apes unit 7

What are the three precursors to photochemical smog?

1. NO2- broken by sunlight into NO 2. VOCs- evaporate easily & bind with NO 3. O3- forms when NO2 is broken by sun, free O bonds with O2

Important factors that contribute to smog formation in the Los Angeles basin include

1. ample summer sunshine 2. high concentration of automobiles

What are two conditions needed for photochemical smog to form?

1. sunlight 2. warmth

Select the places where anaerobic respiration is done by the methanogens living in these areas and releases methane

1. wetlands 2. areas with melting permafrost 3. bogs 4. marshland

How does the inversion layer influence air pollution events?

Because the air closest to the the surface of the Earth is denser than the air above it, the cool air and the pollutants within it do not rise. Thus the inversion layer traps emissions that then accumulate beneath it, and these trapped emissions can cause a severe pollution event.

Why isn't CO2 on the list of criteria air pollutants?

CO2 is a greenhouse gas and does not directly contribute to the health effects that 6 identified pollutants do. It does intensify certain air pollutants due to the warmer temperatures caused by the greenhouse effect

Recent studies have found that fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less can have negative human health effects. Which of the following correctly links a negative human health effect to an anthropogenic source of fine particulate matter?

High rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissions

Which of the following best describes one way the Clean Air Act helped reduce air pollution?

Introduced regulatory measures to control the amount of lead in fuels

Using the graph in the FRQ 7.2 in the video, which of the following best explains the pattern in NO concentration?

No is produced by rush-hour traffic and is quickly oxidized in the atmosphere

Consumers who get their electricity from coal-fired power plants are not paying the true cost of energy production in their monthly utility bills. Which of the following is true about utility bills for these consumers?

The bills do not include public health costs, such as those associated with air pollution

If technology that reduces the hydrocarbon concentration had been utilized, which of the following would have been the most likely result?

The concentration of ozone (O3) would have been lower.

Read the experimental design in Practice FRQ 7.4. Identify the control group used in this experiment

The control group consists of the three dishes placed at various distances from the active road

How does an inversion layer form?

a thermal inversion layers is created when a warm layer of air at mid-altitude covers a layer of cold, dense air below it. The warm layer of air trapped between the two cooler layers is known as an inversion layer.

Which of the following is a problem associated with a thermal inversion?

an increase in pollutants trapped at Earth's surface, which increases the number of cases of human respiratory problems.

Which of the following is a nonanthropogenic source of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere?

cellular respiration

Which of the following is a natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide?

decomposition of organic matter

Clean Air Act of 1970

gave the federal government the power to regulated air pollutants and helped to establish the 6 major air pollutants

Which of the following describes a potential human health effect most likely to be associated with a thermal inversion?

increase in respiratory irritants due to increased levels of fine airborne particulates.

Read the experimental design in Practice FRQ 7.4. Identify the likely dependent variable the students are measuring and describe how they could measure this variable.

the dependent variable is the amount of particulate matter collected on each dish. This could be measured by placing each dish under a microscope or magnifying glass and counting the number of particles observed.

Which of the following sources should be examined in a study to determine the impact of a geologic source on levels of CO2 in the atmosphere?

volcanoes