Apes Unit 5 Quiz 2

A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective. The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil. Which of the following identifies and describes the equipment needed to best determine the amount of water that infiltrated the soil?

A ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time.

Which of the following is a direct economic advantage associated with aquaculture?

Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round.

Cons of Aquaculture

Can contaminate waste water, escaped fish (compete with native fish), high density can cause disease, chemicals used and can bring disease to native fish

Negative aspects of free range

Can lead to overgrazing, can cause desertification and soil erosion.

What is the meaning of CAFOs

Concentrated animal feeding operation

What are some methods to reduce urban runoff?

Construct permeable pavements, plant trees, use public transportation, and build up and not out

Which of the following is an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture?

Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste

Impacts of urbanization

Depletion of resources, saltwater intrusion, higher CO2 emissions

One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to..

Eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested

Based on the data provided, which of the following descriptions best identifies the types of farms that are being compared?

Farm A is a grass-fed pasture for beef production, whereas Farm B is a traditional concentrated animal feedlot for cattle.

The harvesting of livestock for meat consumption affects the planet in various ways. Approximately 25% of the land area on Earth is used for raising livestock. One-third of all water used in meat production goes toward producing beef, and the demand for beef is projected to increase by 95% by 2050. The graph below shows the average meat consumption per capita from 2010 to 2012 and the forecasted meat consumption for 2022 for five different countries. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?

Global meat consumption per capita will increase in all five countries between 2012 and 2022 as the countries move through the demographic transition and become more developed.

A person's ecological footprint is the total amount of land required to offset a person's carbon emissions. The table below shows ecological footprint data for five different students. Each value is a measure of the number of hectares per land required. After reviewing personal footprint data, Student 5 decides to take action to lower his or her overall footprint by reducing money spent on shoes and clothing. Land use in which of the following categories will be most affected by this change?

Goods and services

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pH pH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data shown in the table?

Green roofs reduced levels of ammonium because the vegetation absorbed the pollutant.

Pros of Aquaculture

Highly efficient and requires small amount of H20 and space

Which of the following describes an aspect of urbanization that would most increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere compared to rural and suburban areas?

Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition

Which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization?

Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.

Prescribed burn

It decreases the occurence of natural fires

What is the meaning of Free Range?

It is free of antibiotics, waste is fertilizer, but requires a lot of land and is more expensive meat.

What is an ore?

It is mined, have to go deeper each time, there is more fossil fuel usage

Surface Mining

It is strip/open pit and mountain top removal.

What happens when there is less consumption of meat?

Less Co2, less methane and nitrogen gases, less antibiotics and growth hormones, the topsoil health is greater and healthier

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. Assume that the rainwater from one of the green roofs ran off directly into a nearby lake. Water quality results from which of the following parameters show that the green roof would likely improve water quality in the lake?

Nitrate

Negative effects of surface mining

Overburden and soil erosion an issue, slag and tailings (waste from ore)....leads to acid mine drainage, habitat destruction, release of dust and methane

What does overfishing cause?

Overfishing causes less fish for food, decreased biodiversity, and commerce

A group of farmers want to change their pest control methods to reduce the amount of pollution in a nearby river. The data on the cost and percent pest population reduction for several methods of pest control the farmers could consider are presented in the table below. Which of the following methods should the farmers choose to minimize the cost for efficient pest removal while still reaching their goal of reducing the amount of pollution in the river?

Planting genetically modified crops

What are the positives and negative aspects of CAFO's?

Positive: efficient and cheap Negative: crowded antibiotics, animals fed grain and lots of poop

Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO2e ) is used to compare contributions to climate change of various greenhouse gases. A study at a farm calculated the carbon dioxide equivalent for different production stages for beef and chicken production. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph?

Raising beef contributes more to greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of fermentation in cows' digestive tracts, which releases methane gas.

A person's ecological footprint is the total amount of land required to offset a person's carbon emissions. The table below shows ecological footprint data for five different students. Each value is a measure of the number of hectares per land required. If Student 2 wanted to change his or her footprint to be more similar to that of Student 1, which of the following actions would he or she choose based on the data given in table 1 ?

Reducing the amount of meat in his or her diet

Mitigations for deforestation

Reforestation, use products made from sustainable companies, re-using wood, prescribed burn

Wind breaks

Rows of trees or tall shrubs which slow down the movement of wind across a field

Which of the following best describes legislation that could be used to address problems with overfishing?

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES) uses trade rules to protect commercially valuable species.

max sustainable yield

The amount of resources that can be taken without affecting the supply

Which of the following is the best example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population?

The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.

A person's ecological footprint is the total amount of land required to offset a person's carbon emissions. The table below shows ecological footprint data for five different students. Each value is a measure of the number of hectares per land required. Which of the following is a limitation of using only the data in the table to complete an ecological footprint analysis of the different students?

The footprint is a static analysis and does not include all environmental impacts of an individual.

In a rural region of India, scientists collected data of different pesticide residue levels from closely located farming plots. Some of these plots used integrated pest management biopesticides, while others used chemical pesticides to control pests. The data below show levels of four pesticide residues found in tomato and cucumber crops in the two treatment plots. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

The greatest effect of integrated pest management was seen in lower levels of endosulfan in both tomatoes and cucumbers.

A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective. The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the study?

The infiltration rate of the water

soil conservation

The management of soil to prevent its destruction

Which of the following is the independent variable in the study?

The type of pavers used in the pallets

Urban sprawl

There is a greater population density in the suburbs

Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table. The data in the table show mean concentrations (mg/L) of pollutants in rainwater leaving either green or conventional roofs. Which of the following data would be needed to calculate the total amount of a pollutant leaving the roof during and following a rainstorm?

Total volume of rainfall

Subsurface mining

Usage of coal to mine, and have to change rows of agriculture/cultivation

Scientists studied the effects of three different ways to control household pests. They treated one group of pests with a conventional pesticide spray. A second group was treated using Integrated Pest Management ( IPM ) techniques. A third group received no treatment method at all. The success of each treatment was measured based on the change in the number of pests in the traps over time. Fewer pests caught indicate fewer pests in the area after application of the technique. The results are shown in the graph above. Which of the following claims would be the best solution to the pest problem, based on the data in the graph?

Use of Integrated Pest Management techniques is the most successful method because the sources for food, water, and shelter for pests are disrupted, leading to a reduced number of pests in the area.

Sustainability

Use resources without depletion

Which of the following solutions would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization?

Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks

Strip cropping

cultivation in which different crops are sown in alternate strips to prevent soil erosion.

Terracing (in agriculture)

make or form (sloping land) into a number of level flat areas resembling a series of steps.

Other impacts of urbanization

more runoff onto impervious surfaces, flooding

Reforestation

planting trees to replace lost forestland

Contour plowing

plowing fields along the curves of a slope to prevent soil loss

No-till

refers to when farmers plant seeds without using a plow to turn the soil.

The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because

the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory

Ecological footprint

used to measure usage and waste production for an individual or society