (Africa) B (India) C (China) D (USA) E (Brazil)

E

The factor that likely poses the greatest threat of extinction of species worldwide is A weakening of environmental legislation B increase in hunting and fishing C aggressive collecting of specimens by museums and zoos D black-market trade in endangered species E increasing loss of habitat

E

When logging is carried out in a watershed, a likely effect on the local streams is A mitigation of anoxia B decreased nutrient levels C decreased input of sediments D increased oligotrophic conditions E increased water temperature

E

Which of the following best illustrates point-source pollution? A Toxic sediments in the delta of a major river B Increase in NOx in a traffic-clogged city C Dust blowing off unpaved roads D Smoke emitted from forest fires E Smokestack emissions from a large smelting company

E

Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area? A Population size of each species and area occupied by each population B Minimum population area and minimum viable population size C Ratio of r-strategists to K-strategists and life expectancy of K-strategists D Number of individuals under fifteen years old and number of individuals over sixty-five years old E Genetic variation within each species and number of species present

E

Which of the following is the best example of environmental remediation? A A species of trout becomes extinct in a eutrophic lake. B The annual volume of sewage flowing into a stream is decreased by one half. C The height of a factory smokestack is increased. D A parcel of forest land is declared a state park. E PCB-consuming bacteria are sprayed on an area that has soil contaminated with PCBs.

E

Which of the following would most likely have the greatest positive impact on the quality of the natural environment worldwide? A Discovery of new reserves of fossil fuel in coastal areas B Increased agricultural production on marginal desert lands C Increased life expectancy in more developed nations D Increased reliance on food from ocean ecosystems E Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population

E

Alligators in a Florida lake polluted by high levels of dioxins (chlorinated hydrocarbons) had low testosterone levels and failed to reproduce. Scientists came to the conclusion that the dioxins were acting as which of the following? A Endocrine disrupters B Growth hormones C Carcinogens D Immune-system suppressors E Mutagens

A

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters in the world map below. (Map) The location where desertification is occurring most rapidly A (Africa) B (India) C (China) D (USA) E (Brazil)

A

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. (map) The intraplate location where hot-spot volcanism is occurring A (Hawaii) B (Africa) C (Mid-Atlantic Ocean) D (Antarctica) E (Japan)

A

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. Acidity Turbidity Hardness Dissolved oxygen Salinity Measured on the pH scale A Acidity B Turbidity C Hardness D Dissolved oxygen E Salinity

A

Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following? A Reduction in species diversity B Stabilization of microclimates C Decreases in the proportion of edge habitat D Increase in gene flow within species E Increase in population size of top carnivores

A

Of the following, which is the best example of a point source of water pollution? A Factory effluent B Storm water C Acid precipitation D Agricultural runoff E Residential pesticide runoff

A

The amount of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river system is likely to be increased by the presence upstream of which of the following? I Artificial levees and embankments II Dams III Extensive natural wetlands A I only B II only C III only D I and II E II and III

A

Which of the following best explains why DDT has been found in penguin eggs in the Antarctic? A Chemicals used in one region of Earth can circulate in the biosphere and affect organisms in a distant region. B The large number of penguins in Antarctica has resulted in a depletion of their preferred foods. C Although DDT is toxic to adult birds, it has no effect on developing embryos. D Chemicals like DDT are volatile and eventually make their way to the ozone layer. E Because penguins incubate their eggs on land, the eggs are exposed to DDT.

A

Why do introduced species often become pests? A They displace native species. B They increase biodiversity. C They do not adapt well to local habitats. D They contribute to habitat fragmentation. E They have low biotic potential.

A

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. Acidity Turbidity Hardness Dissolved oxygen Salinity Caused by suspended particulates A Acidity B Turbidity C Hardness D Dissolved oxygen E Salinity

B

In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? A Providing a valuable source of timber B Providing habitats for wildlife C Contributing to soil erosion D Increasing water runoff E Removing carbon dioxide from the air

B

Rachel Carson's contributions to the environmental movement include which of the following? A Alerting the public to the hazardous waste problem at Love Canal B Increasing public awareness of the risks of using pesticides C Starting the first Earth Day in 1970 D Discovering the thinning of the ozone layer in polar regions E Being the first female administrator of the EPA

B

The CITES treaty has been helpful in protecting endangered animals and plants by A listing all species that can be hunted, traded, and used commercially B listing those species and products whose international trade is controlled C funding projects for breeding endangered plants and animals D preventing the hunting of whales and dolphins E specifying prices for certain plant and animal products

B

Which of the following is a major goal of the program begun in 1995 to reintroduce the gray wolf into Yellowstone National Park? A Decrease the number of grizzly bears, because they were becoming a nuisance B Enable the removal of the gray wolf from the endangered species list C Increase the dwindling numbers of tourists that visit the park each year D Upset the natural predator-prey balance between coyotes and elk E Decrease the number of sheep and cattle that wander into the park and overgraze the vegetation

B

Which of the following is a measure of the amount of suspended material in water? A Salinity B Turbidity C Trace-metal concentration D Leachate concentration E pH

B

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the locations marked by letters on the world map below. Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set. (map) The location where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary A (Hawaii) B (Africa) C (Mid-Atlantic Ocean) D (Antarctica) E (Japan)

C

High rates of species extinction caused by human activity have taken place at which of the following times in Earth's history? I At the end of the Permian period II At the end of the Cretaceous period III During recent times A I only B II only C III only D I and II only E I, II, and III

C

Of the following, which has the greatest permeability? A Clay B Loam C Sand D Silt E Humus

C

The dangers of disposing of toxic chemicals underground came to public attention in which of the following locations? A Bhopal, India B Chernobyl, Ukraine C Love Canal, New York D Minamata, Japan E Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania

C

Which of the following identifies the two factors thought to be the most harmful to biodiversity? A Acid deposition and increased use of fertilizers for agriculture B Depletion of the ozone layer and oil drilling C Destruction of habitat and invasion by nonnative species D Changes in climate and proliferation of endemic species E Global warming and decline in fisheries

C

Which soil indicated on the soil triangle above would most likely have the highest water-holding capacity? A Soil A B Soil B C Soil C D Soil D E Soil E

C

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following processes. (A) Photosynthesis (B) Eutrophication (C) Denitrification (D) Decomposition (E) Transpiration The rapid rate of this process in tropical forests results in low-nutrient soils A Photosynthesis B Eutrophication C Denitrification D Decomposition E Transpiration

D

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the qualities of water samples. Acidity Turbidity Hardness Dissolved oxygen Salinity Decreased by the breakdown of organic waste A Acidity B Turbidity C Hardness D Dissolved oxygen E Salinity

D

Reasons that the population size of an exotic species often grows rapidly when the species is introduced in a new environment include which of the following? I The exotic species is resistant to pesticides. II There is a large, underutilized food source in the new environment. III The exotic species has few natural predators in the new environment. A I only B II only C I and III only D II and III only E I, II, and III

D